FIELD SURVEYING PRACTICE -II

Subject Code : SEPC214

Semester : IV

Department of Survey Engineering

SANTINIKETANINSTITUTEOFPOLYTECHNIC

BOLPUR

WESTBENGAL

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DEPARTMENT OF SURVEY ENGINEERING

PROGRAM:DIPLOMA IN ENGINEERING

VISION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To produce eminent,competitive and dedicated civil engineers by imparting in latest technical

skills and ethical values to empower the students to play a key role in the planning and execution
of infrastructural & developmental activities of the nation.

MISSION OF THE DEPARTMENT

To provide exceptional education in civil engineering through quality teaching, state-of-the-art

facilities and dynamic guidance to produce civil engineering graduates, who are professionally
excellent to face complex technical challenges with creativity, leadership, ethics and social
consciousness?

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CONTENTS

Exp.No. LISTOFEXPERIMENTS

1. Temporary Adjustment Of Theodolite

2. MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

3. To Measure The Horizontal Angle By Reiteration Method

4. TRAVERSING BY INCLUDE ANGLE METHOD

5. TRIGONOMETRIC LEVELING HEIGHTS AND DISTANCES

PROBLEM

6. SETTING OUT SIMLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY `LONG CHORD

METHOD

7. SETTING OUT SIMLE CIRCULAR CURVE BY OFFSETS FROM

CHORDS PRODUCED

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EXPERIMENT NO.01:- Temporary Adjustment Of Theodolite

Objective:
To study about the Temporary and Permanent adjustments of a Theodolite

ADJUSTMENTS OF THEODOLITE

The theodolite should be properly adjusted to obtain accurate observations. The adjustments are mainly of two types. They

are as follows: 1. Permanent adjustments & 2. Temporary adjustments

1. Permanent adjustments - The permanent adjustments are to be done to maintain the required standard relationship
between the fundamental lines (axes) of a theodolite. The fundamental lines are as follows

a. Vertical axis, b. Horizontal axis or trunnion axis, c. Line of collimation or line of sight, d. Axis of plate level, e. Axis
of altitude level

Required relations between the fundamental lines (axes)

 The axis of plate level must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
 The line of collimation must be perpendicular to the horizontal axis
 The horizontal axis must be perpendicular to the vertical axis.
 The axis of the altitude level must be parallel to the line of collimation.
 The vernier reading of vertical circle must read zero when the line of Collimation is horizontal.
The permanent adjustments of a theodolite are:
 Adjustment of plate level
 Adjustment of line of sight
 Adjustment of horizontal axis
 Adjustment of altitude bubble and vertical index frame

Temporary adjustments
The adjustments which are carried out at every setting of the instrument before the observations are referred as temporary
adjustments. There are three types of temporary adjustments as follows.
 Setting up
 Levelling up
 Elimination of parallax
a) Setting up
This adjustment includes the following two operations
 Centering the theodolite over the instrument station
 Approximate leveling of theodolite with the help of the tripod legs only

Centering
It is the operation by which the vertical axis of the theodolite represented by a plumb line is made to pass through the mark
of instrument station on the ground.
Approximate leveling
Approximate leveling
The approximate leveling may be done with the reference to a small circular bubble provided on the tribrach or by eye
judgements
b) Levelling up
The operation of making the vertical axis truly vertical is known as leveling of the Theodolite. After the centering and
approximate leveling an accurate leveling is to be done with the help of foot screws.

i) First the telescope is to be kept parallel to any of the two foot screws as in the figure
ii) The bubble of plate level is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the foot screws either inwards or
outwards simultaneously
iii) Then the telescope is to be turned through 90°, so that it lies over the third foot screw (i.e perpendicular to the
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first position)
iv) The bubble is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the third foot screw either clockwise or
anticlockwise
v) If the bubble is not in centre the above operations are repeated till the bubble retain at centre in both the positions
c) Elimination of parallax
Centering
It is the operation by which the vertical axis of the theodolite represented by a plumb line is made to pass through the mark
of instrument station on the ground.
Approximate leveling
Approximate leveling
The approximate leveling may be done with the reference to a small circular bubble provided on the tribrach or by eye
judgements
b) Levelling up
The operation of making the vertical axis truly vertical is known as leveling of the Theodolite. After the centering and
approximate leveling an accurate leveling is to be done with the help of foot screws.

