YILDIZ TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY

DEPARTMENT OF CHEMICAL ENGINEERING

Materials Science for Chemical

Engineers (KMM2622)
CHAPTER-1

2024-2025 Spring
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HISTORICAL PERSPECTIVE
Transportation, housing, clothing, communication, recreation, and food
production—virtually every segment of our everyday lives is influenced to one
degree or another by materials.

At the beginning, the earliest humans had access to only a very limited number of
materials, those that occur naturally: stone, wood, clay, skins, and so on.
Furthermore, it was discovered that the properties of a material could be altered by
heat treatments and by the addition of other substances.

Tens of thousands of different materials have evolved with rather specialized

characteristics that meet the needs of our modern and complex society; these
include metals, plastics, glasses, and fibers.

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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING

➢Strictly speaking “materials science” involves

investigating the relationships that exist between the
structures and properties of materials.

➢In contrast, “materials engineering” is, on the basis of

these structure–property correlations, designing or
engineering the structure of a material to produce a
predetermined set of properties.
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MATERIALS SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING
Virtually all important properties of solid materials may be grouped into six
different categories: mechanical, electrical, thermal, magnetic, optical, and
deteriorative.

In addition to structure and properties, two other important components are

involved in the science and engineering of materials—namely, “processing” and
“performance.”

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PROPERTIES OF SOLID MATERIALS
❑ Mechanical properties are related to deformation resulting from a load or force.

❑ For electrical properties such as electrical conductivity and dielectric constant, the external
effect is the electrical field.

❑ The thermal properties of solids can be represented by heat capacity and thermal conductivity.

❑ Magnetic properties determine the behavior of the material under the influence of a magnetic
field.

❑ In optical properties, the external effect is electromagnetic or light radiation.

❑ The deterioration properties relate to the tendency of the materials to enter into chemical
reaction. 5
Relationship between material science and engineering
interests
Areas of interest of materials science and engineering
Material processing structure properties performance

STRUCTURE of material Depends on how the material is treated

PERFORMANCE of material Relates to the properties of the material

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Example-1: Light transmission properties of different materials
• Material of the discs is aluminum
oxide
1 2 3 • 1.disk: transparent: It passes through
almost all of the light reflected from
the page.
• 2.disk: semi-transparent: Passes
through a part of the light reflected
from the page.
• 3.disk: matt: No light through.

These three discs have the same material content and have different optical
properties. It is caused by the fact that materials pass through different
production processes in different structures. 7
Many times, a material’s problem is one of
selecting the right material from the many
thousands that are available.

WHY STUDY First of all, the in-service conditions must be

MATERIALS characterized, for these will dictate the
properties required of the material.
SCIENCE AND
ENGINEERING? Finally, probably the overriding consideration is
that of economics: What will the finished
product cost?

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WHY STUDY MATERIALS
SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING?
• Most engineering, construction, chemical and
electrical engineers or applied scientists working in
these areas have to deal with a design problem that
involves materials at any stage in their careers.
Examples of such design problems include a gear
unit, a building structure, an oil refinery unit or an
integrated circuit. Materials scientists and
engineers are experts who are already investigating
and designing materials.
• A scientist or engineer's familiarity with the various
properties of materials and their relationship to
structure, as well as process or production
techniques, will ensure that they are more
adequate and safe to make reasonable choices
based on these criteria.
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Solid materials have been conveniently
grouped into three basic classifications: metals,
ceramics, and polymers. This scheme is based
primarily on chemical makeup and atomic
structure, and most materials fall into one
CLASSIFICATION distinct grouping or another.
OF MATERIALS
Another classification is advanced materials—
those used in high-technology applications—
semiconductors, biomaterials, smart materials,
and nanoengineered materials.

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CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS

Materials

Conventional Advanced
Materials Materials

nano-
bio- smart-
metals ceramics polymers composites semiconductors engineering
materials materials
materials

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In the classification of In addition, there are Another group is used in advanced
conventional materials, it is composite (mixed) materials technology applications, such as
mainly made according to the created by the combination of semiconductors, bio-materials,
chemical composition and two or more materials. smart materials and nano-
atomic structure, and most of engineering materials, and is
the materials are included in called advanced materials.
one of these three different
groups (metal-ceramic-
polymer).

