General

Physics 2 12
General Physics 2 – Grade 12
Quarter 3 – Module 9: Ohm’s Law
First Edition, 2020

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Published by the Department of Education Division of Pasig City

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Printed in the Philippines by the Department of Education – Schools Division of

Pasig City
General
Physics 2 12
Quarter 1
Self-Learning Module 9
Ohm’s Law
Introductory Message

For the facilitator:

Welcome to General Physics 2- Grade 12 Self-Learning Module on Ohm’s Law!

This Self Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed, and reviewed by
educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by its Officer-In-
Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A. Agustin in
partnership with the Local Government of Pasig through its mayor, Honorable
Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K to 12
Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) while
overcoming their personal, social, and economic constraints in schooling.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help
learners acquire the needed 21st-century skills especially the 5 Cs namely:
Communication, Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while
taking into consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the body of
the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies
that will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator, you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this module.
You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the learner:

Welcome to the General Physics 2 Self-Learning Module on Ohm’s Law!

The hand is one of the most symbolized parts of the human body. It is often used to
depict skill, action, and purpose. Through our hands, we may learn, create, and
accomplish. Hence, the hand in this learning resource signifies that you as a
learner are capable and empowered to successfully achieve the relevant
competencies and skills at your own pace and time. Your academic success lies in
your own hands!

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful opportunities
for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. You will be
enabled to process the contents of the learning material while being an active
learner.
This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectation - These are what you will be able to know after completing the
lessons in the module

Pretest - This will measure your prior knowledge and the concepts to be
mastered throughout the lesson.

Recap - This section will measure what learnings and skills that you
understand from the previous lesson.

Lesson - This section will discuss the topic of this module.

Activities - This is a set of activities you will perform.

Wrap Up - This section summarizes the concepts and applications of the

lessons.

Valuing - This part will check the integration of values in the learning
competency.

Posttest - This will measure how much you have learned from the entire
module.
EXPECTATIONS
This module is about the application of the relationship of proportionality
between resistance and cross-sectional area of a wire and the differences of ohmic
and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. State Ohm’s law;
2. differentiate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in terms of their I-V curves;
3. solve problems involving the application of the relationship of the
proportionality between resistance and the length and cross-sectional
area of a wire; and
4. appreciate the application of ohm’s law to electrical devices with ohmic
materials.

PRETEST
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which of the following statement is CORRECT about Ohm’s Law?

A. The voltage V is inversely proportional to the current I when the
resistance R is constant.
B. The voltage V is directly proportional to the current I when the resistance
R is constant.
C. The resistance R is inversely proportional to the voltage V when the
current I is constant.
D. The resistance R is directly proportional to the current I when the voltage
V is constant.
2. From the formula R= ρ L/A, how is the resistance affected by the
increase of the length of wire?
A. The longer the wire, the greater the resistance.
B. The shorter the wire, the greater the resistance.
C. The longer the wire, the lesser the resistance.
D. The length of the wire does not affect the resistance of a material.
3. If the tungsten filament of a lamp has a cross-sectional area of 5 x 10−4 𝑚2 ,
how long must it be to have a resistance of 240 Ω at 20°C?
A. 5 x 10−3 m C. 1205 m
B. 218 m D. 1195 m

4. What is the difference between ohmic and non-ohmic materials?

A. Ohmic materials are those that do not obey Ohm’s Law while non-ohmic
materials obeyed Ohm’s Law.
B. Ohmic materials are those that obeyed Ohm’s Law while non-ohmic
materials do not obey Ohm’s Law.
C. Ohmic materials have a curve or non-linear while non-ohmic have
straight or linear trends for I-V curves.
D. Diode and semiconductors are ohmic materials while metals, conductors,
copper wire are non-ohmic materials.
5. Which of the following shows safety tips for electrical devices?
A. Short or long wire does not affect the resistance of a material in the
electrical devices
B. The thinner the wire or smaller the diameter, the better the efficiency of
the electrical devices
C. The current, voltage and resistance of a wire should not be observed in
using electrical devices.
D. The length and cross-sectional area of a wire should be observed in using
the electrical devices.

RECAP

In your previous lesson, let us recall the current, resistance, and resistivity.
Write the term/s on the space provided.

_____________1. An electrical quantity measure by determining the number of

charges q passing through a perpendicular cross-section of the
conductor per unit time t.

______________2. It is the proportionality constant with the Greek symbol ρ means

“rho”.

______________3. The type of a wire used for electrical wirings.

______________4. It is the relationship between the number of charges passing

through a conductor to the current from the formula I=Q/t.

