CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION TO
ENGINEERING MATERIALS
Course Objective...
 Introduce fundamental concepts

You will learn about:

 Materials structure
 How structure dictates properties
 How processing can change structure

Course Outcomes…
 Use materials properly
 Realize new design opportunities with materials
 Understand the relationship between properties, structure and
processing 1
Chapter Outlines:

(1) Historical perspective

Stone bronze iron advanced materials

(2) Materials science & engineering

Processing structure properties performance

(3) Classification of materials

Metals, ceramics, polymers, semiconductors, composites,
biomaterials

(4) Advanced materials

Electronic materials, superconductors
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(5) Future of materials science
1. HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
 Earliest humans – access to only limited
number of materials those that naturally occur
(stone, wood, clay, skins etc.)
 With time they discovered techniques for
producing materials that had properties
superior to those of the natural ones (pottery,
metals)
 Furthermore, it was discovered that the
properties of a material could be altered by
heat treatments and by the addition of other
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substances
BEGINNING OF THE MATERIAL SCIENCE

Stone Age : - began about 2 million years ago

- stone, wood, clay, skins

Bronze Age : - began about 5000 years ago

- is an alloy which is made up of more than one element, copper +
<25% of tin + other elements
- can be hammered or cast into a variety of shapes, can be made harder by
alloying, corrode only slowly after a surface oxide film forms

Iron Age : - began about 3000 years ago (until today)

- use of iron & steel, a stronger and cheaper material changed
drastically daily life of a common person)

Advanced Materials Age :

- throughout the Iron age many new types of materials have been
introduced (ceramics, semiconductors, polymers, composites…)
- understanding of the relationship among structure, properties,
processing and performance of materials 4
- intelligent design of new materials
2. MATERIALS SCIENCE &
ENGINEERING
 Materials Science: involves investigating the relationship that
exist between structures and properties of the materials

 Materials Engineering: on the basis of these structure –

property correlations, designing or engineering the structure of a
material to produce a predetermined set of properties

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HOW MATERIALS SCIENCE & ENGINEERING
FORM A BRIDGE OF KNOWLEDGE FROM THE
BASIC SCIENCES TO THE ENGINEERING
DISCIPLINES?

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 The relationships of the four components that are
involved in the design, production and utilization of
materials are;

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Properties depend on structure
ex: hardness vs structure of steel
(d)

600
30 m
500 (c)
Data obtained from Figs. 10.21(a)
400 (b) and 10.23 with 4wt%C composition,
(a) and from Fig. 11.13 and associated
4m discussion, Callister 6e.
300 Micrographs adapted from (a) Fig.
10.10; (b) Fig. 9.27;(c) Fig. 10.24;
30 m
and (d) Fig. 10.12, Callister 6e.
200 30 m

100
0.01 0.1 1 10 100 1000
Cooling Rate (C/s)
Processing can change structure 8
ex: structure vs cooling rate of steel
 Structure:
- relates to the arrangement of its internal components
- depends on how it is processed
 Property:
- is a materials trait in terms of the kind and magnitude of
response to a specific imposed stimulus or to the environment
and external forces
 Mechanical properties- response to mechanical forces,
strength, etc
 Electrical and magnetic properties- response electrical and
magnetic fields, conductivity, etc
 Thermal properties- are related to transmission of heat and
heat capacity
 Optical properties- include to absorption, transmission and
scattering of light
 Deteriorative- indicate the chemical reactivity of materials
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 Performance:
- will be a function of its properties
 Processing:
- will indicate the properties

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3. CLASSIFICATION OF
MATERIALS
 Metals: valence electrons are detached from atoms and
spread in an ‘electron sea’ that “glues” the ions together.
Strong, ductile, conduct electricity and heat well, are shiny
if polished

 Ceramics: atoms behave like either positive or negative

ions, and are bound by Coulomb forces. They are usually
combinations of metals or semiconductors with oxygen,
nitrogen or carbon (oxides, nitrides and carbides). Hard,
brittle, insulators. Examples: glass, porcelain

