© SABS.

This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

ISBN 978-0-626-37150-0
SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

SOUTH AFRICAN NATIONAL STANDARD

Construction works

Part BE3: Repair of sinkholes and

subsidences in dolomite land

Published by the South African Bureau of Standards

1 Dr Lategan Road Groenkloof  Private Bag X191 Pretoria 0001
Tel: +27 12 428 7911 Fax: +27 12 344 1568
www.sabs.co.za
 SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

This page has been left blank intentionally

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

COPYRIGHT PROTECTED DOCUMENT

© SABS

In terms of the Standards Act 8 of 2008, the copyright in all South African National Standards or any
other publications published by the SABS Standards Division, vests in the SABS. Any use of
South African National Standards is limited to use specifically prescribed by the SABS. In the case of a
South African National Standard based on an international standard, ownership of the copyright vests in
the organization from which the SABS adopted the standard, whether it be under licence or
membership agreement. The SABS is obliged to protect such copyright and is authorized to make the
relevant international organization aware of any misuse thereof. Unless exemption has been granted,
no extract or full text of any South African National Standard may be copied, reproduced, stored in a
retrieval system or transmitted in any form or by any means without prior written permission from the
SABS Standards Division. This does not preclude the free use, in the course of implementing the
standard, of necessary details such as symbols, and size, type or grade designations. If these details
are to be used for any purpose other than implementation, prior written permission must be obtained.

Details, advice and limitations of use can be obtained from the Manager: Standards Sales and
Information Services. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 email: [email protected]

SABS – Standards Division

The objective of the SABS Standards Division is to develop, promote and maintain South African
National Standards. This objective is incorporated in the Standards Act, 2008 (Act No. 8 of 2008).

The SABS continuously strives to improve the quality of its products and services and would therefore
be grateful if anyone finding an inaccuracy or ambiguity while using this standard would inform the
secretary of the technical committee responsible, the identity of which can be found in the foreword.

Buying Standards

Contact the Sales Office for South African and international standards, which are available in both
electronic and hard copy format. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 6883 email: [email protected]

South African National Standards are also available online from the SABS Webstore
www.store.sabs.co.za

Information on Standards

SABS Customer Services provide comprehensive standards-related information on national, regional

and international standards. Tel: +27 (0) 12 428 7911 / 0861 27 7227 email: [email protected]

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Table of changes
Change No. Date Scope

Foreword
This South African standard was prepared by National Committee SABS/TC 1098, Building and civil
engineering works, in accordance with procedures of the South African Bureau of Standards, in
compliance with annex 3 of the WTO/TBT agreement.

This document was published in March 2012.

SANS 2001 consists of a number of parts in various stages of preparation, under the general title
Construction works.

Annex A forms an integral part of this document. Annex B is for information only.

Compliance with this document cannot confer immunity from legal obligations.

Reaffirmed and reprinted in January 2019.

This document will be reviewed every five years
and be reaffirmed, amended, revised or withdrawn.

Introduction
The different parts of SANS 2001 each address a specific component of construction works. The
prime purpose of these standards is to create a set of standards that are generally applicable to
construction works, and which can be readily modified to make them applicable to particular works.

The SANS 2001 family of standards provides technical descriptions of the standard of materials and
workmanship that will be used in the works that are executed or in the performance of the works
when completed (or both). These standards do not make reference to the actions of those
responsible for executing the works or the parties to a contract, i.e. to the constraints relating to the
manner in which contract work is to be performed. Neither do they deal with the commercial
arrangements of such contracts. These standards are suitable for use in any "in-house"
construction work or in all types of engineering and construction works contracts, for example,
design by employer, design and build, develop and construct, construction management or
management contracts.

Standard requirements pertaining to the manner in which works are constructed can be found in the
SANS 1921 family of standards.

© SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Contents
Page

Foreword

Introduction

1 Scope ..................................................................................................................................... 3

2 Normative references ............................................................................................................. 3

3 Definitions .............................................................................................................................. 4

4 Requirements ......................................................................................................................... 5

4.1 Materials ....................................................................................................................... 5

4.2 Repair of sinkholes ……………………………………………………………………….. ... 6
4.3 Repair of subsidences…………………………………………………………………….. .. 8
4.4 Dynamic compaction ……………………………………………………………………….. 9
4.5 Pressure grouting of subsurface cavities ……………………………………………….. .. 11
4.6 Filling with self-compacting concrete or soil-cement mix .............................................. 11

5 Compliance with the requirements ......................................................................................... 12

Annex A (normative) Preparation of specification data associated with this

part of SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work .......................... 14

Annex B (informative) Items that might need to be considered when preparing

the scope of work for a particular project ............................................. 19

Bibliography .............................................................................................................................. 20

© SABS 1

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

This page is intentionally left blank

2 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Construction works

Part BE3:
Repair of sinkholes and subsidences in dolomite land

1 Scope
This part of SANS 2001 describes standard requirements for the repair of sinkholes and
subsidences in dolomite land.