vi) First the telescope is to be kept parallel to any of the two foot screws as in the figure
vii) The bubble of plate level is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the foot screws either inwards or
outwards simultaneously
viii) Then the telescope is to be turned through 90°, so that it lies over the third foot screw (i.e perpendicular to the
first position)
ix) The bubble is to be brought to the centre of its run by turning the third foot screw either clockwise or
anticlockwise
x) If the bubble is not in centre the above operations are repeated till the bubble retain at centre in both the positions
c) Elimination of parallax
Elimination of parallax in an apparent change in the position of an object caused by the change in position of the
observer’s eye is known as parallax. This can be eliminated in two steps.
1) Focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross hairs
2) Focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
1) Focusing the eye piece
 The telescope is to be pointed towards the sky or a sheet of white paper is to be hold in front of the objective.
 The eye piece is to be moved in or out by rotating it gradually until the appearance of cross hairs becomes sharp and
distinct.
2) Focusing the objective
 Telescope is to be directed towards the object.
 Focusing screw is to be turned until the appearance of the object becomes sharp and clear.
RESULT:
Thus the study about the Temporary and Permanent adjustments of a theodolite is practiced.

An apparent change in the position of an object caused by the change in position of the observer’s eye is known as
parallax. This can be eliminated in two steps.
1) Focusing the eye piece for distinct vision of the cross hairs
2) Focusing the objective to bring the image of the object in the plane of cross hairs.
1) Focusing the eye piece
 The telescope is to be pointed towards the sky or a sheet of white paper is to be hold in front of the objective.
 The eye piece is to be moved in or out by rotating it gradually until the appearance of cross hairs becomes sharp and
distinct.
2) Focusing the objective
 Telescope is to be directed towards the object.
 Focusing screw is to be turned until the appearance of the object becomes sharp and clear.
RESULT:
Thus the study about the Temporary and Permanent adjustments of a theodolite is practiced.

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EXPERIMENT NO.02:- MEASUREMENT OF HORIZONTAL ANGLES

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PRACTICAL NO.02:-TRAVERSESURVEY

Objective:
Tomeasurehorizontalanglesbetweensurveypointsusingacompass,determinethedirections,and calculate the
linear distances for mapping the area.
Apparatus Required:
1. Prismatic Compass
2. TapeorChain
3. RangingRods
4. FieldBook
5. PlumbBob
6. SextantorTheodolite

Survey Procedure:
1. StationSetup:
o Chooseastartingpoint(PointA)forthecompasstraverse.
o SetupthecompassatPointAandadjustithorizontallyusingtheplumbbob.
o Taketheinitialbearingforthestartingpointtoestablishthe direction.
2. AngleMeasurement:
o Movetothenext point (Point B)andmeasuretheanglebetweenthesurveylineandthereferencedirectionusingthe prismatic
compass.
o Recordthemeasuredangleandthecompassbearingforeachsuccessivepoint(e.g.,fromAtoB,fromBtoC,andso on).
3. Distance Measurement:
oUse a tape or chain to measure the straight-line distance between two consecutive points (e.g., from A to B, from Bto
C).
o Recordthedistancesalongwithanyrelevantobservations(e.g.,obstacles,terrainvariations).
4. Repeattheprocess:
o Repeattheprocessateachnewsurveypoint,measuringtheanglesand distances.
o Aftercompletingthetraverse,checkwhetherthetraverseisclosed(i.e.,thestartingpoint coincideswiththeending point).
5. Plotting:
o Usingtherecordeddata,plotthebearingsanddistancestoconstructthesurveyplanongraphpaperorusing software.
FieldBookDataforCompassTraverse Survey:
FieldBookFormat:
 CompassUsed : PrismaticCompass(10°accuracy)
 Chain/TapeUsed : 30-meter chain
 Weather Condition : Clear,calm

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Step-by-StepDataCollection:

 StationA(Start Point):

 Measurethe distancetoPointB =50.00 meters.