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CONVENTIONAL MATERIALS
Metals
o Materials in this group are composed of one or more metallic elements (such as iron, aluminum,
copper, titanium, gold, and nickel), and often also nonmetallic elements (for example, carbon,
nitrogen, and oxygen) in relatively small amounts.

o 3 Atoms in metals and their alloys are arranged in a very orderly manner, and in comparison to the
ceramics and polymers, are relatively dense.

o With regard to mechanical characteristics, these materials are relatively stiff and strong, yet are
ductile (i.e., capable of large amounts of deformation without fracture), and are resistant to
fracture, which accounts for their widespread use in structural applications.

o For example, metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat, and are not
transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. In addition, some
of the metals (Fe, Co, and Ni) have desirable magnetic properties.
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Ceramics
• Ceramics are compounds between metallic and
nonmetallic elements; they are most frequently
oxides, nitrides, and carbides. ceramics are typically
very hard. For example, clay minerals. Ceramic
materials are relatively stiff and strong. On the other
hand, they are extremely brittle (lack ductility) and
are highly susceptible.

• These materials are typically insulative to the

passage of heat and electricity (i.e., have low
electrical conductivities.
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Ceramics exhibit extremely brittle behavior and are highly susceptible to
breakage. New ceramics with improved fracture resistance have been
developed. These new ceramics are used in cooking utensils, as breakers
and even as automobile engine parts.

Ceramic materials, which are typically insulating (low electrical conductivity)

in terms of heat and electrical conductivity, are more resistant to high
Ceramics temperatures and materials challenging environments than metals and
polymers.

In terms of their optical properties, the ceramics may exhibit transparent,

translucent or matte behavior.

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Polymers
▪ Polymers include the familiar plastic and rubber materials. Many of
them are organic compounds that are chemically based on carbon,
hydrogen, and other nonmetallic elements (O, N, and Si).
▪ Furthermore, they have very large molecular structures, often chain-
like in nature with a backbone of carbon atoms. Some of the
common and familiar polymers are polyethylene (PE), nylon,
poly(vinyl chloride) (PVC), polycarbonate (PC), polystyrene (PS),
and silicone rubber.
▪ Their mechanical characteristics are generally dissimilar to the
metallic and ceramic materials—they are not as stiff nor as strong
as these other material types.
▪ Many of the polymers are extremely ductile and pliable (i.e.,
plastic). They are relatively inert chemically and unreactive in a
large number of environments. One major drawback of the
polymers is their tendency to soften and/or decompose at modest
temperatures.
▪ Besides, their electrical conductivity is low and they do not have
magnetization properties. 16
Composites
• A composite is composed of two (or more) individual materials, which come
from the categories discussed above—metals, ceramics, and polymers.
• The design goal of a composite is to achieve a combination of properties that
is not displayed by any single material, and also to incorporate the best
characteristics of each of the component materials.
• A large number of composite types exist that are represented by different
combinations of metals, ceramics, and polymers. Furthermore, some naturally-
occurring materials are also considered to be composites—for example, wood
and bone.
• One of the most common and familiar composites is fiberglass, in which small
glass fibers are embedded within a polymeric material (normally an epoxy or
polyester). The glass fibers are relatively strong and stiff (but also brittle).
• Another of these technologically important materials is the “carbon fiber
reinforced polymer” (or “CFRP”) composite—carbon fibers that are embedded
within a polymer. These materials are stiffer and stronger than the glass
fiberreinforced materials, yet they are more expensive. 17
ADVANCED MATERIALS
Materials that are utilized in high-technology (or
high-tech) applications are sometimes termed
advanced materials.

Examples include electronic equipment

(camcorders, CD/DVD players, etc.), computers,
fiber-optic systems, spacecraft, aircraft, and military
rocketry. They are normally expensive.

Materials that are used for lasers, integrated

circuits, magnetic information storage, liquid crystal
displays (LCDs), and fiber optics.

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Semiconductors have electrical properties
that are intermediate between the electrical
conductors (metals and metal alloys) and
insulators (ceramics and polymers).

