Thermodynamics

Chapter 4
4.5 A piston–cylinder device with a set of stops initially contains 0.6 kg of steam at 1.0 MPa and 400℃. The
location of the stops corresponds to 40 percent of the initial volume. Now the steam is cooled. Determine the
compression work if the final state is (a) 1.0 MPa and 250℃ and (b) 500 kPa. (c) Also determine the
temperature at the final state in part (b).

4-20 1-kg of water that is initially at 90℃ with a quality of 10 percent occupies a spring-loaded
piston–cylinder device, such as that in Fig. P4–20. This device is now heated until the pressure rises to 800 kPa
and the temperature is 250℃. Determine the total work produced during this process, in kJ.
4-23 A piston–cylinder device contains 50 kg of water at 250 kPa and 25℃. The cross-sectional area of the
piston is 0.1 m2. Heat is now transferred to the water, causing part of it to evaporate and expand. When the
volume reaches 0.2 m3, the piston reaches a linear spring whose spring constant is 100 kN/m. More heat is
transferred to the water until the piston rises 20 cm more. Determine (a) the final pressure and temperature and
(b) the work done during this process. Also, show the process on a P-V diagram.

4-27 A 0.5-m3 rigid tank contains refrigerant-134a initially at 160 kPa and 40 percent quality. Heat is now
transferred to the refrigerant until the pressure reaches 700 kPa. Determine (a) the mass of the refrigerant in
the tank and (b) the amount of heat transferred. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.
4-29 A rigid 10-L vessel initially contains a mixture of liquid water and vapor at 100℃ with 12.3 percent
quality. The mixture is then heated until its temperature is 150℃. Calculate the heat transfer required for this
process.

4-32 An insulated piston–cylinder device contains 5 L of saturated liquid water at a constant pressure of 175
kPa. Water is stirred by a paddle wheel while a current of 8 A flows for 45 min through a resistor placed in the
water. If one-half of the liquid is evaporated during this constant-pressure process and the paddle-wheel work
amounts to 400 kJ, determine the voltage of the source. Also, show the process on a P-v diagram with respect to
saturation lines.
4-33 A piston–cylinder device initially contains steam at 200 kPa, 200℃, and 0.4 m3. At this state, a linear
spring (F ∝ x) is touching the piston but exerts no force on it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam,
causing the pressure and the volume to rise to 250 kPa and 0.6 m3, respectively. Show the process on a P-v
diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done by the
steam, and (c) the total heat trans- ferred.
4-35 A piston–cylinder device initially contains 0.8 m3 of saturated water vapor at 250 kPa. At this state, the
piston is resting on a set of stops, and the mass of the piston is such that a pressure of 300 kPa is required to
move it. Heat is now slowly transferred to the steam until the volume doubles. Show the process on a P-v
diagram with respect to saturation lines and determine (a) the final temperature, (b) the work done during this
process, and (c) the total heat transfer.
4-37 Steam at 75 kPa and 8 percent quality is contained in a spring-loaded piston–cylinder device, as shown
in Fig. P4–37, with an initial volume of 2 m3. Steam is now heated until its volume is 5 m3 and its pressure is
225 kPa. Determine the heat transferred to and the work produced by the steam during this process.
4-39 An insulated tank is divided into two parts by a partition. One part of the tank contains 2.5 kg of
compressed liquid water at 60℃ and 600 kPa while the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed,
and the water expands to fill the entire tank. Determine the final temperature of the water and the volume of the
tank for a final pressure of 10 kPa.

4-58 An insulated rigid tank is divided into two equal parts by a partition. Initially, one part contains 4 kg of
an ideal gas at 800 kPa and 50℃, and the other part is evacuated. The partition is now removed, and the gas
expands into the entire tank. Determine the final temperature and pressure in the tank.
4-61 A 4-m X 5-m X 7-m room is heated by the radiator of a steam-heating system. The steam radiator
transfers heat at a rate of 10,000 kJ/h, and a 100-W fan is used to distribute the warm air in the room. The rate
of heat loss from the room is estimated to be about 5000 kJ/h. If the initial temperature of the room air is 10℃,
determine how long it will take for the air temperature to rise to 20℃. Assume constant specific heats at room
temperature.

4-67 A mass of 15 kg of air in a piston–cylinder device is heated from 25 to 77℃ by passing current through
a resis- tance heater inside the cylinder. The pressure inside the cylin- der is held constant at 300 kPa during the
process, and a heat loss of 60 kJ occurs. Determine the electric energy supplied, in kWh.
4-71 Air is contained in a cylinder device fitted with a piston-cylinder. The piston initially rests on a set of
stops, and a pressure of 200 kPa is required to move the piston. Initially, the air is at 100 kPa and 23℃ and
occupies a volume of 0.25 m3. Determine the amount of heat transferred to the air, in kJ, while increasing the
temperature to 700 K. Assume air has constant specific heats evaluated at 300 K.