QUESTION BANK

CLASS TEST 2
SURVEYING
1. Define Swinging & Transiting
Swinging: It is the process of turning the telescope in horizontal plane about its
vertical axis.
Transiting;It is the process of turning the telescope through 180° in a vertical
plane about its
horizontal axis

2. Define Latitude and Departure.

Latitude : The projection of survey line parallel to meridian is called latitude.
OR Projection of survey line parallel to N-S direction is called latitude.
Departure: The projection of survey line perpendicular to meridian is called
departure.
OR Projection of survey line parallel to E-W direction is called departure.

3. State any four uses transit theodolite

Following are the uses of transit theodolite.
i) To measure horizontal angle.
ii) To measure vertical angle.
iii) To measure magnetic bearing of survey
line.
iv) To prolong a straight line.
Define telescope inverted and telescope normal.
4.

Telescope inverted
The position of telescope with face right is known as telescope
inverted.
Telescope normal
The position of telescope with face left is known as telescope normal.
Define the following terms:
i) Level line ii) Bench Mark iii) Change point iv) Profile
5
levelling

i) Level line – It is line lying in a level surface; it is therefore, normal

to the plumb line at all points.
ii) Bench Mark – These are fixed points or marks of known RL
determined with reference to the datum line. They serve as reference
points for finding RL of new points.
iii) Change point – It is the point at which both back sight and
foresight readings are taken before and after shifting the level
instrument.
iv) Profile levelling – The process of determining the elevations of a
series of points at measured intervals along a line such as the
center line of a proposed ditch or road or the center line of a natural
feature such as a stream bed.

6. Enlist the types of benchmarks.

Following are the four types of bench mark

(a) GTS Bench-Marks
(b) Permanent Bench-Marks
(c) Arbitrary Bench-Marks
(d) Temporary Bench-Marks

7. Define i) Back Sight Reading ii) Height of instrument

i) Back Sight Reading: This is the first staff reading taken in any set up of the
instrument after levelling has been perfectly done. This reading is always taken
on a
point of known RL i.e on bench mark or change point
ii) Height of instrument: When the levelling instrument is properly levelled, the
RL of the line of collimation is known as Height of instrument. This is obtained
by
adding the BS reading to the RL of the BM or CP on which the staff reading was
taken.

Define the terms “contour” and “contour line”.

8.

Contour: An imaginary line on the ground, joining the points of same elevation
or same R.L’s is called as ‘Contour’.
Contour line: A line passing through points of equal elevation or equal R.L’s is
called as contour line.
OR
The line of intersection of a level surface with ground surface is known as contour
line.

9. Describe the temporary adjustment of theodolite.

The temporary adjustments have to be carried out at every set-up of instrument
before taking observations with the theodolite.
1) Setting up the theodolite:
Setting up of the theodolite include:
a) Centering it over the station:
Procedure:
1) Place the tripod over the stations by spreading its legs at a convenient height.
2) Suspend the plumb bob over the station and bring it exactly over the station
point by moving it radially as well as circumferentially, then press the legs firmly
into the
ground.
3) By this the instrument is approximately levelled also.
2) Levelling up:
Accurate levelling is done with reference to the plate level by means of foot
screws. The object of levelling is to make the vertical axis truly vertical.
Procedure:
1) Turn the theodolite until the plate bubble is parallel to any one of the pair of
foot screws.
2) Turn the theodolite about its centre of its run by turning both, foots crews
uniformly. By thumb and forefingers either move it towards each other or away
from each other.

3) Turn the theodolite until the bubble is perpendicular to the previous position.
Now,
move the third foot screw until the bubble is brought to the centre of the run.
4) Repeat the process for the other two pairs.
5) Now rotate the theodolite about the vertical axis through 360°. The bubble will
remain central provided it is in correct adjustment. The vertical axis is made thus
truly vertical.
3) Focussing the eye piece :
Focussing the eye-piece makes the cross hairs on the diaphragm distinct and
clear. To do this, direct the telescope towards the sky or hold a sheet of white
paper in front of the object glass and move the eye piece circumferentially or in
or out until the cross-hairs are seen sharp and black.
4) Focussing the object glass :
Focussing the object glass is to bring the image of the object formed by the object
glass exactly in the plane of the cross hair. If not accurately done there is a
apparent movement of the image when the observer moves up and down. This is
affect of parallax. This can be removed with sharp focusing.

State the function of lower tangent screw, upper tangent screw, lower clamping
screw and upper clamping screw while measuring horizontal angle using
10. theodolite

11 Explain Bowditch Rule as applicable in a theodolite traverse.

1) The rule, also termed as the compass rule, is used to balance the traverse when
the angular and linear measurements are equally precise.
2) By this rule, the total error in latitude and in departure is distributed in
proportion to the lengths of the sides.
3) This rule is most commonly used in traverse adjustment.
Correction to latitude
= total error in latitude x ( length of that side/ perimeter of traverse ).
4) Correction to departure
= total error in departure x ( length of that side/ perimeter of traverse )
5) If error is negative then correction is positive and vice versa.
6) After applying correction summation all latitudes and departures must be zero.