 Setthecompass to 0°at PointAas thereferencedirection.

 Station B:

 Measuretheangle between AB(usingthecompass):30°.

 Measurethe distancefrom Bto C =40.00 meters.

 Station C:

 Measurethe anglebetweenBC:60°.
 Measurethe distancefrom C to D =30.00 meters.

 Station D:

 Measurethe angle betweenCD: 100°.

 Measurethe distancefrom D to E =50.00 meters.

 Station E:

 Measurethe anglebetweenDE:160°.
 Measurethe distancefrom E to F=40.00 meters.

 Station F:

 Measurethe anglebetweenEF:210°.
 Measurethe distancefrom Fto G = 70.00 meters.

 Station G:

 Measurethe anglebetweenFG: 280°.

 Measurethe distancefrom G to H = 30.00 meters.

 StationH(BacktoA):

 Thelastanglemeasured fromHtoAshouldideallyclosethetraverse(near0°or360°),ensuring the

traverse is closed.

CompassTraverseCalculations:

1. CalculateBearings:
o Addupallthemeasuredbearingsforeachlegofthetraverse.
o Thesumofthebearingsshouldclosethelooporbeveryclosetothestartingbearing.
2. CheckTraverseClosure:
o Thetraverseisconsideredclosediftheanglebetweenthelast measuredbearingandthestarting bearing
is zero (or very close).
o Ifthetraversedoesnotclose,applyamisclosurecorrectiontothebearingsanddistances.

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CalculationsforMisclosure (if applicable):

1. AngularMisclosure:
o Thedifferencebetweenthesumofthemeasuredanglesandtheexpectedangle(360°for a
closed traverse) should be noted. Any difference is the angular misclosure.
o FormulaforMisclosure:

Misclosure=Sumof Angles−360°×Number of Sides

o Distributethis error equallytoeach measured anglefor correction.

2. Distance Misclosure:
o Checkifthetotalmeasureddistancematchestheexpecteddistanceforaclosedloop.Ifnot,apply a
correction factor to the distances.

FinalPlotof Traverse:

1. ScaleandPlotting:
o Chooseascalefortheplot(e.g.,1cm=10 meters).
o Ploteachpoint(A,B,C,D,E,F,G,andH)ongraphpaperusingthecalculatedbearingsand distances.
Start from Point A and work through the traverse, maintaining the correct angles.
2. TraverseClosure:
o Ensurethelastpoint(H)coincideswiththestartingpoint(A).

Conclusion:
1. AccuracyCheck:
o Ifthetraverseclosesaccurately,thedatacollectionandangularmeasurementwereprecise.
o Anydiscrepancy(angularordistancemisclosure)shouldbenotedandcorrected.
2. FieldObservations:
o Thecompassshouldbecalibratedbeforeuse.
o Checkthecompassforanylocalmagneticdeviationorerrors.
o Ensurethechainisproperlytensionedduringdistancemeasurements.
3. FinalReport:
o Summarizethesurveyprocess,thedatarecorded,andtheobservations.Includethefinalplotted map or
diagram of the survey area, showing all the bearings and distances.

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PRACTICALNO.03:-PROFILEANDCROSS-SECTIONLEVELLING

Objective: The main objective of Profile Levelling and Cross-Section Levelling is to determine the elevations of
variouspointsalongasurveyline(profile)andatspecificlocationsperpendiculartothesurveyline(cross-sections).