NOTE 1 These requirements may be varied to suit the needs of a particular project or alternative methods of
repair may be determined by a competent geo-professional in accordance with the requirements of
SANS 1936-1 and SANS 1936-4.

NOTE 2 Annex A provides guidance to those responsible for compiling procurement documents which make
reference to this part of SANS 2001.

NOTE 3 Annex B identifies items that might need to be considered when preparing the scope of work for a
particular project.

NOTE 4 The repair of sinkholes and subsidences might impact negatively on the stability of the in-situ soils
and might jeopardise the safety of personnel and nearby buildings and infrastructure, and water-bearing
services in particular. Therefore, available service drawings should be inspected and site-specific geotechnical
investigations should be undertaken around the sinkhole or subsidence. These investigations may involve a
drilling programme and may also include a gravity survey or other appropriate remote-sensing techniques,
before determining the best method of rehabilitation. The nature and extent of the investigation should be
determined by the competent person, depending on the particular circumstances.

2 Normative references
The following referenced documents are indispensable for the application of this document. For
dated references, only the edition cited applies. For undated references, the latest edition of the
referenced document (including any amendments) applies. Information on currently valid national
and international standards can be obtained from the South African Bureau of Standards.

SANS 10403:2003, Formatting and compilation of construction procurement documents.

TMH1-A7, Standard methods of testing road construction materials – Method A7: The determination
of the maximum dry density and optimum moisture content of gravel, soil and sand.

TMH1-A10(a), Standard methods of testing road construction materials – Method A10(a): The
determination of the in-place dry density of soil or gravel by the sand replacement method.

© SABS 3

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

TMH1-A10(b), Standard methods of testing road construction materials – Method A10(b): The
determination of the in-place density and moisture content of soils and gravels by nuclear methods.

TRH14, Guidelines for road construction materials.

3 Definitions
For the purposes of this document, the definitions given in SANS 10403 and the following apply.

3.1
backfill
material that is placed in an excavation in a controlled manner

3.2
competent person
person who is qualified by virtue of his experience, qualifications, training and in-depth contextual
knowledge of development on dolomite land to

a) plan and conduct geotechnical site investigations for the development of dolomite land, evaluate
factual data, develop a geological model, derive interpretative data and formulate an opinion
relating to the outcomes of such investigations;

b) develop and inspect for compliance the necessary precautionary measures required on dolomite
land to enable safe developments to take place;

c) develop dolomite risk management strategies; or

d) investigate the cause of an event and participate in the development of the remedial measures
required

3.3
deviation
difference between the actual (i.e. measured) dimension or position and the specified dimension or
position

3.4
dolomite
rock composed of the mineral dolomite, which is a carbonate of calcium and magnesium

3.5
dolomite land
land underlain by dolomite or limestone residuum or bedrock (or both), within the Malmani
Subgroup and Campbell Rand Subgroup, typically at depths of no more than

a) 60 m in areas where no de-watering has taken place and the local authority has jurisdiction, is
monitoring and has control over the groundwater levels in the areas under consideration; or

b) 100 m in areas where de-watering has taken place or where the local authority has no jurisdiction
or control over groundwater levels

NOTE For more information on dolomite land in South Africa, see annex B of SANS 1936-1:2012.

3.6
modified AASHTO maximum dry density
maximum dry density of a soil obtained from the modified AASHTO compaction test performed in
accordance with the requirements of TMH1-A7

4 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

3.7
OMC
optimum moisture content
moisture content at which the maximum dry density of a soil is obtained for a specific compaction
effort

3.8
permissible deviation
pd
specified limit(s) of deviation within which a dimension or position lies

3.9
sinkhole
feature that occurs suddenly and manifests itself as a hole in the ground

3.10
specification data
data, provisions and variations that make this part of SANS 2001 applicable to a particular contract
or works (see annex A)

3.11
specified density
ratio of the dry density of compacted backfill in the field to laboratory-determined maximum dry
density of the backfill material used

3.12
subsidence
shallow, enclosed depression

NOTE Most South African literature previously used the term "doline" when referring to subsidence as defined
above. The use of the term "subsidence" is in line with international literature and practice.

3.13
suitable
capable of fulfilling or having fulfilled the intended function, or fit for its intended purpose

4 Requirements
4.1 Materials

4.1.1 Bulk fill

4.1.1.1 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), bulk fill shall comprise

a) G8 or better material in accordance with TRH14 that, once compacted, has a permeability lower
than that of the surrounding ground; or

b) crushed or blasted rock (e.g. mine waste rock) or builders’ rubble with a grading that ensures that
the voids between larger particles are well filled with finer particles effectively preventing
migration of finer material from above or from the sidewalls of the excavation into or through the
fill under the action of percolating water.

