UNIT 7

PICTORIAL DRAWINGS
Description:

This unit deals with the understanding of the representation of the three-
dimensional objects presented on a two-dimensional plane and to appreciate the
concept of scale and proportion to maintain a high standard of quality for drawing
produced. Further, collective essential learning will help students to create
pictorial drawings and to use the language and terms specific to the illustration of
working drawings.

Learning Objectives

After study this unit, the students will be able to produce:

1. isometric drawings;
2. oblique drawings; and
3. perspective drawings.

Pictorial Drawing

Pictorial drawing is the oldest written method of communication known. A

significant value of pictorial drawings is that they show objects three-
dimensionally. Engineering drawings, with all their dimensions and multiple
views, are challenging to read for an untrained person. A pictorial illustration, on
the other hand, can be viewed and understood by individuals with no background
in engineering design. For communication of design ideas, it is often necessary
to prepare accurate and scientifically correct than can be easily understood by
persons without technical training.

Pictorials divided into three general projection methods: axonometric,

oblique, and perspective. These differ from each other in the first scheme of
projection.

Types of Pictorial Drawing

1. AXONOMETRIC DRAWING

Axonometric projection is a form of orthographic projection. The three

projection method subdivided by varying some of the relationship between point
of sight, plane of projection, and object. In the projected view, the lines of sight
are perpendicular to the plane of projection.

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The three faces of a rectangular object are all inclined to the plane of
projection is called axonometric projection. The projection of the three principal
axes may make any angle with each other except 90º. The three types of
axonometric projection used: isometric, diametric, and trimetric. Isometric is the
most common.

Axonometric Projection Drawing

Isometric projection is a pictorial
drawing in which the three principal
faces and the three principal axes of
the object are inclined equally to the
plane of projection. The plane of
projection is called the isometric plane.
The three axes on the drawing also
make equal angles with each other but
may be placed in a variety of positions.
Isometric means the same
measurement of all three principal
edges or axes projected with 120°
angle.
Dimetric projection is another
axonometric drawing drawn with two
axes making equal angles and the third
axis at any selected angle.

A trimetric projection uses three

different scales (one for each axis) and
has three different angles for the axes.
Trimetric projection is the most exact
method, but it is also the most time-
consuming and challenging to draw.

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How to Draw Isometric Projection Drawing?

Steps Drawing
1. Draw the Y-axis X Z

2. Determine the size.

X Z

3. Draw the isometric box by following

the Y-axis. Draw lines of the same
direction.

4. Draft the surfaces in each view.

5. Darken the final outline of the object.

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Activity No. 1
Title: Isometric Drawing (Blocking)
Plate No. 1

* Proposed Criteria for Grading the

Tools and Materials: Drawing Plates
1. pencil Accuracy 30%
2. eraser Dimensioning 20%
3. drawing paper Line Uniformity 20%
Lettering 15%
4. foot rule/ruler
Neatness 15%
5. T-square Total 100%
6. compasses
7. masking tape/drafting tape

Directions: Given the following blocks redraw them in an isometric view using
mechanical drawing method. Follow the steps properly. Shade your final
drawing.

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The following are the proposed plates for isometric drawing. These plates
may be changed by the instructors that will get the best outcomes of the said
competency. They can use blocks from chapter 6.
Block No. 1
Plate No. 2

Block No. 2
Plate No. 3

In this plate, the instructor may give more complicated problems to their
students to measure the desired outcome of the topic.

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Isometric Circles or Four-Centered Ellipse shown in Figure 7-1.

Figure 7-1

Figure 7-2 shows the application of the ellipse in corresponding views.

1397-2
Figure
2. OBLIQUE DRAWING

Oblique drawing is the most accessible type of pictorial illustration to

develop. Available in a sense, that the surface of the object, usually the most
crucial view drawn precisely as in a multi-view projection. This drawing is similar
to isometric drawing. However, they produced from parallel projectors that are
not perpendicular to the projection plane. The primary difference lies in the use
of only one receding axis and the ability to draw one surface as true shape and
size in the front plane.

There are three versions of oblique projection, differing only in the

comparative scales used along the receding axis and the angle of the receding
axis.

Oblique Drawing Drawing

An oblique projection on which the
lines of sight make an angle of 45° with
the plane of projection is called
cavalier projection. The front is
drawn full scale and true shape, as
with all forms of oblique projection.
The same scale is used on all axes;
therefore, the receding faces are
drawn full scale (but not true shape).

An oblique projection in which the lines

of sight make an angle of between 63°
and 26° with the plane of projection is
cabinet projection. The scale on the
receding axis is one-half of the scale
on the other axes.