______________5. The relationship between the temperature and resistance.

LESSON

When a light bulb is connected to a battery, the current in the bulb depends
on the potential difference across the battery. For example, a 9.0 V battery
connected to a light bulb generates a greater current than a 6.0 V battery
connected to the same bulb. But the potential difference is not the only factor that
determines the current in the light bulb. The materials that make up the
connecting wires and the bulb’s filament also affect the current in the bulb. Even
though most materials can be classified as conductors or insulators, some
conductors allow charges to move through them more easily than others. The
opposition to the motion of charge through a conductor is the conductor’s
resistance. Quantitatively, resistance is defined as the ratio of potential difference
or voltage to current, as follows:

The SI unit for resistance, the ohm, is equal to one volt per ampere and is
represented by the Greek letter Ω (omega).

For many materials, including most metals, experiments show that the
resistance is constant over a wide range of applied potential differences.
This statement, known as Ohm’s law, is named for George Simon Ohm (1789–
1854), who was the first to conduct a systematic study of electrical resistance.
Mathematically, Ohm’s law is stated as follows:

∆V/I = constant
As can be seen by comparing the definition of resistance with Ohm’s law, the
constant of proportionality in the Ohm’s law equation is resistance. It is common
practice to express Ohm’s law as ΔV = IR.

At constant resistance, as the voltage increases, the current also increases

At constant voltage, as the resistance increases, the current decreases.

Ohm’s law is not a fundamental law of nature like the conservation of energy
or the universal law of gravitation. Instead, it is a behavior that is valid only for
certain materials. Materials that have a constant resistance over a wide range of
potential differences are said to be ohmic. A graph of current versus potential
difference or voltage for an ohmic material is linear. This is because the slope of
such a graph (I/ΔV) is inversely proportional to resistance. When resistance is
constant, the current is proportional to the potential difference and the resulting
graph is a straight line.

Materials that do not function according to Ohm’s law are said to be non-
ohmic. A graph of current versus potential difference for a non-ohmic material. In
this case, the slope is not constant because resistance varies. Hence, the resulting
graph is nonlinear. One common semiconducting device that is non-ohmic is the
diode. Its resistance is small for currents in one direction and large for currents in
the reverse direction. Diodes are used in circuits to control the direction of the
current.

Figure 1. Ohmic materials Figure 2. Non-ohmic materials

Resistance depends on length, area, material, and temperature.

From the previous lesson, you learned that electrons do not move in straight-line
paths through a conductor. Instead, they undergo repeated collisions with the
metal atoms. These collisions affect the motion of charges somewhat as a force of
internal friction would. This is the origin of a material’s resistance. Thus, any
factors that affect the number of collisions will also affect a material’s resistance.
.
Two of these factors—length and cross-sectional area—are purely geometrical.
Intuitively, a longer length of wire provides more resistance than a shorter length of
wire does. Similarly, a wider wire allows charges to flow more easily than a thinner
wire does, much as a larger pipe allows water to flow more easily than a smaller
pipe does. The material effects have to do with the structure of the atoms making
up the material. Finally, for most materials, resistance increases as the
temperature of the metal increases. When a material is hot, its atoms vibrate fast,
and it is more difficult for an electron to flow through the material. Factors affecting
the resistance can be summarized to this formula,
R= ρ L/A
where: R is the resistance in Ω, length of a wire L in meter m, cross-sectional area
A or diameter in meter squared 𝑚2 and resistivity ρ in Ω m. Let us find out the
relationship of resistance, length of a wire, and cross-sectional area of a wire.
As the length of the wire increases, the resistance also increases at the constant
cross-sectional area of a wire.
As the length of the wire decreases, the resistance also decreases at a constant
cross=sectional area.

As the cross-sectional area becomes smaller, the greater the resistance at a

constant length of wire.
As the cross-sectional area become larger, the lesser the resistance at a constant
length of wire.

Figure 3. Factors Affecting Resistance

To further understand the factors affecting the resistance, do the activities.