NOTE The suitability of the grading of the material can be assessed using the filter criteria and internal
stability criteria applicable to filters in dams.

© SABS 5

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

4.1.1.2 Material that complies with 4.1.1.1(b) shall only be used at depths of more than 2 m below
the reinstated ground surface.

4.1.1.3 Material that complies with 4.1.1.1(b) shall comprise material that is not subject to
decomposition, slaking or other degradation. The maximum particle size is determined by the
method of placement and compaction.

4.1.2 Capping fill

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), capping fill shall comprise G8 or
better material in accordance with TRH14 that, once compacted, has a lower permeability than that
of the surrounding ground.

4.1.3 Grout

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), grout shall comprise a pumpable
mix of sand, cementitious binder, bentonite (optional) and water, with a slump of between 125 mm
and 200 mm. Cementitious binder shall be cement with up to 50 % (mass fraction) of fly ash (FA).
Minimum binder content shall be 150 kg/m3 of grout. Plasticizing, accelerating or retarding agents
may be added.

4.1.4 Self-compacting concrete

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), self-compacting concrete shall
comprise a pumpable concrete mix that requires no external vibration to achieve consolidation, with
a cube strength greater than 5 MPa.

4.1.5 Soil-cement mix

Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), the soil-cement mix shall
comprise a pumpable, high slump mix of soil and cementitious binder with a cube strength greater
than 2 MPa.

4.2 Repair of sinkholes

4.2.1 Safety

4.2.1.1 The sidewalls of sinkholes are typically steep and unstable. The stability of the sidewalls
shall be assessed by a competent person before any work around or inside the sinkhole is
permitted. Specific safety requirements shall be as specified in the specification data (see annex A).
All personnel working within a sinkhole shall be equipped with harnesses that are equipped with fail-
safe attachments to a safety rope. A suitable means of escape shall be provided for use in the
event of further collapse or slumping.

4.2.1.2 Where the sidewalls are unstable, they shall either be cut back to a safe angle, or a method
of sinkhole repair, which does not require persons to enter the hole, should be selected.

NOTE Cutting back of the sidewalls is normally only practical where the depth to the floor of the hole is within
the reach of an excavator (typically 6 m maximum). Care should be taken to minimize the amount of loose
spoil spilling into the hole during trimming of the sidewalls.

4.2.1.3 Where dynamic compaction is carried out at the bottom of a sinkhole with unstable
sidewalls, all the operations in 4.2 that require access to the bottom of the sinkhole and that cannot
be safely undertaken by other means, may be omitted.

4.2.1.4 The repair work shall be carried out under the supervision of a competent person, who shall
assess the safety of all the work procedures involved.

6 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

4.2.2 Choking of the sinkhole throat

4.2.2.1 Where the throat of the sinkhole is visible and the surrounding material is stable, the throat
of the sinkhole may be choked by constructing an inverted filter in accordance with 4.2.3, or by
filling the throat with self-compacting concrete in accordance with 4.6, unless otherwise specified in
the specification data (see annex A).

4.2.2.2 Where the throat is not visible or is flanked by unstable material, the throat shall be choked
by

a) dynamic compaction of the rubble on the sinkhole floor with or without prior placement of coarse
rockfill or clean builders’ rubble to assist in forming a stable plug; or

b) grouting of the loose rubble at the base of the sinkhole as described in 4.5, after backfilling of the
sinkhole to the surface as described in 4.2.4.

NOTE The use of geotextiles or of mesh reinforcement (geogrids or weldmesh) may be considered to
temporarily retain the material above the throat of the sinkhole.

4.2.3 Construction of an inverted filter

4.2.3.1 An inverted filter shall be designed to prevent the continued migration of material down the
throat of the sinkhole.

4.2.3.2 The filter shall be constructed by placing rockfill or boulders that are coarse enough to block
the throat, followed by layers of progressively finer material.

4.2.3.3 Where the material being placed is within the reach of an excavator, each layer of material
shall be compacted by tamping with the back of the excavator bucket, taking care to compact the
material adjacent to the sidewalls of the hole.

4.2.3.4 The grading of each successive layer shall satisfy the filter criteria required to ensure
stability across the interface with the layer below under the passage of percolating water.

4.2.3.5 The grading and thickness of the layers shall be as specified in the scope of work.

4.2.4 Backfilling of sinkholes

NOTE The backfilling method, material requirements, and the extent of the various materials/layers should be
shown in a drawing that should be included in the specification data (see annex A).

4.2.4.1 Where the sidewalls of the sinkhole are unstable, the hole shall be backfilled by any of the
following methods:

a) uncontrolled bulk fill that is placed in layers that do not exceed 8 m in thickness, followed by
dynamic compaction of each layer in accordance with 4.4;

b) a soil-cement mix; or

c) a self-compacting concrete.

