Energy Materials Science & Engineering

References
1. The Principles of Engineering Materials, C.R. Barrett, Prentice Hall
2. Introduction to Materials Science for Engineers, J.F Shakelford, Pearson
Electronic Properties of Materials, 4th ed., Rolf E. Hummel, Springer
3. Materials Science and Engineering an introduction, W.D.Callister, Wiley
4. Introduction to the Electronic properties of Materials, D. Jiles, Chapman
& Hall
5. Electronic Materials, From silicon to organics, L.S. Muller, Plenum
6. Lectures on the Electrical Properties of Materials, Solymer, 5th ed., Oxford
7. Introduction to the physics of electronic in solids, Brian K. Tanner,
Cambridge
8. The structure and properties of materials, Volume IV, Electronic
properties, John Wulff, John Wiley & Sons
H.S. CHANG 1
Coursework plan
① 개요 (introduction)
② 결정구조 (structure of solids)
③ 결정구조 (structure of imperfect solids)
④ 평형 (equilibrium)
⑤ 반응역학 (kinetics)
⑥ 재료강도학 (mechanical properties of solids), 재료변형 (deformation)
⑦ 세미나 발표 (Seminar presentation)
⑧ 중간평가 (Mid-term)
⑨ 전자구조 (electrons in solids)
⑩ 전자이동 (electronic transport)
⑪ 접합 전기특성 (electrical properties of junctions)
⑫ 자성 특성 (magnetic properties)
⑬ 광학특성 (optical properties)
⑭ 세미나발표 (Seminar presentation)
⑮ 기말평가 (Final term)

- 과제물/발표 (homework/seminar): 20%

- 중간시험 (Mid-term) : 30%
- 기말시험 (Final Exam) : 40%
- 출석 및 기타 : 10%
H.S. CHANG 2
Chapter 1. Introduction
• Materials closely connected our culture
• Materials drive our society

Now?

H.S. CHANG 3
Material SCI. & ENG
WHY STUDY MATERIALS SCI. & ENG.?

• To be able to select a material for a given use based

on considerations of cost and performance.

• To understand the limits of materials and the change

of their properties with use.

• To be able to create a new material that will have

some desirable properties.

H.S. CHANG 4
Materials Science & Engineering
On the basis of structure-property correlations:
•Materials science involves investigating the relationship btw
structures & properties of materials.

•Materials Eng. is designing or engineering the structure of a

material to produce a predetermined set of properties.

On the basis of functional prospective:

•The role of materials scientist is to develop or synthesize new
materials

•Materials Eng. is called upon to create new products or systems

using existing materials, and/or develop techniques for processing
materials.

H.S. CHANG 5
Materials Science & Engineering (MSE)

structure • arrangement of internal components

• subatomic
• atomic
• microscopic
• macroscopic (bulk)

characterization
processing properties
• material characteristic
• method of preparing
• response to external
material
stimulus
• mechanical, electrical,
performance thermal, magnetic,
• behavior in a optical, deteriorative
particular application

H.S. CHANG 6
Types of Materials
Most engineering materials can be classified into one of
three basic categories:

1. Metals
2. Ceramics
3. Polymers

Their chemistries are different, and their mechanical and

physical properties are different

In addition, there is a fourth category:

4. Composites

H.S. CHANG 7
Classification of Materials
Metals Ceramics & Glasses Polymers/plastics
• good conductors of • thermally and • very large molecules
electricity and heat electrically insulating • low density, low weight
• lustrous appearance • resistant to high • maybe flexible
• susceptible to temperatures and • Sensitive to
corrosion harsh environments temperature changes
• strong, but • hard, but brittle
deformable

H.S. CHANG 8
Metals
Metallic Bond + + + + “sea of electrons”
• one, two, or three valence electrons
• valence electrons free to drift through the + + + +
entire material forming a “sea of electrons”
surrounding net positive ionic cores + + + + ionic
• non-directional bond cores
+ + + +

Properties
• good conductors of
electricity and heat
• lustrous appearance
• susceptible to
corrosion
• strong, but
deformable

H.S. CHANG 9
Ceramics and Glasses
Coulombic bonding force
Ionic Bond
• composed of metallic and non-metallic elements + +
• metallic elements give up valence electrons to
+ +
non-metallic elements
• all atoms have filled “inert gas” configuration + +
• ionic solid
• non-directional bond + +