Apparatus Required:

1. LevelingInstrument
2. Staff
3. Tapes/Chains
4. TripodStand
5. FieldBook
6. PlumbBob
7. SurveyStakesorMarkers

GeneralProcedure:

1. SettingUptheInstrument:
o Thelevelinginstrument(e.g.,dumpylevel)issetuponastablepointalongthesurveyline. Ensure
that the instrument is properly leveled using a spirit level.
2. TakingReadings:
o Backsight(BS):Takeareadingonthestaffatthestartingpoint(knownreferencepointor
benchmark).
o Foresight(FS):Takeareadingonthestaffatthenextpointwhereyouwanttodeterminethe elevation.
o IntermediateSight(IS):Thesearereadingstakenbetweenthestartingpointandtheendpoint for a
more detailed profile.
3. ProfileLevelling:
o Measuretheelevationofvariouspointsalongaline(e.g.,roadcenterline)atregular intervals.
o UsethedifferencebetweenBSandFSreadingstocalculatetheelevationofpoints.
4. Cross-SectionLevelling:
o Atregularintervalsalongtheprofile,takeadditionalreadingsatpointsperpendicular(oratright angles)
to the profile line. These readings help create cross-sectional views of the land.
5. RecordingData:
o Recordallmeasurementsinafieldbook,whichwillinclude:
 Pointnumber(or station)
 Backsight(BS)
 Foresight(FS)
 IntermediateSight(IS)(ifapplicable)
 ReducedLevel(RL)
6. CalculationofReducedLevels:
o Usetheformulatocalculatethereducedlevel(RL)ateachpoint:
o RL=Benchmark(or InitialRL)+BS–FS
o Forcross-sectionlevelling,calculatetheRLateachperpendicularpointtothe profile.

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FieldDataforProfileandCross-Section Levelling:

ProfileLevellingData(MainSurveyLine):

Cross-SectionLevellingData(PerpendiculartotheProfile):

 Left(m)andRight(m): Theserepresenttheperpendiculardistancefromthecenterlinetothe left

and right points at each station.
 RL(m):Thereduced levelateachcross-section point.

Explanationof Data:

1. Benchmark(BM):Thisisthereferencepoint,anditsReducedLevel(RL) isassumedtobe100.000 meters.

2. BS(Backsight):Thereadingonthestaffatthebenchmarkoraknownreferencepoint.
3. FS(Foresight):Thereadingonthestaffat anewpoint(orstation)whereyouwant tomeasurethe
elevation.
4. ReducedLevel(RL):Theelevationofeachpoint,calculatedusingtheformulamentionedabove.It gives
the height of each point relative to the benchmark.
5. Cross-SectionLevelling:Thishelpsindeterminingthesideelevations(leftandright)atvariousintervals
alongthemainprofileline.Theseareimportantinroaddesign,astheyrepresentthecross-sectional shape of the
land at specific intervals.

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CalculationofReducedLevels(RL):

Here’sanexampleofhowtocalculatetheRL:

 Station1:
o Backsight(BS)= 1.250meters
o Foresight(FS)=1.600 meters
o RLatStation1=BenchmarkRL+ BS-FS= 100.000+1.250 -1.600=99.650 meters
 Station2:
o Backsight(BS)=1.600meters
o Foresight(FS)=1.700 meters
o RLatStation2=99.650+1.600-1.700=99.550meters

Continuethisprocess for eachpoint, addingBSand subtractingFSfor everynew station.

PlottingtheProfileandCross-Section:

1. Profile Plotting:
o Plotthestationsonthex-axis (distancealongthesurveyline)andthe RLvaluesonthe y-axis
(elevation).
o Thiswillcreateaprofileviewofthelandsurfacealongthe centerline.
2. Cross-SectionPlotting:
o Plotthedistance(leftandright)fromthecenterlineonthex-axis,andtheRLvaluesonthe y-
axis.
o Thisgivesacross-sectionalviewshowinghowtheelevationchangesperpendiculartothesurvey line.

Conclusions:

 Thedatacollectedduringprofileandcross-sectionlevellingallowsfordetailedanalysis oftheterrain’s
elevation and the design of various civil engineering projects (e.g., roads, drainage, canals).
 Ifthereisasignificant differenceinthe RLvaluesattheleftandright cross-sectionpoints,thismay indicate
the need for more grading or adjustments in the design.
 TheRLvaluesatdifferentstationsandcross-sectionshelpengineersmakeinformeddecisionsabout
leveling, drainage, and construction methods.