ACTIVITIES

A. Activity 1- Crossword Puzzle

Answer this crossword puzzle. Use the terms discussed in this
module.
Across
1 Relationship between the voltage and current at constant resistance
5 Describes the relationship between the current, voltage, and resistance.
7 Greek word for proportionality constant or resistivity of the material
8 Factor affecting the resistance of a wire in which the larger the cross-
sectional area of a wire, the lesser the resistance
9 Factor affecting the resistance of a wire in which the shorter the wire, the
lesser the resistance
10 Electrical quantity also called as electromotive force and potential
difference.
Down
2 The tendency of a wire to resist the passage of electric current
3 Relationship between current and resistance
4 The unit of resistance and named from George Simon Ohm
6 The number of charges passing through a perpendicular of the conductor
per unit time

B. Activity 2 – Let’s solve it!

Solve the following problems. Show your complete solution.
1. If the tungsten filament of a lamp has a cross-sectional area of 5 x
10−9 𝑚2 , how long must it be to have a resistance of 120 Ω at 20°C?
2. An iron wire conductor with a diameter of 0.8mm has a resistance of 0.4
Ω. Calculate the resistance of an iron wire 0.4 mm in diameter.
3. A stereo with a resistance of 65 Ω is connected across a potential
difference of 110 V. What is the current in this device?
4. The current in a microwave oven is 6.25 A. If the resistance of the oven’s
circuitry is 17.6 Ω, what is the potential difference across the oven?
5. A typical color television draws 2.5 A of current when connected across a
potential difference of 110 V. What is the effective resistance of the
television set?

C. Activity 3 –Ohmic and Non-ohmic Materials

Do this activity in a bond paper.

No. of dry cells Voltage (V) Current (I) Voltage/Current

(V/I)
1 1.5 9 x 103
2 3.0 18 x 103
3 4.5 26 x 103
4 6.0 35 x 103
5 7.5 44 x 103
6 9.0 53 x 103
Table 1.a Voltage vs. Current
No. of dry cells Voltage (V) Current (I) Voltage/Current
(V/I)
1 1.5 1.5 x 10−3
2 3.0 3.0 x 10−3
3 4.5 6.0 x 10−3
4 6.0 12.0 x 10−3
5 7.5 25.0 x 10−3
6 9.0 60.0 x 10−3
Table 1.b Voltage vs. Current
Guide Questions
1. Calculate the 4th column of the table which is V/I.
2. Make a graph of V vs. I for Table 1.a and 1.b
3. Describe the shape of the graph formed from a to b.
4. What is the relationship shown in the V-I graphs for a and b?
5. Which graph shows ohmic materials and non-ohmic materials?

WRAP-UP

To summarize, make a graphic organizer using the 3-2-1 format shown

below. Do this in a long bond paper.

3-2-1
3 Things I learned:
__________________________________________________________________________________
__________________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2 Things I Found Interesting:
__________________________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________________
1 Question I have:
________________________________________________________________________________

VALUING

During this COVID-19 pandemic, how will you apply OHM’S LAW (the
relationship between current, resistance, and voltage) to help your parents
regarding the electricity consumption at home? Cite at least 3 ways.
POSTTEST

Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1. Which of the following best describes Ohm’s Law?

A. The higher the resistance, the higher the current
B. The higher the resistance, the lower the voltage.
C. As the voltage increases, the current decreases.
D. As the voltage increases, the current also increases.
2. Which is safe to use an electrical device with a longer wire or shorter wire?
A. Shorter wire
B. Longer wire
C. Both shorter and longer wire
D. Length of a wire does not affect the electrical devices
3. If the copper wire of the air conditioner has a cross-sectional area of
10 x 10−9 𝑚2 , how long must it be to have a resistance of 350 Ω at
20°C?
A. 5 x 10−5 m B. 0.021m C. 3m D. 4m
4. Which of the following graphs shows ohmic materials?
A. C.

B. D.

5. Why Ohm’s Law important to electrical devices?

A. Because it helps to calculate the current, voltage, and resistance.
B. You will know the relationship between the current, voltage, and
resistance.
C. It avoids electrical devices from short circuits and overloading.
D. It gives information about different kinds of wire.
KEY TO CORRECTION
EXPECTATIONS

REFERENCES
De Luna, Marie Josephine M. et al. Exploring Science and Technology: Physics.
Anvil Publishing, Inc., 2012.

Hewitt, Paul G. Conceptual Physics. 9th ed. San Francisco: Addison Wesley, 2002.

Holt, McDougal. Physics. USA: Houghton Mifflin Harcourt Publishing Company,

2012.

Santos, Gil Nonato C., and Ocampo, Jorge P. e-Physics: The Next Generation.1st
edition. Rex Book store, Inc., 2003.
Silverio, Angelina A. Exploring Life Through Science Series: General Physics 1
Phoenix Publishing House, Inc., 2017.

Padua, Alicia L and Crisostomo, Ricardo M. Exploring Practical and Explorational

Physics: Modular Approach. 2nd edition Vibal Publishing House, Inc.

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/resistance-in-a-wire/latest/resistance-in-a-
wire_en.html

https://phet.colorado.edu/sims/html/ohms-law/latest/ohms-law_en.html