Semiconductors
The electrical properties of these materials are very
sensitive to the presence of impurity atoms in very
low concentrations. Semiconductors have led to the
development of integrated circuits that have led to
the revolution in the electronics and computer
industry in the last three decades.

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Biomaterials
Biomaterials are employed in components implanted into the human body
for replacement of diseased or damaged body parts. These materials must
not produce toxic substances and must be compatible with body tissues.

Metal, ceramic, polymer, composite and semiconductors can be used as

biomaterials.

For example, the materials used in artificial hip joint prostheses.

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Smart Materials
• Components of a smart material (or system)
include some type of sensor (that detects an
input signal) and an actuator (that performs a
responsive and adaptive function).

• Four types of materials are commonly used for

actuators: shape-memory alloys, piezoelectric
ceramics, magnetostrictive materials, and
electrorheological/magnetorheological fluids.

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Smart Materials
For example, a type of
Actuators (stimulants), shape
intelligent system is used in
memory alloys, piezoelectric
helicopters to reduce
ceramics, etc. materials are
aerodynamic cockpit visibility
widely used.
from rotating rotor blades.

The feedback signals from these

The piezoelectric sensors
sensors are sent to a computer-
placed in the wings follow the
controlled adaptive device which
stresses and deformations of
generates a noise-canceling
the wings.
noise.

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Nanoengineered These materials are a kind They differ in size from The Nano prefix indicates
of material with high other materials, not that the dimensions of
Materials expectations and high
expectations in technology.
chemical structures. these structural materials
are below the nanometer
It can belong to any of the (10-9 m) scale and, as a rule,
four basic material types 100 nm (equivalent to
(metal, ceramic, polymer approximately 500 atomic
and composite). diameter).

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Nanoengineered Materials
• Before the development of nanomaterials, in the general method used by
scientists to understand the chemical and physical properties of materials, the
larger and more complex structures of the materials were first studied, then
the smaller and simpler basic building blocks were examined. This approach is
called top-down science.
• In addition, it is possible to add atoms or molecules one at a time by the
development of screening end microscopes which allow for the examination of
atoms and molecules one by one, and thus to design and construct new
structures starting from their components at the atomic level. Thanks to this
process, it is possible to develop mechanical, electrical, magnetic and other
properties which cannot be obtained in any other way. This approach is called
bottom-up.
• The studies examining the properties of these materials are also called
nanotechnology.

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Nanoengineered Materials
This application permits observation of individual
atoms and molecules, it has become possible to
manipulate and move atoms and molecules to form
new structures and, thus, design new materials that
are built from simple atomic-level constituents (i.e.,
“materials by design”). This ability to carefully arrange
atoms provides opportunities to develop mechanical,
electrical, magnetic, and other properties.

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MODERN MATERIALS’ NEEDS
In spite of the tremendous progress that has been made in the discipline of materials science and engineering within the past
few years, there still remain technological challenges, including the development of even more sophisticated and
specialized materials, as well as consideration of the environmental impact of materials production.

Significant quantities of energy are involved in transportation. Reducing the weight of transportation vehicles, as well as
increasing engine operating temperatures, will enhance fuel efficiency. New highstrength, low-density structural materials
remain to be developed, as well as materials that have higher-temperature capabilities, for use in engine components.

Materials will undoubtedly play a significant role in these developments. For example, the direct conversion of solar into
electrical energy has been demonstrated. Solar cells employ some rather complex and expensive materials.

The hydrogen fuel cell is another very attractive and feasible energy-conversion technology that has the advantage of being
nonpolluting. New materials still need to be developed for more efficient fuel cells, and also for better catalysts to be used
in the production of hydrogen.

Furthermore, environmental quality depends on our ability to control air and water pollution. Pollution-control techniques
employ various materials. In addition, materials processing and refinement methods need to be improved so that they
produce less environmental degradation—that is, less pollution and less spoilage of the landscape from the mining of raw
materials. Many materials that we use are derived from resources that are nonrenewable—that is, not capable of being
regenerated. As a consequence of the economics of not only production but also environmental impact and ecological
factors, it is becoming increasingly important to consider the “cradle-to-grave” life cycle of materials relative to the overall
manufacturing process.
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