Methods (b) and (c) shall be combined with grouting of the unconsolidated material below the soil-
cement/concrete plug where there is a likelihood of further settlement of this material destabilizing
the plug.

© SABS 7

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

4.2.4.2 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), where the sidewalls of
the sinkhole are stable, the sinkhole shall be backfilled using any of the methods in 4.2.4.1, or using
bulk fill material in accordance with 4.1.1.1(a) placed in layers and compacted to 93 % modified
AASHTO maximum dry density at OMC. The thickness of the layers shall be consistent with the
size of compaction equipment used to ensure the specified compaction is achieved throughout the
full thickness of the layer. Irrespective of the size of the compaction equipment, the thickness of the
layer shall not exceed 300 mm. The maximum particle size in the backfill shall be limited to two-
thirds of the thickness of the compacted layer.

Any work carried out inside the sinkhole shall comply with the safety requirements of 4.2.1 and such
additional requirements as might be given in the specification data.

4.2.4.3 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), fill material within 2 m of
the reinstated ground surface shall comprise capping fill material placed and compacted as
described in 4.2.4.2 but, in this instance, in layers that are a maximum of 200 mm thick, compacted
to 95 % modified AASHTO maximum dry density at OMC.

4.2.5 Finishing of the reinstated ground surface

4.2.5.1 The reinstated ground surface shall be elevated at least 300 mm above the level of the
surrounding ground if site conditions allow.

4.2.5.2 The finished surface shall slope at a minimum gradient of 1:60 and shall be free of hollows
or depressions to prevent ponding of surface water.

4.2.5.3 Low-lying areas within 15 m of the repaired area shall be filled to prevent the ponding of
water by

a) removing the surface material to a depth of 200 mm over an area extending at least 500 mm
beyond the extremity of the depression;

b) backfilling the depression as described in 4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3; and

c) finishing of the surface in such a manner that water drains away and does not accumulate on the
finished surface.

4.3 Repair of subsidences

4.3.1 Safety

Subsidence areas are generally shallower and more open depressions than sinkholes, and they do
not exhibit the same potential for further rapid ground movement or sidewall instability. The
subsidence feature shall, nevertheless, be inspected by a competent person to assess its stability
and the safety of personnel and equipment involved in the repairs as specified in 4.2.1. Specific
safety requirements shall be as specified in the specification data (see annex A).

4.3.2 Surface preparation

The following operations shall be carried out in preparation for the filling of the subsided area:

a) Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), all existing services shall be
rerouted around the subsided area. Water-bearing services that could act as conduits for water
into the area shall be sealed by filling with grout or a soil-cement mix, or removed.

b) All vegetation shall be removed and topsoil shall be stripped to stockpile (for rehabilitation
purposes).

8 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

c) Any steps within the shear zone around the perimeter of the subsided area shall be flattened by
the removal of material on the upslope side.

4.3.3 Backfilling of subsidences

NOTE The backfilling method, material requirements, and the extent of the various materials/layers should be
shown in a drawing that should be included in the specification data.

4.3.3.1 The exposed ground shall be scarified to 150 mm, and the moisture content shall be
adjusted to OMC. Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), the exposed
ground shall be compacted to a minimum of 90 % modified AASHTO maximum dry density.

NOTE The degree of compaction should be specified by the competent person taking cognizance of the
expected land use after rehabilitation.

4.3.3.2 The subsided area shall be backfilled as described in 4.2.4.2 and 4.2.4.3.

4.3.3.3 As an alternative to 4.3.3.2, the subsidence may be backfilled to 2 m below the reinstated
ground surface using uncontrolled bulk fill, placed in layers that do not exceed 8 m in thickness.
Each layer shall be compacted using dynamic compaction in accordance with 4.4. On completion of
the dynamic compaction, the surface of the dynamically compacted fill shall be treated as described
in 4.3.3.1 and the remainder of the fill shall be placed in accordance with 4.2.4.3.

4.3.4 Finishing of the reinstated ground surface

The reinstated ground surface shall be finished in accordance with 4.2.5.

4.4 Dynamic compaction

4.4.1 Dynamic compaction shall be undertaken using a mobile crane fitted with a free-fall winch
and braking system and with a single-line pull adequate to handle the specified pounders. The
crane shall remain stable when the pounder is accidentally dropped into a cavity with the depth
specified in the specification data beyond the general level at which compaction is being carried out.

NOTE Due to the fact that compaction is carried out in areas of highly compressible material in which
subsurface cavities might exist, there is always a possibility of the pounder penetrating deeper than expected
or of the pounder being lost.