Final Report:

Inthe finalreport,summarizethefollowing:

1. Introduction:Purposeandmethodologyofprofileandcross-sectionlevelling.
2. Observations:Anychallengesorobservationsduringthesurvey(e.g.,obstructions,weatherconditions).
3. Data: Includethedetaileddataforprofileandcross-sectionlevelling,showingthereducedlevels and
distances.
4. Analysis:Discusstheresults,suchasthechangesinelevation,anysignificantvariationsinterrain,orthe impact
on construction.
5. Conclusion:Providerecommendationsbasedontheresults,suchasproposedactionsforroad
construction or drainage adjustments.

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PRACTICALNO.04:-PLANETABLESURVEYING

Objective:
TheobjectiveofPlaneTableSurveying istodirectlyplotthepositionsofvariousfeaturesonthegroundusinga plane table and
an alidade.

Apparatus Required:

1. Plane Table
2. Alidade
3. SurveyingRangingRods.
4. PlumbBob
5. GraphPaper
6. Compass
7. Scale
8. FieldBook

Survey Procedure:

1. SettingUpthePlane Table:
o Set uptheplanetable onastable,level surface.
o Placethetableonatripod,ensuringthattheboardishorizontal(level).Useaspiritlevelif necessary.
o Attachthealidadetotheplane table.
2. Orientation:
o Set theplane tablesuchthat it isorientedinthedirectionofaknownbearing.Youcandothisby using a
compass or a prismatic compass to measure the direction of the reference line (e.g., a line from a
known point or a baseline).
3. PlacingtheRangingRods:
o Place ranging rods at key locations on the ground that correspond to features you want tosurvey.
These points will be plotted on the plane table.
o Ensuretherodsarevisiblefromtheplanetableandalignedwiththealidade.
4. MeasuringAnglesand Distances:
o Usethealidadetosightfromtheplanetabletowardseachoftherangingrods.
o Theanglebetweenthelineofsightfromthealidadeandareferenceline(e.g.,baselineor magnetic north)
is measured using the compass.
o Recordtheanglesandanyothernecessarydatainthefieldbook.
o For distance measurement, either estimate distances or use a chain/tape to measure thembetween
points and note these measurements.
5. PlottingtheData:
o Aftersightingthefirstrod,markthecorrespondingpositiononthegraphpaper(scaledtothe survey).
o Forsubsequentmeasurements,sightonthenextrangingrod,measuretheangle,andplotits location.
o Continue the process of measuring angles, marking positions, and plotting points until the survey
is complete.
6. Closing the Survey:
o If the survey is a closed loop (i.e., the starting point is connected back to the finalpoint),
checkthat the last plotted point matches the starting point.
o If the points do not close accurately, corrections should be applied, or the measurements shouldbe
re-checked.

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FieldDataforPlaneTable Surveying:

Field Notes:

 CompassUsed :PrismaticCompass(accuracy:2°)
 TableUsed :PlaneTable, Levellingwithspirit level
 ScaleUsed :1 cm =10 meters
 GroundConditions: Flatterrain,good visibilitybetween points

CalculationofPositions:

Aftermeasuringtheanglesanddistances,plotthepointsongraphpaperaccordingtothescaleused (e.g., 1 cm = 10
m).

1. Initial Position:
o Set thefirstpoint(e.g.,Point 1)ataknownlocationonthegraphpaper(e.g.,attheoriginofthe coordinate
system).
2. SubsequentPoints:
o Usetheangleanddistancetoploteachsubsequentpointrelativetothepreviousone.
o Forexample,ifyoumeasurea50°anglefromPoint1,andthedistancetoPoint 2is25meters, use a
protractor to measure the angle and plot the point 25 meters away at 50° from Point 1.
3. Final Plot:
o Continueplottingpointsuntilalldataisplotted.
o Connectthepointstoformlines(ifapplicable),whichmayrepresentroads,boundaries,orother
features.
o Ensurethesurveyisclosed,i.e.,thelastpointshouldcoincidewiththestartingpoint.

