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Atomic Theory

Anatomic topic

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73 views

Atomic Theory

Anatomic topic

Uploaded by

operioken
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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The History of

Atomic Theory
Atomic Models
• This model of the atom
may look familiar to
you. This is the Bohr
model. In this model,
the nucleus is orbited
by electrons, which are
in different energy
levels.
– A model uses familiar ideas to
explain unfamiliar facts observed
in nature.
• A model can be changed as new
information is collected.
• The atomic model
has changed
throughout the
centuries, starting
in 400 BC, when it
looked like a
billiard ball →
Who are these men?
Democritus
• This is the Greek
philosopher Democritus
who began the search for a
description of matter more
than 2400 years ago.
– He asked: Could matter
be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces
forever, or was there a
limit to the number of
times a piece of matter
could be divided?

400 BC
Atomos
• His theory: Matter could
not be divided into smaller
and smaller pieces forever,
eventually the smallest
possible piece would be
obtained.
• This piece would be
indivisible.
• He named the smallest
piece of matter “atomos,”
meaning “not to be cut.”
Atomos
▪ To Democritus, atoms
were small, hard
particles that were all
made of the same
material but were
different shapes and
sizes.
▪ Atoms were infinite in
number, always moving
and capable of joining
together.
This theory was ignored and
forgotten for more than 2000
years!
Why?
• The eminent
philosophers of
the time,
Aristotle and
Plato, had a
more
respected, (and
ultimately Aristotle and Plato favored the earth, fire, air
wrong) theory. and water approach to the nature of matter.
Their ideas held sway because of their
eminence as philosophers. The atomos idea
was buried for approximately 2000 years.
Dalton’s Model
• In the early 1800s,
the English Chemist
John Dalton
performed a number
of experiments that
eventually led to the
acceptance of the
idea of atoms.
Dalton’s Theory
• He deduced that all elements
are composed of atoms.
Atoms are indivisible and
indestructible particles.
• Atoms of the same element
are exactly alike.
• Atoms of different elements
are different.
• Compounds are formed by
the joining of atoms of two or
more elements.
.

• This theory
became one of
the
foundations of
modern
chemistry.
Thomson’s Plum Pudding Model
• In 1897, the
English scientist
J.J. Thomson
provided the first
hint that an atom
is made of even
smaller particles.
Thomson Model
• He proposed a
model of the atom
that is sometimes
called the “Plum
Pudding” model.
• Atoms were made
from a positively
charged substance
with negatively
charged electrons
scattered about, like
raisins in a pudding.
Thomson Model
• Thomson studied
the passage of an
electric current
through a gas.
• As the current
passed through
the gas, it gave off
rays of negatively
charged particles.
Thomson Model
Where did
they come
• This surprised from?

Thomson, because
the atoms of the
gas were
uncharged. Where
had the negative
charges come
from?
Thomson concluded that the
negative charges came from within
the atom.

A particle smaller than an atom had


to exist.

The atom was divisible!


Thomson called the negatively
charged “corpuscles,” today known
as electrons.

Since the gas was known to be


neutral, having no charge, he
reasoned that there must be
positively charged particles in the
atom.

But he could never find them.


Rutherford’s Gold Foil Experiment
• In 1908, the English
physicist Ernest
Rutherford was hard
at work on an
experiment that
seemed to have little
to do with
unraveling the
mysteries of the
atomic structure.
• Rutherford’s experiment Involved firing a
stream of tiny positively charged
particles at a thin sheet of gold foil (2000
atoms thick)
– Most of the positively
charged “bullets” passed
right through the gold
atoms in the sheet of gold
foil without changing
course at all.
– Some of the positively
charged “bullets,” however,
did bounce away from the
gold sheet as if they had hit
something solid. He knew
that positive charges repel
positive charges.
• This could only mean that the gold atoms in the
sheet were mostly open space. Atoms were not a
pudding filled with a positively charged material.
• Rutherford concluded that an atom had a small,
dense, positively charged center that repelled his
positively charged “bullets.”
• He called the center of the atom the “nucleus”
• The nucleus is tiny compared to the atom as a whole.
Rutherford
• Rutherford reasoned
that all of an atom’s
positively charged
particles were
contained in the
nucleus. The negatively
charged particles were
scattered outside the
nucleus around the
atom’s edge.
Bohr Model
• In 1913, the Danish
scientist Niels Bohr
proposed an
improvement. In his
model, he placed
each electron in a
specific energy
level.
Bohr Model
• According to Bohr’s
atomic model,
electrons move in
definite orbits
around the nucleus,
much like planets
circle the sun. These
orbits, or energy
levels, are located at
certain distances
from the nucleus.
Wave Model
The Wave Model
• Today’s atomic
model is based on
the principles of
wave mechanics.
• According to the
theory of wave
mechanics, electrons
do not move about
an atom in a definite
path, like the planets
around the sun.
The Wave Model
• In fact, it is impossible to determine the exact
location of an electron. The probable location of an
electron is based on how much energy the electron
has.
• According to the modern atomic model, at atom has
a small positively charged nucleus surrounded by a
large region in which there are enough electrons to
make an atom neutral.
Electron Cloud:
• A space in which electrons
are likely to be found.
• Electrons whirl about the
nucleus billions of times in
one second
• They are not moving around
in random patterns.
• Location of electrons
depends upon how much
energy the electron has.
Electron Cloud:

• Depending on their energy they are locked into a


certain area in the cloud.
• Electrons with the lowest energy are found in the
energy level closest to the nucleus
• Electrons with the highest energy are found in the
outermost energy levels, farther from the nucleus.

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