4.4.2 Compaction shall be undertaken by repeatedly dropping a flat-bottomed or ball-type pounder

(tamper) at a particular location (or print position). The spacing of prints (typically on a grid layout),
sequence of compaction, and the compaction energy (in terms of the number of drops, height of
drop and weight of pounder) per print shall be as specified in the specification data.

4.4.3 The grid for dynamic compaction shall be set out before any compaction takes place and
level readings shall be taken at each grid point (print position). A typical grid layout is shown in
figure 1.

4.4.4 The crater formed during compaction at each print position shall be backfilled with bulk fill
material as compaction progresses. The depth of the crater before filling shall not exceed 2,5 m.
The bulk fill material used shall be similar in nature to the fill being compacted or shall be material
that has a lower permeability than that of the fill being compacted. The volume of bulk fill material
imported for backfilling craters shall be recorded.

4.4.5 On completion of the compaction, the area shall be levelled and the surface shall be
compacted using overlapping prints of an ironing pounder in such a manner that the entire
compacted area receives at least two blows of the ironing pounder.

© SABS 9

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Primary grid
5 m to 7,5 m typical

5 m to 7,5 m typical
Primary grid

Outline of area
Primary print position to be compacted
Secondary print position Drg.877

Figure 1 — Typical layout of a dynamic compaction grid

4.4.6 A further set of level readings shall be taken at each grid position on completion of
compaction. This information may be used, together with the levels before compaction and the
volume of fill material imported, to assess the degree of compaction achieved.

4.4.7 The tests that shall be carried out during compaction shall be as specified in the specification
data.

4.4.8 The following information shall be recorded at each print position during the compaction
process:

a) date and time;

b) grid position;

c) mass, footprint size and shape of pounder;

d) drop height;

e) number of drops at grid position;

f) volume of crater on completion of compaction (from measurements of crater depth and average
diameter);

g) volume of backfill used to fill crater; and

h) results of any tests undertaken.

4.4.9 Any tests required to verify the degree of compaction achieved shall be specified in the
specification data.

10 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

4.4.10 Where surrounding development could be affected by ground vibrations caused by dynamic
compaction, a crack survey shall be carried out before and after the dynamic compaction operation.

4.5 Pressure grouting of subsurface cavities

4.5.1 Pressure grouting of subsurface cavities shall be undertaken using grout that complies with
the requirements specified in the specification data.

4.5.2 The grouting equipment used shall

a) be capable of pumping 20 cubic metres of grout per hour at a pressure of up to 1,5 MPa (at
discharge point) to a depth of at least 60 m;

b) be fitted with a calibrated pressure gauge and flow meter; and

c) require less than 4 h down time for minor repairs in every 40 h of grouting.

4.5.3 The grout mix shall remain workable for a minimum period of 3 h after mixing. The
consistency of the grout shall be checked for every 6 m3 of grout supplied, shortly before injection.
Where necessary, the consistency of the grout may be corrected by adding no more than 20 % of
water to the mix. Any grout that requires the addition of more water or has begun to set shall be
removed from the site.

4.5.4 Grouting shall be undertaken in accordance with the sequence and the depth ranges
specified by the competent person in the specification data.

4.5.5 After completion of grouting at a particular borehole, all grout spilled on the surface shall be
removed.

4.5.6 A field report shall be made available to the competent person. This report shall contain
particulars of the method of grouting, grout mix, consistency measurements, volume of any water
added, depth of grouting stages, volume of grout pumped per stage, standing pressure achieved on
each stage, and equipment-related friction losses.

4.5.7 During injection of grout, the level of the ground surface and any surrounding infrastructure
shall be monitored to ensure that heave does not occur.

4.6 Filling with self-compacting concrete or soil-cement mix

4.6.1 Self-compacting concrete or soil-cement mix placed under gravity may be used for choking
the throat of a sinkhole, for forming a stable working platform at the base of a sinkhole, or for mass
filling of cavities or runnels.

NOTE Gravity placement of grout is often combined with pressure grouting. In such cases, gravity grouting is
used for mass filling of voids, choking of the sinkhole throat or blocking of runnels, followed by the pressure
injection of grout to consolidate any loose material and to fill smaller interstices.

4.6.2 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), the properties of the
concrete or soil-cement mix should be specified by the competent person and shall ensure that the
mix properties are suitable for the specified method of placement.

4.6.3 Unless otherwise specified in the specification data (see annex A), the material shall be
placed using a concrete pump or a suitable chute extending to within 3 m of the surface of the pour.
Free-fall placement shall only be permitted if sanctioned by the competent person and if
segregation does not occur.

© SABS 11

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

4.6.4 The consistency of the concrete or soil-cement mix shall be checked for every 6 m3 of
material supplied, shortly before placement. Where necessary, the consistency may be corrected by
adding no more than 20 % of water to the mix. Any material that requires the addition of more water
or has begun to set shall be removed from the site.

