-PASSIVE TRANSPORT-

0 most direct forms of membrane.

0 Is a natural occurring phenomenon and
does not require the cell to exert any of its
energy to accomplish the movement.
0 Unlike active transport, it does not require
an input of cellular energy because it is
instead driven by the tendency of the
system to grow in entropy.
-PASSIVE TRANSPORT-
0 The rate of passive transport depends
on the permeability of the cell
membrane, which, in turn, depends on
the organization and characteristics of
the membrane lipids and proteins.
0 The four main kinds of passive transport
are simple diffusion, facilitated diffusion,
filtration, and/or osmosis.
-SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY-
0 is a property of cellular membranes that
only allows certain molecules to enter or
exit the cell.
0 This is important for the cell to maintain
its internal order irrespective of the
changes to the environment.
-SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY-
-SELECTIVE PERMEABILITY-
-DIFFUSION-

0 A single substance tends to move from

an area of high concentration to an area
of low concentration until the
concentration is equal across a space.
0 is the net movement of material from an
area of high concentration to an area
with lower concentration.
0 Diffusion expends no energy.
-DIFFUSION-
0 it is described as moving solutes "down the
concentration gradient" (compared with
active transport, which often moves
material from area of low concentration to
area of higher concentration, and therefore
referred to as moving the material "against
the concentration gradient").
-DIFFUSION-
FACTORS THAT AFFECT DIFFUSION

0 Extent of the concentration gradient

0 Mass of the molecules diffusing
0 Temperature
0 Solvent density
0 Solubility
0 Surface area and thickness of the plasma membrane
0 Distance travelled
-FACILITATED
TRANSPORT/DIFFUSION-
0 Materials diffuse across the plasma
membrane with the help of membrane
proteins.
0 A concentration gradient exist that
would allow these materials to diffuse
into the cell without expending the
cellular energy.
-FACILITATED DIFFUSION-
0 also called carrier-mediated osmosis, is
the movement of molecules across the
cell membrane via special transport
proteins that are embedded in the
plasma membrane by actively taking up
or excluding ions.
-CHANNELS-
0 The integral proteins involved in
facilitated transport are collectively
referred to as transport proteins, and
they function as either channels for the
materials or carrier.
0 Channels are specific for the substance
that is being transported.
-CHANNELS-
0 Channel proteins have hydrophilic
domains exposed to the intracellular
and extracellular fluids.
0 Aquaporins are channel proteins that
allow water to pass through the
membrane at a very high rate.
0 Channel proteins are either open at all
times or they are “gated”.
-CARRIER PROTEINS-
0 Another type of protein embedded in
the plasma membrane.
0 Are typically specific for a single
substance
0 Each carrier protein is specific to one
substance, and there are finite number
of these proteins in any membrane.
-CARRIER PROTEINS-
0 An example of this process occurs in the
kidney.
0 A different group of carrier proteins
called glucose transport proteins or
GLUTs, are involved in transporting
glucose and other hexose sugars
through plasma membrane within the
body.
-DIFFERENCE-
CHANNEL CARRIER
0 Transport faster/ 0 transport slower
quicker 0 rate of thousand to a
0 Rate of tens of millions million molecules per
of molecules per second. second.
-FILTRATION-
0 Water molecules and extremely small solutes are
forced to move through a selectively permeable
membrane by a hydrostatic pressure.
-OSMOSIS-
0 is the movement of water molecules across a
selectively permeable membrane.
0 OSMOSIS transports only water across a
membrane, and the membrane limits the
diffusion of solutes in the water.
0 Proceeds constantly in living systems.
0 OSMOSIS is a special case of diffusion.
-OSMOTIC PRESSURE-

0 Amount of hydrostatic pressure to stop

osmosis.
0 Osmosis slows due to hydrostatic
pressure.
-TONICITY-
0 Describes how an extracellular solution
can change the volume of a cell by
affecting osmosis.
0 A solution’s tonicity often directly
correlates with the osmolarity of the
solution.
0 Osmolarity describes the total solute
concentration of the solution.
-TONICITY-

0 Is a concern for all living things.

0 Example, paramecium and amoebas.
3 terms:
HYPOTONIC
ISTONIC
HYPERTONIC
-HYPOTONIC SOLUTIONS-
0 the extracellular fluid has lower
osmolarity than the fluid inside the cell,
and water enters the cell.
0 It also means that the extracellular fluid
has a higher concentration of water in
the solution than does the cell.
-HYPERTONIC SOLUTIONS-
0 The prefix hyper- refers to the
extracellular fluid having a higher
osmolarity than the cell’s cytoplasm;
therefore the fluid contain less water than
the cell does.
0 Because the cell has a relatively higher
concentration of water, water will leave
the cell.
-ISTONIC SOLUTIONS-
0 The extracellular fluid has the same osmolarity as the
cell.
0 If the osmolarity of the cell matches that of the
extracellular fluid, there will be no net movement of
the water into or out of the cell, although water will
still move in or out.
-OSMOREGULATION-

0 A mechanism wherein various living

things have ways of controlling the
effects of osmosis.
-PLASMOLYSIS-

0 Plants lose turgor pressure in this

condition and wilt.