PlottingonGraphPaper:

 Point1(Startingpoint):Markattheorigin(0,0).
 Point2:Usingthe50°bearingand25mdistance,plotthepoint.
 Point3: FromPoint 2,move35metersata120°bearing.
 Point4: FromPoint3,move45metersata200° bearing.
 Point5: FromPoint 4,move30metersata270°bearing.
 Point6:FromPoint 5,move40metersata350°bearing,andcheckifthepointcoincideswithPoint 1

ResultsandConclusion:

1. Survey Completion:
o The survey is complete when all points are plotted on the map. The accuracy of the survey
depends on correct measurements of angles and distances, as well as the orientation of the plane
table.
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2. AccuracyCheck:
o If the survey forms a closed loop, check for any discrepancies between the last and starting point.
If there is a misclosure, perform a correction.
3. PlotAnalysis:
o The final plotted map provides a clear representation of the land features surveyed. This map can
be used for designing roads, buildings, or understanding the topography.

FinalReport:

Inthe finalreport,includethe following:

1. Introduction:Brieflyexplainthepurposeoftheplanetablesurveyanditsapplications.
2. Survey Methodology: Describe the process followed for settingup theplane table, measuringangles and
distances, and plotting the data.
3. Data:Includetherecordedfielddata(angles,distances,BS,FS).
4. Map/Plot:Includethefinalplottedmaporplanongraphpaper,showingthesurveyedpointsand lines.
5. Conclusions:Discussanychallengesencountered(e.g.,inaccuraciesinmeasurements,difficultiesin sighting,
weather conditions) and suggest ways to improve the accuracy of the survey.

KeyConsiderations:

 Accuracy: The accuracy of the plane table survey depends on careful sighting using the alidade, accurate
angle measurements, and correct scaling while plotting.
 Orientation:Theplanetablemustbeorientedcorrectlyusingacompasstoensurethebearingsare accurate.
 Distance Measurement: If distances are not directly measurable, estimation or triangulation can be used
to calculate positions.

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PRACTICALNO.05:-LAYOUTOFABUILDING

Objective:
The objective of the building layout survey is to accurately position a building on the ground based on a
previouslydesignedfloorplan.Itinvolvestransferringthebuilding’slayout (whichhasbeendesignedon paper or
using software) to the ground using precise measurements and tools.

Apparatus Required:

1. TapeMeasure
2. TheodoliteorTotalStation
3. PlumbBob
4. RangingRods
5. LevelingInstrument
6. SurveyingPegs/Stakes
7. Compass
8. DrawingorCADPlan
9. Hammer

Procedure:

1. Initial Setup:
o Benchmark:Establishareferencepointorbenchmarkon-sitewheretheelevationofthebuilding will be
referenced.
o SurveyingEquipmentSetup:Setupyourtheodoliteortotalstationatacentralpoint,ifneeded. Ensure
the instrument is level, and it’s aligned to the first reference direction (e.g., north or the
designated baseline of the building).
2. LocatingandMarkingtheBoundaries:
o SetOuttheBuildingPlan: Refertothearchitectural floorplanorCADdrawingofthebuilding layout.
Ensure that you have all the necessary dimensions and angles.
o FindtheReferencePoints:Identifykeypointsinthelayout(e.g.,thecornersofthebuilding or the start
of walls). These reference points should be marked with surveying stakes (or pegs).
o MeasureOfftheDimensions:Fromaknownreferencelineorastartingpoint,measurethe precise
dimensions of the building’s layout. For instance, you could start from a corner and
measure perpendicular distances to mark other corners.
3. MarkingtheBuildingCorners:
o Usingatapemeasure,measurethedistancesalongthex-axis(length)andy-axis(width)based on the
dimensions given in the building plan.
o Check Right Angles: To ensure that the corners are at 90° angles, use the 3-4-5 rule
(Pythagoras’ theorem). For example, if one side of the building is 3 meters long, the
perpendicularsideshouldmeasure4meters,andthediagonalbetweenthemshouldmeasure5 meters.
This checks that the angle is exactly 90°.
4. EstablishingPermanent Markers:
o Afterconfirmingthepositions,setupthepermanentmarkers(surveyingpegsorstakes)atthe marked
corners and along the boundaries of the building layout. These markers will indicate where
walls, doors, windows, and other building features will be placed.
5. SettingOuttheFoundation:
o Uselevelinginstrumentstoensurethepositionsofthelayoutarelevelwiththesurrounding ground
and adjust as needed for elevation changes.
o Measurethepositionofeachcorner ofthefoundation,ensuringtheyareinalignment withthe
dimensions specified in the plan.
6. Verification:
o Afterallpointsaremarkedandthecornersareset,double-checkalldistancesandanglesto ensure
the layout matches the original building plan.
o Foradditionalaccuracy,takemeasurementsfromknownreferencepointsonthesiteandcompare them
to the measurements from the plan.