4.6.5 A field report shall be made available to the competent person. This report shall contain
particulars of the mix, consistency measurements, volume of any water added, volume of material
placed, location of placement, and method of placement.

5 Compliance with the requirements

5.1 Material properties of backfill
Determine the material properties of capping fill and backfill, where relevant, in accordance with the
requirements of relevant part of TMH1.

5.2 In-place dry density and moisture content

5.2.1 Determine the in-place dry density of the backfill in accordance with the requirements of
TMH1-A10(a) by means of the sand replacement method, or where appropriate, by nuclear
methods in accordance with the requirements of TMH1-A10(b).

5.2.2 Determine the moisture content in accordance with the requirements of TMH1-A7 where the
sand replacement method is used, and TMH1-A10(b) where nuclear methods are used.

5.2.3 Ensure that the moisture content and density during compaction are within the limits of
table 1, appropriate to the degree of accuracy required in terms of the specification data.

Table 1 — Permissible deviations in respect of moisture content and density

1 2 3 4
Permissible deviation
pd
Item
Degree of accuracy
III II I
Moisture content
pd in moisture content in field during ±2% +2 % +2 %
compaction from OMC −1 % 0
Maximum dry density
a) pd of minimum recorded value from no top limit no top limit no top limit
specified density −2 % −1 % 0
b) pd of average of recorded values no top limit no top limit no top limit
from specified density 0 0 0

5.3 Setting out and level readings

Ensure that the accuracy of setting out and of level readings is within the limits of table 2,
appropriate to the degree of accuracy required in terms of the specification data.

12 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Table 2 — Permissible deviations in respect of setting out and level readings

1 2 3 4
Permissible deviation, pd
mm
Item
Degree of accuracy
III II I
Setting out
pd in plan position ± 300 ± 100 ± 30
Level readings
a) pd of levels of ground surface before and
after compaction ± 50 ± 20 ± 10
b) pd of levels taken during surface heave
± 10 ±5 ±2
tests
c) pd for levels taken during pounder
± 20 ± 10 ±5
penetration test

© SABS 13

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Annex A
(normative)

Preparation of specification data associated with this part of

SANS 2001 for inclusion in the scope of work
Specification data form an essential part of this part of SANS 2001; without such data, the
requirements are incomplete.

The format for the specification data has been developed to be compatible with the requirements in
table D.1 of SANS 10403:2003. The specification data shall be incorporated in the scope of work as
shown in table A.1.

NOTE In the development of a scope of work, it might be necessary to address the items discussed in
annex B as these are not covered in this part of SANS 2001.

Table A.1 — Incorporating this part of SANS 2001 in the scope of work

1 2 3
TOPIC ASPECT COMMENTARY
DESCRIPTION OF THE WORKS
CONSTRUCTION
Works specifications Applicable part(s) The following parts of SANS 2001 and associated specification
of SANS 2001 data are applicable:
1) SANS 2001 …..
2) SANS 2001 …..

The associated specification data are as follows:

Specification data Essential data:
pertaining to The requirements for .….…. are ….….
SANS 2001…
The requirements for …..…. are ….….
Variations:
1) ...........................................................
2) ...........................................................
Additional clauses:
1) ...........................................................

Applicable national
and international
standards
Applicable health
and safety
legislation
Particular/generic
specifications

14 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Develop the specification data based on the contents of table A.2.

Table A.2 — Specification data associated with this part of SANS 2001

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with
this part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Essential data
Bulk fill shall comprise ….. 4.1.1 State requirements if standard requirements
are not suitable.
Capping fill shall comprise …… 4.1.2 State requirements if standard requirements
are not suitable.
Grout shall comprise ..... 4.1.3 State slump (or flow characteristics), minimum
binder content and type, permissible additives,
28 d cube strength, etc.
Self-compacting concrete shall comprise .... 4.1.4 State any additional requirements such as
slump, binder content and type, 28 d cube
strength, etc.
Soil-cement mix shall comprise ..... 4.1.5 State any additional requirements.
The following safety precautions shall be taken 4.2.1.1 State any specific safety precautions required
during the repair of sinkholes:..... following the stability assessment by the
competent person.
The sinkhole throat shall be choked by .... 4.2.2 State method of choking the sinkhole throat
and give any additional requirements.
The inverted filter shall be constructed of the 4.2.3.5 State thickness and grading requirements for
following layers: ..... various layers of filter (if used).
The method of backfilling shall be as shown in 4.2.4 and Include a drawing defining the method of
Drawing No. .... 4.3.3 backfilling, the materials to be used in the
various layers, and the extent of the various
materials/layers.
Maximum layer thickness for bulk fill and 4.2.4.2 State requirements if standard requirements
capping fill shall be ..... 4.2.4.3 are not suitable.

The bulk fill and capping fill shall be compacted State type and size of compaction equipment
using ..... to be used.

