BIOLOGY QUESTION AND ANSWERS

ASSIGNMENT – 1
Q1. What are the main functional regions of a cell? Explain with the help of diagram.
ANS: - Main functional regions of a cell are:
• Plasma membrane: This is the membrane which makes the outer boundary of the cells.
It is very thin, delicate and selectively permeable.
• Cytoplasm: Cytoplasm is a viscous, transparent jelly-like substance of the cell. It contains
cell organelles.
• Nucleus: Nucleus controls the working of the cell. It is a dense oval body lying in the
protoplasm of the cell.

Q2. Explain in detail what do you know about the structure of nucleus?
ANS: The nucleus is a sphere-shaped organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains the genetic
material of the cell in the form of nucleic acids. It is responsible for controlling all activities of
the cell. and contains a nuclear membrane, chromatin, nucleolus and nucleoplasm.
Parts of nucleus: -
Nucleolus: -A small body in the nucleus of a cell that contains protein and RNA and is the site for
the synthesis of ribosomal RNA and for the formation of ribosomes.
The nuclear membrane - The nuclear membrane is a double layer that encloses the cell's
nucleus, where the chromosomes reside. The nuclear membrane serves to separate the
chromosomes from the cell's cytoplasm and other contents.
Nucleoplasm - The fluid inside the nucleus surrounded by nuclear membrane is called
nucleoplasm. It controls the cell's growth and reproduction because it contains cell's hereditary
information.
Chromatin - Chromatin refers to a mixture of DNA and proteins that form the chromosomes
found in the cells of humans and other higher organisms.
Q3. What are lysosomes and centrosomes? Write their function.
Ans: Lysosomes: They are single- membrane small vesicular structures, found in the cytoplasm
of all eukaryotic cells. except mammalian RBCS. They contain enzymes and are formed by Golgi
apparatus.
Functions: They are involved in intracellular digestion of microbes and are also involved in
autolysis or self-digestion of cells.
Centrosome: A centrosome is a light microscopic organelle, formed of two cylindrical structures
called centrioles, surrounded by a transparent cytoplasmic area called centrosphere. It lies near
the nucleus
Functions: Centrioles helps in cell division in animal cells. They form the basal body of cilia and
flagella of the cells.
Q4. Why is mitochondria called ‘powerhouse of cell’? Give three similarities and one difference
between mitochondria and plastid.
Ans: Mitochondria are commonly known as 'power houses of the cell' because they contain
enzymes necessary for the total oxidation of food and for release of high amount of energy in
the form of ATP (Adenosine triphosphate) molecules. The body uses energy stored in ATP for
synthesis of new chemical compounds and for mechanical work. ATP is also known as energy
currency of the cell.
ASSIGNMENT 2
Q6. (a) Which structure is found in plant cells but absent in animal cell?
(b) What is the functional segment of DNA?
(c) Name the pigment that imparts red and yellow colour to flowers.
Ans: [a] Cell wall is present in plant cells but absent in animal cells.
(b) Genes are the functional segments of DNA. They are the smallest units of DNA which
are capable of performing the independent function. The main function of DNA at a molecular
level is the production of mRNA (messenger RNA) which ultimately form proteins.
[c]chromoplast imparts red and yellow colour to flowers.
Q7. Describe the way Amoeba consumes its food with the help of diagrams.
Ans: Amoeba envelops their food through endocytosis or phagocytosis, where the flexibility of
the plasma membrane creates pseudopodia.
The pseudopodia are the temporary arm-like projection in the amoeba that helps collect
nutrition, alter its size and shape, and act as a locomotion organ.
Amoeba takes in food using temporary finger-like extensions of the cell surface, which fuse over
the food particle forming a food vacuole. Inside the food vacuole, complex substances are
broken down into simpler ones, diffusing into the cytoplasm. The remaining undigested
material is moved to the surface of the cell and thrown out. The complete phagocytosis process
includes intake, digestion, absorption, assimilation, and egestion process.

Q8. Draw the diagram of a plant cell. Label all the important parts and write a short definition of
each part.