12. Describe the procedure of measurement of horizontal angle by repetition method.

Procedure:
1 Suppose the angle AOB is to be measured by the repetition process. The
theodolite is set
over O. The instrument is centered and levelled properly.Vernier A is set at 00
and vernier
is at 1800
2.The lower plate is loosened. By turning the telescope the ranging rod at A is
perfectly bisected with the help of lower clamp and tangent screw. Here the
initial reading of vernier
A is 00
3.The upper clamp is loosened and telescope is turned clockwise to perfectly
bisect ranging rod at B by using upper clamp and tangent screw.Suppose the
reading on vernier
A is 300
4.The lower clamp is loosened and telescope turned to exactly bisect the ranging
rod at A by lower plate clamp and tangent screw.Here the initial reading is 300
for secondobservation.
5. The upper plate is loosened and the telescope is turned to exactly bisect the
ranging rod at B by using upper clamp and tangent screw..Let the reading on
vernier A is 600
6 The procedure is repeated for one more time.
7.The face of the instrument is changed and the previous procedure is followed.
8 The mean of the two angles obtained from two faces gives the actual angle
AOB.
13. Describe the temporary adjustments of a dumpy Level.
Temporary adjustment of dumpy level:
I. Setting up the level.
i. The level fixed on tripod.
ii. The legs of tripod stand are well spread so that the level will remain
stable on tripod.
iii. Bring all the three foot screws in the Centre of their run so that
they can be turned clockwise or anticlockwise as required, for
Levelling purpose.
iv. Adjust the height of the instrument so that the observer can
Comfortably see through the telescope and note the readings.
v. Fix two legs of tripod and adjust third leg in such a way that the
levelling head will become as horizontal as possible by eye
judgment.
II. Levelling up the level.
i. The base of the tripod is already leveled with the help of cross
bubble.
ii To make accurate adjustment of the level, the longitudinal level is
adjusted in the Centre of its run, with the help of three foot screws.
iii. Make the bubble parallel to the any selected pair of foot screws.
Now; turn both the foot screws either inward or outward with the
help of foot screws till the bubble appears in the center.
iv. Turn the telescope through 90° and now with the help of third
screw bring the bubble of levelling tube in the center.
v. Repeat above process, until bubble will remain at centre in both
position. Then levelling is said to be completed.
III. Focusing the eye piece.
i. Hold a sheet of white paper in front of the objective glass 4 to 6 cm
away from objective glass and see through the eye piece.
ii. Turn the eye piece inwards or outwards in the socket so that the
cross hair on the diaphragm appears sharp and clear.
IV. Focusing the object glass.
i. Direct the telescope towards any object, say a levelling staff in the
field which is kept at a distance. See through eyepiece whether the
staff is visible, distinct or not.
ii. If not, then turn the focusing screw till the image is distinct and
clear. The cross hair on the diaphragm should also be seen clearly.
14. Explain importance of benchmark in levelling.

i. As bench mark is the ground point whose elevation or R.L. is known or

preassumed; the back sight reading (first reading) is taken on it. This back sight
(BS) reading is useful to calculate height of instrument (HI) in line of
collimation. This HI is useful to calculate R.L.’s of other ground points, in all
types of levelling.
ii. Thus bench mark (BM) is essential to commence the survey work. It is not
possible to calculate reduced levels (RL’s) of ground points without knowing
BM.
iii. The BM is important to check the RL calculations by applying arithmetical
checks in both methods i.e. HI method and Rise-fall method.
iv. The BM is useful to check the one day’s observation through check levelling.

15. Describe the procedure of Fly levelling and also state its purpose.
Procedure:
1. Set up the level at a point from where BM is visible and perform temporary
adjustments.
2. Position of the level should be approximately midway between the BS and FS
stations.
3. Rotate the telescope towards the leveling staff on BM, observed and record the
staff
readings in the BS columns of the level book.
4. Take a FS on the point towards working site. This point would be change point
(CP).
5. Shift the instrument to new position. First reading from the new instrument
position is the
BS on change point.
6. Continue the procedure till the readings on the suitable station at working site
is recorded.
7.Return back by shortest route to the B.M and take the last reading on B. M
8. Find the elevations of the points by HI or rise and fall method. Last reading
taken on B. M
should have same R. L of B. M.

Purposes:
1. Carrying of B.M to the required survey site.
2. At the end of survey works for checking the accuracy of survey.
3. To connect the B.M at any intermediate point of the alignment.

Following consecutive readings were taken with a level on 4 m staff on

continuously slopping ground at common interval 30 m. 0.76, 1.515, 1.935,
16. 2.400, 2.985, 3.650, 1.015, 1.855, 2.495, 3.57, 0.875, 1.085, 1.790, 2.450.
RL of first point is 200.500 m.
Calculate RL of all points by HI method.

Check:
Σ BS – Σ FS = Last R.L. – First R.L.
2.65 – 9.67 = 193.48 – 200.50
- 7.02 = - 7.02
17. Differentiate between height of instrument and rise and fall method.
18. State four uses of contour map.

Following are uses of contour map:

i To draw longitudinal section and plan of given map.
ii To determine inter-visibility between two points.
iii To trace contour gradient and to locate route for alignments of railways,
roadways, canals etc.
iv To measurement of drainage areas.
v. To calculate reservoir capacity.
vi To find intersection of surfaces and measurement of earth work.
vii To determine nature of ground in proposed area.
The following readings were observed with a dumpy level.
1.265, 2.345,2.420,3.625,0.365,3.255,1.265,2.380 and 3.215
The instrument was shifted after fourth and sixth readings and
19. first staff reading was taken on B.M of RL 335.435 m. Prepare the
level page of field book, enter the readings and calculate the
reduced levels of all the points by HI method. Also apply usual
arithmetic checks.

Arithmetic check-
Σ BS - Σ FS = RL of Last Point – RL of First Point
2.895 – 10.095 = 328.235 – 335.435
-7.2 = -7.2