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7. FinalAdjustmentand Checking:
o Verifythatall thelayout pointsarecorrectlypositionedaccordingtothefloorplanandare
checked against one another to avoid any errors.
o Ifnecessary,adjustthemarkersslightlytoensureperfectalignmentwiththebuildingdesign.

SampleFieldDatafor LayoutofaBuilding:
LayoutPlanInformation:

 BuildingDimensions:
o Length:12.0 meters
o Width:8.0meters
o WallThickness:0.3 meters
o Theanglebetweenwalls:90°

FieldData:

Observations:

 Thebenchmark(BM)ismarkedatPoint1(0,0)withknownelevation(e.g.,100.000 meters).
 Points2-5representthefourcornersofthebuilding,andthedistancesandanglesaremeasuredand verified.
 Point6isthecenterofthebuildinglayouttoestablishthefoundationlayout.

Verificationof RightAngles(Usingthe3-4-5Rule):

Let’sapplythe3-4-5ruleto checktherightangle atPoint 3:

 FromPoint2,measure12meters alongthex-axis.
 FromPoint3,measure8metersalongthey-axis.
 Measurethediagonal fromPoint2toPoint 3.Thediagonalshouldmeasure15meters (because3²+4²= 5²).

Ifthediagonalmeasures exactly15 meters,theanglebetweenthetwosidesofthebuildingis90°,and the layout is

correct.

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PlottingtheLayouton Paper:

Youcanalsodrawthelayouton graphpaperbyscalingdowntheactualmeasurements(e.g.,1cm =1 meter). The

steps for plotting are:

1. PlotPoint1attheorigin (0,0).
2. FromPoint1,plottheothercornersbasedonthedistances(12metersand8 meters).
3. Ensuretheanglesbetweenthesidesareexactly 90°.
4. Markthefinallocationofthebuilding'scornersandcenter.
5. Includeanyadditionaldetailssuchasthelocationofdoors,windows,oranyotherstructuralelements.

FoundationLayout:

 Basedonthelayout,establishthepositionsforfoundationtrenches.Ensurethetrenchesmatchthe
footprint of the building plan (e.g., 12.0 meters x 8.0 meters).
 MarkingforColumnandWallPositions: Oncethefoundationislaidout,thecolumnsandwallscanbe precisely
placed based on the centerline and building alignment.

Final Report:

Inyourfinalreport,youshouldincludethefollowing:

1. Introduction:
o Purposeofthelayoutsurveyandtheimportanceofaccuracyinthebuilding'sfoundationand layout.
2. Methodology:
o Detaileddescriptionoftheinstrumentsandtoolsused(e.g.,tapemeasure,theodolite,compass).
o Thestep-by-stepprocedureforsettingoutthebuildinglayouton-site.
3. FieldData:
o Allrecordedmeasurements,angles,andcoordinates(asshowninthefielddatatableabove).
4. Analysis:
o Discussanychallengesencounteredduringthelayout(e.g.,terrainissues,alignment problems).
o Describehowaccuracywasensuredusingthetheodolite,tapemeasure,andright-angle checks.
5. Conclusion:
o Summarizehowthelayoutwassuccessfullycompleted,includinganyrecommendationsfor
improving future layout surveys.

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