Ans:

Nucleus: The nucleus is a highly specialized organelle that serves as the information and
administrative centre of the cell.

Cell wall: It provides resistance to microbes to withstand hypotonic external media without bursting

Endoplasmic reticulum: The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a large, dynamic structure that serves
many roles in the cell including calcium storage, protein synthesis and lipid metabolism.
Chloroplast: Chloroplasts are round, oval or disk-shaped that help in the storage and synthesis of
food and energy in plants. The main function is to absorb light energy.

Vacuole: The term “vacuole” means “empty space”. They help in the storage and disposal of various
substances. They can store food or other nutrients required by a cell to survive.

Q9. What would happen if the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down?

Ans: If the plasma membrane ruptures or breaks down, the cell will not be able to exchange
material from its surroundings by diffusion or osmosis because it acts as a mechanical barrier.
Thereafter, the protoplasmic material will be disappeared, and the cell will die.

Q10. Why mitochondria are able to make some of their own proteins?

Ans: Mitochondria has its own DNA and ribosomes so they are able to produce specific proteins to
meet their own requirements. They are also known as semi-autonomous organelle.

ASSIGNMENT 3
Q11. Give a scientific reason for the following:
(a) Mitochondria are able to make some of their proteins.
(b) The shape of a cell remains same when kept in a solution having equal water concentration.
[c] Inner membrane of mitochondria is deeply folded
[a]Mitochondria has its own DNA and ribosomes so they are able to produce specific proteins
to meet their own requirements. They are also known as semi-autonomous organelle. Inner
membrane of mitochondria is deeply folded.
[b] The size of the cell remains the same when placed in an isotonic solution. This is
because both the inside and outside of the cell are in the same concentration with respect to
water and solutes Hence, there will be no net movement of water.
[c] The inner membrane of Mitochondria is deeply folded to create a large surface area for
chemical reactions of oxidative phosphorylation, i.e. the process of converting food sugars into
energy (ATP) to take place.
Q12. (a) Which structure is found in plant cells but absent in animal cell?
(b) What is the functional segment of DNA?
(c) Name the pigment that imparts red and yellow colour to flowers.
Ans: [a] [b] [c] is written above
Q13. (a) A person takes concentrated solution of salt, after sometime, he starts vomiting. What
is the phenomenon responsible for such situation? Explain.
(b) Bacteria do not have chloroplast but some bacteria are photoautotrophic in nature and
perform photosynthesis. Which part of bacterial cell performs this?
(c) Which cell organelle controls most of the activities of the cell?
Ans: [a] Concentration salt solution is a hypertonic solution (water concentration lower as
compared to the cell) therefore it causes exosmosis. The outward movement of water from the
cell results in irritation and excessive dehydration. This results in reverse movements and
hence, vomiting.
[b] Bacterial cell do not have chloroplast but yet some photoautotrophic bacteria perform
photosynthesis due to the presence of chlorophyll in cooperated in the membrane. Embedded
in the cell membrane are reaction centres which specifically absorb light energy.
[c] Nucleus. Known as the cell's “command centre,” the nucleus is a large organelle that
stores the cell's DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid). The nucleus controls all of the cell's activities,
such as growth and metabolism, using the DNA's genetic information.
Q14. In brief state what happens when
(a) Rheo leaves are boiled in water first and then a drop of sugar syrup is put on it?
(b) Dry apricots are left for some time in pure water and later transferred to sugar solution?
(c) A red blood cell is kept in concentrated saline solution?
(d) Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell
Ans: [a] Boiling of Rheo leaves in water kills the cells in the plasma membrane. When a drop of
sugar syrup is put on it, the process of plasmolysis will not occur, because only the living cells
can absorb water by osmosis, dead cells are not able to do so.
[b] Dry apricots when left in pure water, will gain water due to endosmosis and swell.
When placed in a concentrated sugar solution, they lose water due to exosmosis and will shrink.
[c] If an RBC is kept in a concentrated saline solution, it will lose water and shrink.
ASSIGNMENT 4
Q15. (a) Briefly state what happens when;
(i) Dry apricot are left for sometimes in pure water and later transferred to sugar solution.
(ii) Rheo leaves are boiled in water first and then a drop of sugar syrup is put on it.
(iii) Golgi apparatus removed from the cell.
(b) Ans: [i] and [ii] answer same to 14 [a][b]
[iii] If the Golgi apparatus is removed from the cell:
• (i) Secretion process of the cell will be stopped.
• (ii) Packaging and transportation of useful material will be stopped.
• (iii) There will be no formation and repair of broken membranes, lysosomes, plasma
membrane etc. No removal of dead cell components will take place.
[b] Ans:
Q16. Which type of plastids help in photosynthesis? Draw its diagram.
Ans: The type of plastids which help in photosynthesis is called chloroplasts.
The plastid which helps in photosynthesis is called as chloroplasts. It is one of the most known
of the plastids found in leaves of plants. Chloroplasts are responsible for the photosynthesis
process and they are mainly filled with thylakoids.
Thylakoids are the place of photosynthesis. So we can say that they are the place for the
pigments to be stored and synthesized in the plant.