Ceramics & Glasses

• thermally and
electrically insulating
• resistant to high
temperatures and
harsh environments
• hard, but brittle

H.S. CHANG 10
Polymers
shared electron H
Covalent Bond shared electron
from hydrogen
• electrons are shared between adjacent from carbon
atoms, each contributing at least one
electron H C H
• shared electrons belong to both atoms
• directional bond

H methane (CH4)

Polymers
• very large molecules
• low density, light
weight materials
• maybe extremely
flexible

H.S. CHANG 11
Classification of Materials: A Few Additional Catagories
Biomaterials Semiconductors Composites
• implanted in human • electrical properties • consist of more than
body between conductors one material type
• compatible with and insulators • designed to display
body tissues • electrical properties a combination of
can be precisely properties of each
controlled component
• Light, strong, flexible

fiberglass surfboards

hip replacement CPU, Memory

H.S. CHANG 12
Materials that are utilized in high-tech applications
•Semiconductors
Have electrical conductivities intermediate between conductors
and insulators
•Biomaterials
Must be compatible with body tissues
•Smart materials
Could sense and respond to changes in their environments in
predetermined manners
•Nanomaterials
Have structural features on the order of a nanometer, some of
which may be designed on the atomic/molecular level

H.S. CHANG 13
The Materials Selection Process

1. Pick Application Determine required Properties

Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.

H.S. CHANG 14
Material Selection Charts
Consider a design problem where the specification is for a component that is both light
and stiff

• metals are the heaviest materials,

• foams are the lightest materials,
• ceramics are the stiffest materials.

H.S. CHANG 15
Material Selection Charts
Let's consider strength and cost

H.S. CHANG 16
Structure, Processing, & Properties
• Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel

(d)
600
Hardness (BHN)

30 μm
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 12.31(a) and 12.3
2 with 4 wt% C composition, and from Fig.
400 (b) 17.8, Callister & Rethwisch 9e. Micrograph
(a) s adapted from (a) Fig. 12.19; (b) Fig. 11.2
4 μm
300 9; (c) Fig. 12.33; and (d) Fig. 12.21, Callist
er & Rethwisch 9e. (Figures 12.19, 12.21, & 1
30 μm 2.33 copyright 1971 by United States Steel Cor
200 30 μm poration. Figure 9.30 courtesy of Republic Steel
Corporation.)

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (ºC/s)
• Processing can change structure
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
H.S. CHANG 17
STRUCTURE OF MATERIALS
• By structure we mean how some internal components
of the material is (are) arranged.
• In terms of dimensionality, structural elements include
subatomic, atomic, microscopic, and macroscopic

STRUCTURE (length scale)

< 0.2 nm 0.2-10 nm 1-1000 µm > 1 mm

1 nm = ?

H.S. CHANG 18
Atomic Arrangement: Ordered vs. Disordered
Crystalline:
atoms are arranged in a 3D, periodic array giving the material “long range
order”
• stacking can effect
properties (i.e. ductility)
• anisotropic materials

hexagonal close-packed

Non-crystalline or amorphous:
atoms only have short-range, nearest neighbor order
• viscous materials (generally complex formulas) or rapid
cooling
• isotropic materials

H.S. CHANG 19
Microstructure
Single Crystal Polycrystalline
• the periodic arrangement of • many small crystals or grains
atoms extends throughout the • small crystals misoriented with
entire sample respect to on another
• difficult to grow, environment must • several crystals are initiated and
be tightly controlled grow towards each other
• anisotropic materials • anisotropic or isotropic materials

H.S. CHANG 20
Bulk Properties
Mechanical: Electrical:
elastic modulus conductivity
shear modulus resistivity
hardness capacitance

+ -

Thermal:
Optical: thermal expansion
reflectivity heat capacity
absorbance thermal conductivity
emission

H.S. CHANG 21
Processing, Structure, Properties & Performance
Performance Goal: increased strength from a metallic material

In actuality, crystals are NOT perfect. There are defects!

In metals, strength is determined by how easily defects can move!

OFF

slow cooling

quenching

H.S. CHANG 22
The Materials Selection Process
• Transmittance:
- Aluminum oxide may be transparent, translucent, or opaque
depending on the material’s structure (i.e., single crystal vs.
polycrystal, and degree of porosity).

polycrystalline, polycrystalline,
single-crystal 5% porosity
(transparent) fully dense
(translucent) (opaque)

H.S. CHANG 23