 Polymers: are bound by covalent forces and also by weak

van der Waals forces and usually based on C and H. They
decompose at moderate temperatures (100 – 400 C) and
are lightweight. Examples: plastics rubber 12
 Composites: materials which are mixtures of two or
more materials. A composite is designed to display a
combination of the best characteristics of each of the
component materials. Examples: fiberglass-
reinforcing material in a polyester or epoxy matrix

 Semiconductors: Have electrical properties that are

intermediate between electrical conductor and
insulator. Examples: P-N junction

 Biomaterials: are employed in components

implanted into the human body for replacement of
diseased or damaged body parts. These materials
must not produce toxic substances and must be
compatible with body tissues. 13
Metals

Component of bicycle
Metallic alloy (high strength)

Heat exchanger in petro-chemical plant

Metal & alloy (high temperature,
aggressive environment)
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Beverage can
Aluminum alloy (highly hardenable)
Ceramics

Ceramic engine : fuel economy,

efficiency, weight savings and
performance

Examples of ceramic materials ranging from household to high

performance combustion engines which utilize both metals and
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ceramics.
Polymers

Wires & cables

Modern telecommunications
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equipment
Composites

Golf club head and shaft molded of a graphite fiber- reinforced epoxy
composite. This composite systems are stronger, stiffer and lighter than
conventional equipment, allowing the golfer to drive the ball farther 17
with greater control.
The Rooster snowboard (vintage 1998) is a free-riding, twin-tip board with a cap
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and a full wrap around edge. These boards are stiff and torsionally rigid so one
can rail them at high speed and launch and land the hugest airs.
Semiconductors
 Micro-Electrical-
Mechanical Systems
(MEMS)

 Si wafer for computer chip

devices

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'Flip chip' is a general term that
describes a method of attaching an
integrated circuit (ie, IC) to a
substrate. (substrate can be another chip,
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PC board, a special carrier or a multichip
module.)
BIOMATERIALS

Hip joint replacement. Determination of the position of the shaft of a hip joint
prosthesis in the femur at a planning station of the operating robot is shown. 21

Corresponding to this planning, the milling of the cavitation for the shaft is done during
the operation (so that one will have a tailored fit).
Material Selection
1. Pick Application Determine required Properties
Properties: mechanical, electrical, thermal,
magnetic, optical, deteriorative.

2. Properties Identify candidate Material(s)

Material: structure, composition.

3. Material Identify required Processing

Processing: changes structure and overall shape
ex: casting, sintering, vapor deposition, doping
forming, joining, annealing.
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 Different materials exhibit different crystal structures
(chapter 3) and resultant properties

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4. ADVANCED MATERIALS
 Are materials that are utilized in high- technology (or high-
tech) applications

 A device or product that operates or functions using

relatively intricate and sophisticated principles (e.g.,
electronic equipment, computers, fiber-optic systems,
spacecraft, aircraft and military rocketry)

 They may be of all material types (e.g., metals, ceramics,

polymers)

 Normally relatively expensive

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5. FUTURE OF MATERIALS
SCIENCE
Design of materials having specific desired characteristics
directly from our knowledge of atomic structure.

• Miniaturization: “Nanostructured" materials, with

microstructure that has length scales between 1 and 10
nanometers with unusual properties. Electronic
components, materials for quantum computing.

•Smart materials: airplane wings that deice them selves, buildings

that stabilize themselves in earthquakes…

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• Environment-friendly materials: biodegradable or
photodegradable plastics, advances in nuclear waste
processing, etc.

• Learning from Nature: shells and biological hard tissue can be

as strong as the most advanced laboratory-produced ceramics,
mollusces produce biocompatible adhesives that we do not know
how to reproduce…

• Materials for lightweight batteries with high storage

densities, for turbine blades that can operate at 2500°C,
room-temperature superconductors? chemical sensors
(artificial nose) of extremely high sensitivity, cotton shirts
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So, can you please summarize what have
you learned for today ???

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SUMMARY
Course Goals:

• Use the right material for the job.

• Understand the relation between properties,

structure, and processing.

• Recognize new design opportunities offered

by materials selection.

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QUESTION FOR TODAY?

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