The degree of accuracy required is ..... State required degree of accuracy (I, II or III) –
see 5.2.3.
The following safety precautions shall be taken 4.3.1 State any specific safety precautions required
during the repair of subsidences: ..... following the stability assessment by the
competent person.
Existing services shall be ..... 4.3.2(a) Identify and describe services affected and
state required actions.
The exposed ground should be compacted to a 4.3.3.1 State compaction effort required in terms of a
density of ….. percentage of the maximum dry density.
The crane cable shall allow for accidental 4.4.1 State depth of cavity into which tamper may be
dropping to a depth of …. m below ground accidentally dropped.
level.
NOTE Typically, this depth is 20 m.

© SABS 15

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Table A.2 (continued)

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with
this part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Essential data
The boom configuration shall allow a drop 4.4.1 State parameters for the equipment.
height of …..m measured from normal ground
level whilst the centre of the crane is a NOTE Typically the boom configuration allows a
minimum of …..m away from point of impact. drop height of 18 m at a minimum distance of 13 m
The furthest point of impact possible shall be a from the crane. The furthest point of impact is
minimum of …..m from the centre of the crane. typically 20 m.
The spacing and configuration of the primary 4.4.2 Provide a diagram showing the spacing and
and secondary prints shall be ..... configuration of the primary and secondary (and
tertiary, if required) print positions.
The sequence of compaction shall be .... 4.4.2 Specify the sequence of compaction, if
necessary, e.g. completion of all primary prints
before secondary compaction (normally the
case), completion of all work from one side of
the sinkhole before moving the crane, etc.
The compaction energy shall be ... 4.4.2 Specify the number of drops, weight and shape
of the pounder, and the drop height for each
phase of compaction. Alternatively, specify the
total compaction energy required.

NOTE 1 Typical drop heights with crawler cranes

range from 12 m to 20 m and the weight of the
pounder is typically between 10 t and 18 t.

NOTE 2 Primary prints are typically set out on a

square grid with a print spacing of 5 m to 7,5 m.
Secondary prints are normally located at the centre
of the primary grid blocks. Tertiary prints may also
be specified.

NOTE 3 The compaction energy applied will

depend on the depth of influence of the compaction
and the type of material being compacted. Typical
compaction energy ranges from 200 tm/m2 to
400 tm/m2 (weight of pounder times height of drop
times total number of drops divided by total area
treated, including both compaction and ironing
phases).
The following tests shall be executed during 4.4.7 State the type, number (or frequency) of the
compaction: .... various tests required.

NOTE 1 Tests commonly conducted are pounder

penetration tests and surface heave tests.

NOTE 2 Pounder penetration tests are conducted

by measuring the level of the top of the pounder
placed on the ground surface before compaction
and then after each drop. Level measurements are
taken on studs positioned diametrically opposite
one another on the perimeter of the pounder. The
number of drops used during the test is typically
50 % more than the specified number of drops. The
penetration of the pounder is plotted against the
number of blows and the result is used to assess
the optimal number of blows to be applied. Tests
are typically carried out on about 1 % of the print
positions or when the nature of the material being
compacted changes.

16 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Table A.2 (continued)

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with
this part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Essential data
NOTE 3 Surface heave tests measure the heave
of the ground surface around the print position
during compaction by determining the levels of
two or more lines of pegs radiating outwards from
the print position to a distance of at least three
pounder diameters from the grid point. Level
readings are taken after each blow or each
alternate blow. On completion of the test, the
volume of any surface heave is determined and
compared to the volume of the crater. These tests
are typically carried out in conjunction with some
or all of the pounder penetration tests and assist
in assessing the optimal number of blows to be
applied.
The following tests shall be undertaken to 4.4.9 Specify tests required (if any).
verify the degree of compaction: ....
NOTE Typical tests include large diameter plate
load tests (minimum 1,0 m diameter) or
penetration testing (Dynamic Probe Super Heavy
of Standard Penetration Tests).
The grout shall comprise …… 4.5.1 State any requirements not already given in
4.1.3.

NOTE Parameters to be specified include the

slump (or flow characteristics), minimum binder
content, permitted additives and 28 d cube
strength.
The method, sequence and depth ranges for 4.5.4 State all specific requirements, including extent
grouting shall be ... of grouting, sequence (upstage or downstage),
spacing of primary and secondary grout holes,
maximum grouting pressure, length of stages,
and limiting volume per stage.

NOTE 1 Upstage grouting is undertaken from

the bottom of a predrilled borehole. Grout is
injected in 1,0 m to 2,0 m long stages up the
length of the borehole, raising the grout tube to
the top of the next stage on completion of each
grout injection.