An oblique projection in which the lines

of sight make any angle other than 45°
or 63° to 26° is called a general
oblique. The scale on the receding
axis should be something between full
scale and one-half scale of the
horizontal and vertical axes. The
choice of the receding angle (1º to 89º)
determined by the shape of the object
and the most descriptive view
orientation.

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Illustration of the type of oblique drawings in Figure 7-3.

Figure 7-3

Figure 7-4 shows the comparison of the paraline drawings.

AXONOMETRIC DRAWINGS

OBLIQUE DRAWINGS

Figure 7-4

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The following are the proposed plates for oblique drawing. These plates
may be changed by the instructors that will get the best outcomes of the said
competency.
Block No. 3
Plate No. 4

Block No. 4
Plate No. 5

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Perspective Drawing

Perspective (Acana: 2005) is a drawing used by architects, designers, and

technical illustrators to convey their ideas.

According to design-skills.org (2016), perspective drawing is a set of the

technique used to draw a 3-dimensional scene onto a 2-dimensional surface. It is
a great way to create realistic freehand or measured (to scale) drawings.

Perspective drawing is a system of representing the way that objects

appear to get smaller and closer together, the further away they are. When we
talk about perspective drawing, we usually mean a linear perspective. Linear
Perspective is a geometric method of representing the apparent diminishing of
scale as the distance from the object to viewer increases. Each set of horizontal
lines has its vanishing point. For simplicity, artists usually focus on correctly
rendering one, two, or three vanishing points.

The invention of linear perspective in art generally attributed to the

Florentine architect Brunelleschi. His ideas continued to develop and used by
Renaissance artists, notably Piero Della Francesca and Andrea Mantegna. The
first book to include a treatise on Perspective, 'On Painting' was published by
Leon Battista Alberti in 1436 (www.drawsketch.about.com, 2018).

Elements of Perspective Drawing

1. Picture plane. This element is an imaginary vertical plane where the figure is
registered.
2. Ground line. This element is where the actual figure laid.
3. Station point. This element is the fixed position where the object viewed.
4. Visual rays. These are imaginary lines projecting from the observer to the
figure passing through the picture plane. These rays sometimes called receding
lines.
5. Horizon line. This element is the line where the figure appears horizontally at
eye-level.
6. Vanishing point. This element is the point where all receding lines meet in a
perspective figure.
7. Measuring line. This line is where the height of the object is determined.
8. Angle of Projection. This element is the 90° angle vision of the observer to
the object. The angle depends on the distance of the observer and of the object.
9. Elevation. It is the front view of the object required to draw the height of the
object.
10 Plan. The plan done in a 60°x30° connecting the measuring line.

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11. Projectors. These are imaginary lines coming from the vital points of the
plan and elevation.

Figure 7-5 illustrates the perspective on the other angle. As the person
walks closer to the posts, the closer one appears higher and more significant.
The remaining post appears shorter and smaller, creating an optical illusion in
which lines recedes at a certain point known as the vanishing point. Also,
elements of perspective shown in Figure 7-6

Figure 7-5

Figure 7-6

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Steps in Making Angular Perspective.
1. Draw the ground line.
2. Draw the picture plane.
3. Draw the elevation of the object on the ground line.
4. Draw the plan of the object using 30°x60° on the picture plane.
5. Establish the distance of the station point. From the station point, draws an
angle of projection going to the picture plane. The angle of projection is
30°x60° parallel to the angle of the plan.
6. Drop the line going to the horizon line. The position of the horizon line will
depend on the three positions which discussed earlier.
7. Mark the two vanishing points on the horizon line.
8. Extend the corner or points of the plan using the station point going to the
picture plane to create visual rays.
9. Establish the measuring line from the plan going to the ground line. The
measuring line will determine the true height of the object. Failure to use this
will result in distortion and inaccurate perspective output.
10. Project the lines from the corner or points (visual rays) of the plan using
projectors.
11. Label important notes and figures of the perspective.
12. Eliminate unnecessary lines of the drawing.

Types of Perspective Drawing

Types of Perspective Drawing Using Geometrical Method
VP
One Point Perspective (Parallel) 1

In one-point perspective, the

horizontals and verticals which run
across the field of view remain parallel.
Their vanishing points are at "infinity,"
with horizontals which are
perpendicular to the viewer vanish
towards a spot near the center of the
image.

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Two Point Perspective (Angular)
VP1 VP2

In two-point perspective, the viewer

positioned such that objects viewed
from one corner. In this manner, the
two sets of horizontals diminish
towards vanishing points at the outer
edges of the picture plane, while only
verticals remain perpendicular. It is
slightly more complicated, as both the
front and back corners, and side
edges, of an object, must be
diminished towards vanishing points.
Two-point perspective often used when
drawing buildings in the landscape.
Three-Point Perspective (Oblique) VP1 VP2
In the three-point perspective,
the viewer is looking up or down. This
method gives verticals to converge on
a vanishing point at the top or bottom
of the image.

