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Quiz.atoms (1)

The document outlines the history and development of atomic theory, beginning with early philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, and progressing through key scientists like John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Ernest Rutherford. It details significant experiments, such as the gold-foil experiment, which led to the understanding of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and the evolution of atomic models, including the Bohr model and the electron cloud model. The document emphasizes the contributions of various scientists to the modern understanding of atomic structure and behavior.

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12 views

Quiz.atoms (1)

The document outlines the history and development of atomic theory, beginning with early philosophers Leucippus and Democritus, and progressing through key scientists like John Dalton, J.J. Thomson, and Ernest Rutherford. It details significant experiments, such as the gold-foil experiment, which led to the understanding of subatomic particles (protons, neutrons, and electrons) and the evolution of atomic models, including the Bohr model and the electron cloud model. The document emphasizes the contributions of various scientists to the modern understanding of atomic structure and behavior.

Uploaded by

phototoy2021
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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────୨ৎ──── SCIENCE 9 | UAN ────୨ৎ────

I. HISTORY OF ATOMS first scientist to attribute symbols to each of


the known elements.
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS • Dalton’s theories were somewhat limited in
LEUCIPPUS OF MILETUS (CIRCA 480-420 that they still didn’t explain much about the
B.C.E) originated the concept of the atom. nature of atoms themselves, or their
appearance.
DEMOCRITUS OF ABDERA (CIRCA 460-371
B.C.E) was a pupil of Leucippus. J.J. THOMSON
• In the year 1897, Sir Joseph John Thomson
ATOMIC THEORY discovered a negatively charged particle
• Matter is made up of invisible particles which is later known as the electron.
called atoms. • This discovery led to the belief that atoms
o Atom comes from the Greak word cannot be divided but were made up of
“atomos” meaning uncuttable. subatomic particles.
• Atoms are completely solid with no internal
structure. PLUM-PUDDING MODEL
• Atoms differ in size, shape, and weight, • which suggests that an atom is composed
of a positively charged sphere wherein
ATOMS electrons are distributed
• The smallest particle of matter which will
exhibit the properties of that element.
• Building blocks

ATOMIC THEORY OF JOHN DALTON


• In 1803, John Dalton proposed the atomic
theory of matter which was based on the
work of early scientists. The theory is a
result of his careful studies and experiments ERNEST RUTHERFORD
on air and other gases. Due to this, he was • Ernest Rutherford designed an experiment
regarded as the Father of Chemical to test Thomson’s model. He used alpha
Theory. particles which are considered as positively
charged particles.
LEUCIPPUS AND DEMOCRITUS • He used the particles to strike a gold foil
1. All matter is composed of tiny, indestructible and observed what will happen. It is
particles called atoms. For example, the regarded as the gold-foil experiment.
element oxygen is composed of atoms. • He found out from the experiment that most
of the particles go directly through the foil.
DALTON STATES THE FOLLOWING ON HIS There are also particles which were
THEORY deflected and to his surprised some just
2. A given element has atoms which are bounced back
identical. It also means that each element GOLD FOIL EXPERIMENT
has unique atoms compared to other
elements.
3. Atoms can be combined to other atoms to
form a compound. Example: Water is a
combination of one atom of oxygen and two
atoms of hydrogen.
4. In case of a chemical reaction, atoms can
be rearranged to form new compounds.
Atoms are not created, destroyed, nor NUCLEAR MODEL
changed • The experiment served as the basis for the
nuclear model which shows that an atom
DALTON’S SOLID SPHERE consists of a dense positive center called a
• Dalton also theorized about how atoms nucleus and electrons are orbiting around
combine to make compounds and was the it. The experiment also proves that most of
the mass of an atom is in the nucleus

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────୨ৎ──── SCIENCE 9 | UAN ────୨ৎ────

THE SUBATOMIC PARTICLES


• As studies and discoveries about atoms
continue over the years, it led to a new
model of an atom which has three main
particles – the electron, proton and neutron.
• Atoms do have a very small mass. The
protons and neutrons are heavier than
electrons since they can be found on the
nucleus of an atom

JAMES CHADWICK
• Discovery of neutron
• Proving Rutherford’s atomic theory,
revolutionized the understanding of the
atomic structure. NEUTRON
• No charge
• Part of nucleus

PROTON
• Positively charged
• Part of the nucleus

ELECTRON
• Negatively charged
• Surround the nucleus
NIELS BOHR
• In 1912, a Danish physicist named Niels PROPERTIES OF PROTON, NEUTRON, AND
Bohr which happened to be the student of ELECTRON
Rutherford improved the nuclear model Particle Symbol Charge Mass
through what he called as the Bohr’s Proton p or p + +1 1 amu
Model. Neutron n or n0 0 1 amu
Electron e or e- -1 .00054 amu
• He visualized that the electrons are like the
planets rotating around the nucleus which
ARNOLD SOMMERFELD
serves as the Sun.
• Found the electrons move in elliptical orbits
• He also added that the electrons had as well as circular ones, which led him to
several orbits, and it can jump from one postulate the azimuthal quantum number.
energy level to another.
GROUND STATE
• The orbit which is closest to the nucleus

EXCITED STATE.
• As electrons jump, they are under this state

BOHR’S MODEL

ERWIN SCHRODINGER
• “Electron Cloud Model”
• The cloud represents the probable location
of an electron.
ELECTRON CLOUD MODEL

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