Q17. (a) Write the name of different plant parts in which chromoplast, chloroplast and
leucoplast are present.
(b) Which type of plastids help in photosynthesis? Draw its diagram.
[a] Chromoplasts are plastids, which are involved in different coloured pigment synthesis and
their storage. It is responsible for giving different colours to the flowers, fruits.
The chloroplast is a type of plastid, which produces green coloured pigment. The chloroplast
is involved in carrying out photosynthesis. It gives a green colour to leaves.
Leucoplasts are one the type of plastid, which is non-pigmented. They are involved in storage
functions. Such, colourless plastid is present in underground roots, stems.
[b] 16 answer is same
Q18. Explain your observation in the following with reason involved in the process.
(a) Salt is applied to raw mango pieces.
(b) Dried raisins are kept in water for a few hours.
Ans: a) When salt is applied to raw mango pieces, then it will loose water. This happens due
exosmosis from the cells in the presence of salt. Water moves out of the cells of mango due to
osmosis and hence water is seen on the raw mango pieces.

b) When dried raisins are kept in water, then they swell up by absorbing water. This happens
due to endosmosis from the cells. Water moves inside the raisins due to osmosis as
concentration of solutes is higher inside the raisins.
Q19. (a) What is lacking in a virus which makes it dependent on a living cell to multiply?
(b) Expand RER and SER. Differentiate between their structure and function.
Ans: [a] Virus are constituted by a DNA or RNA genome and a protein coat. They are practically
non-living outside its host. It is dependent on host cell for replication as it lacks molecular
machinery of its own. They are infectious and cause a number of diseases in plants and animals.
[b]RER: ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
SER: SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM
Q20. (a) Name the organelles which provide turgidity to the plant cell. Name any two substances
which are present in it.
(b) How are they useful in unicellular organisms like Amoeba?
ANS: [a]Vacuoles provide turgidity and rigidity to the cell. Water and glucose are present in
vacuoles.
[b] A unicellular holozoic organism like Amoeba engulfs food particles by forming a temporary
vacuole, known as food vacuole. The food is ingested (phagocytosis) and digested in the food
vacuole.
ASSIGNMENT 5
Q21. Plastids are able to make their own protein. Explain.
Ans: Plastids are able to make their own proteins because they contain small, circular DNA,
ribosomes and the enzymes required for the synthesis of proteins.
Q22. Name two substances stored in the vacuoles of a plant cell
Ans: The substances that are present inside a vacuole are water, enzymes, organic acids and
carbohydrate molecules.
Q23. Who gave the term Golgi apparatus?
Ans: Camillo Golgi
Q24. How is endoplasmic reticulum important for membrane biosynthesis?
Ans: Membrane biogenesis is the process of formation of plasma membrane with the help of
proteins and lipids. Endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids (smooth endoplasmic reticulum)
and proteins (rough endoplasmic reticulum) which are responsible for formation of membrane.
Thus, they help in membrane biogenesis.
ASSIGNMENT 6 NO HOME ASSIGNMENT