VP3

Various Position of Perspective

There are three positions used in drawing a perspective:

Perspective View Drawing

1. Worm's eye view. The object drawn above eye
level.

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2. Man’s eye view. The object drawn at eye level.

3. Bird’s eye view. The object drawn below eye

level.

Illustration of two-point perspective or angular using plan and elevation in

Figure 7-7 shows how the perspective is to make. Angular perspective is
considered to be one of the accurate methods of making perspective — this
illustration best given for drafting students.

Figure 7-7

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Figure 7-8 is the diagram of the types of projection that will help you to
understand pictorial drawing easily.

TYPES OF PROJECTIONS

PARALLEL PROJECTION PERSPECTIVE

OBLIQUE PROJECTION ORTHOGRAPHIC PROJECTION 1-POINT (PARALLEL)

PERSPECTIVE

CAVALIER AXONOMETRIC MULTI-VIEW

PROJECTION PROJECTION PROJECTION 2-POINT (ANGULAR)
PERSPECTIVE
CABINET
PROJECTION FIRST ANGLE THIRD ANGLE
PROJECTION PROJECTION 3-POINT (OBLIQUE)
GENERAL PERSPECTIVE
PROJECTION ISOMETRIC
PROJECTION
PLAN
PROJECTION DIMETRIC
PROJECTION

TRIMETRIC
PROJECTION

Figure 7-8

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UNIT 7 TEST

I. MULTIPLE CHOICE.
Directions: Read each item carefully. Write your answer on the space
provided before the number.

_____1. A drawing shows the three views of the object in three using projectors
and the lines are perpendicular.
A. cavalier C. isometric
B. orthographic D. perspective
_____2. This representation of drawing is somewhat similar to a photographic
picture. The lines recede to a vanishing point.
A. isometric C. perspective
B. orthographic D. cabinet
_____3. It is a drawing that shows the three views of an object using 30 degrees
lines and sometimes called paraline drawing.
A. isometric C. perspective
B. orthographic D. oblique
_____4. This drawing is a paraline drawing, which the width of the object
recedes at an angle of 45 degrees.
A. oblique C. perspective
B. orthographic D. isometric
_____5. A type of oblique drawing that end view is measured one-half, but the
other views are still the same in measurements.
A. cabinet C. cavalier
B. general D. oblique
_____6. Another type of oblique drawing, which the end view is measured 1:1
ratio.
A. cavalier C. cabinet
B. general D. oblique
_____7. The other name for one-point perspective.
A. angular C. parallel
B. oblique D. none of these
_____8. The other name for two-point perspective.
A. oblique C. angular
B. parallel D. none of these
_____9. What imaginary plane wherein the object conceived to draw?
A. picture plane C. station point
B. ground line D. measuring line
_____10. The position of the observer's eye called?
A. picture plane C. station point
B. ground line D. measuring line
_____11. The line where the object laid called?
A. measuring line C. station point
B. picture plane D. ground line

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_____ 12. The point where all receding lines meet in a perspective figure called?
A. vanishing point C. picture plane
B. station point D. horizon
_____ 13. The point where the figure appears horizontally at eye level called?
A. horizon C. station point
B. picture plane D. vanishing point
_____ 14. What perspective position wherein the object drawn at eye level?
A. worm’s eye view C. bird’s eye view
B. man’s eye view D. horizontal view
_____ 15. What perspective position wherein the object drawn below eye level?
A. worm’s eye view C. bird’s eye view
B. man’s eye view D. horizontal view
_____ 16. What perspective position wherein the object drawn above eye level?
A. worm’s eye view C. horizontal view
B. man’s eye view D. bird’s eye view
_____ 17. What is the line that is used to regulate the height of the object in
perspective?
A. measuring line C. ground line
B. horizon line D. picture plane
_____ 18. These are imaginary lines coming from the observer's eyes and
projected to the corner or points of the object known as ______.
A. projectors C. visual rays
B. measuring line D. ground line
_____19. A special type of oblique drawing that the top is measured ½ and the
other axis treated normally is called_____.
A. cavalier C. cabinet
B. general D. plan
_____20. These lines were drawn from the visual rays and projected vertically to
establish the appearance of the object is known as_____.
A. projectors C. vanishing point
B. measuring line D. ground line

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Proposed plates for this chapter

ISOMETRIC

NOTE: USE 30°X30°X90° TRIANGLE

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OBLIQUE

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PERSPECTIVE

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