NOTE 2 Downstage grouting is used in unstable

ground where collapse of the hole and air loss
during drilling have prevented drilling the hole to
the required depth in a single operation. In such
cases, the hole is advanced through the unstable
area in 1,0 m to 2,0 m stages that are then
grouted and the grout allowed to set for at least
24 h. The hole is then re-drilled and advanced to
the depth of the next stage.

© SABS 17

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Table A.2 (concluded)

1 2 3
Guidance notes
Specification data associated with
this part of SANS 2001 Clause
Consideration
number
Essential data
NOTE 3 The intention of grouting is to fill cavities
and voids, not to compact the ground or cause
hydro-fracturing. Grout injection pressures
(allowing for delivery hose losses) should typically
be around 1 MPa (10 bar) below a depth of 10 m
reducing linearly to surface above this depth. The
upper few metres of the hole are generally gravity
grouted (i.e. the hole is simply filled without
injection pressure). The standing pressure
required on completion of each stage (sustained
pressure on grout measured over a minimum of
10 s) should be specified by the competent
person.

NOTE 4 Where large quantities of grout are

injected in any one stage without achieving the
specified standing pressure, the injection of grout
may be suspended once a specified limiting
quantity of grout has been pumped, the grout tube
withdrawn and the stage re-injected after the
grout in the hole has set for at least 24 h. Limiting
volumes of grout per stage should be specified by
the competent person.
The self-compacting concrete (or soil-cement 4.6.2 State any requirements not already given
mix) shall comprise …… under 4.1.4 or 4.1.5.

NOTE Parameters to be specified include the

slump (or flow characteristics), minimum binder
content, and 28 d cube strength.
The self-compacting concrete shall be 4.6.3 State method of placement and permissibility of
placed.... free-fall placement methods.
The permissible deviations and degree of 5.2.3 State the permissible deviations for the various
accuracy shall be .... 5.3 aspects of the work.

Variations
State variations, if any.
Additional clauses
State additional clauses, if any.

18 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Annex B
(informative)

Items that might need to be considered when preparing

the scope of work for a particular project

B.1 The scope of work for a particular project, prepared in accordance with the requirements in
annex D of SANS 10403:2003, should commence with a description of the works and thereafter
describe items relating to general project management practice, namely Engineering, Procurement,
Construction or Management. It might, in many instances, be necessary to include clauses in each
of these sections to establish design responsibilities, management procedures, constraints to
construction, etc. which are pertinent to works executed in accordance with this part of SANS 2001.

B.2 The health and safety aspects of work around sinkholes and subsidences should be
addressed in the scope of work. The following issues should be considered:

a) requirements for personnel executing work in or around sinkholes to be strapped into harnesses
and safety ropes secured away from the sinkhole or suspended from a crane or excavator
parked at a safe position;

b) the safe parking distance for equipment and the zone where personnel are to be strapped into
safety harnesses attached to safety ropes (see figure B.1);

c) all the precautionary measures that the contractor should take before and during the repair of the
sinkhole;

d) the manner in which personnel are to be informed of the hazardous conditions pertaining to
working in or around sinkholes;

e) the reporting requirements for the reporting of any

1) surface cracks,

2) cavities (irrespective of size),

3) ground movement,

4) sudden variation in soil profiles;

f) requirements, in the event of the items listed in (e) being observed, for the immediate stopping of
the work and evacuation of all personnel from the area until the competent person has inspected
the site and determined the course of action that is to take place;

g) the appointment of a suitable contractor’s representative to oversee the safety of the works;

h) requirements for the locating and protection of existing services;

i) requirements for the reporting and repair of damage to existing services .e.g. damage reported to
competent person within 1 of occurrence and full damage report submitted within 24 h; and

j) requirements for obtaining approval from the competent person before commencing operations.

NOTE Other issues, such as special risk insurance, should be considered in the contract data.

© SABS 19

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.
© SABS. This standard may reside on a LAN, WAN, intranet, internet or ECM server and is exclusively available to AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd in accordance with
copyright exploitation agreement no. 014/009/17-049, valid until 2021-03-31. Only staff members employed by AECOM SA (Pty) Ltd may make paper copies of the
standard. No paper copy may be photocopied or reproduced in any way.

SANS 2001-BE3:2012
Edition 1

Zone where personnel are to be strapped into safety harnesses

attached to safety ropes

Safe parking distance for Proposed works

equipment
Natural ground level

Drg.877a

Figure B.1 — Safety distances

Bibliography
SANS 1936-1:2012, Development of dolomite land – Part 1: General principles and requirements.

SANS 1936-2, Development of dolomite land – Part 2: Geotechnical investigations and

determinations.

SANS 1936-3, Development of dolomite land – Part 3: Design and construction of buildings,
structures and infrastructure.

SANS 1936-4, Development of dolomite land – Part 4: Risk management.

______________

20 © SABS

This product is copyrighted by SABS, 1 Dr Lategan Road, Groenkloof, 0181, South Africa. All rights reserved.