Class 10th

Mathematics
Short Note
TRIGONOMETRY

• Trigonometry is the branch of mathematics in which we study the relationships between the sides and the angles of a
triangle.

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:-
The ratio of sides of a right angle triangle with respect to acute angles are called "Trigonometric ratios of the angle".

RIGHT ANGLE TRIANGLE:-

1. A triangle having one angle equal to 90º is called right angle triangle.
2. The sum of other two acute (Less than 90º) angles is 90º. (or both acute angles are complementary)
3. The side opposite to 90º, is called hypotenuse, it is longest side in triangle.
4. The side opposite to given acute angle is perpendicular and side adjacent to the angle is base.

D Perp. Base
A C D
 Hypotenuse 
Base

Base

Perp.

Hypo. Hypo.

E F B
Perpendicular
A

B C
Hypotenuse Perpendicular Base
for A AC BC AB
for C AC AB BC

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS:-
TRICK : Some People Have
Curly Brown Hair
To Produce Beauty.
D
(H)
(P)


E F
(B)

[1]
sin  = P/H = DE/DF
cos  = B/H = EF/DF
tan  = P/B = DE/EF
cot  = B/P = EF/DE
sec  = H/B = DF/EF
cosec  = H/P = DF/DE
1 1
By above table sin  = , cos  = ,
cosec sec
1
tan  =
cot

Points To be Remember :
1. The values of sin  & cos  are always less than or equal to 1 & greater than or equal to –1.
2. Value of tan  & cot  lie between –  to + 
3. sin A, cos A, etc. are not product of sin and A.
4. (sin A)2  sin A2 etc.
sin2 = (sin )2
cos2 = (cos )2
tan2 = (tan )2
cosec2 = (cosec )2
sec2 = (sec )2
cot2 = (cot )2

5 1 − tan 
If sec  = , evaluate .
4 1 + tan 
Hypotenuse 5
Since sec  = = , so we draw a right triangle ABC, right angled at B such that
Base 4
Hypotenuse = AC = 5 units,
Base = AB = 4 units, and BAC = 
C
5
3

A 4 B
By Pythagoras theorem, we have
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
 52 = 42 + BC2
 BC2 = 52 – 42 = 9
 BC = 9 =3
BC 3
 tan  = =
AB 4
3 1
1−
1 − tan  4 = 4 = 1.
Now, =
1 + tan  1 + 3 7 7
4 4
[2]
TRIGONOMETRIC RATIO (T.R.) OF SOME SPECIFIC ANGLES:-
The angles 0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90° are angles for which we have values of T.R.
A 0° 30° 45° 60° 90°
sin A 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2

3 1 1
cos A 1 0
2 2 2
1
tan A 0 3 1 3 Not defined

3
1 0
cot A Not defined 1
3
2
1 3
Not defined
sec A 2 2 2
1
Not defined 2
cosec A 2
3

• sin   when    0º    90°

• cos   when    0º    90°
• tan , cot  are not defined for  = 90° & 0º respectively.
• cosec , sec  are not defined when  = 0º & 90º respectively.
• sin  = cos  for only  = 45°
• 180° = c
c c c c
       
30° =   ; 45° =   ; 60° =   ; 90° =  
6  4  3  2

TRIGONOMETRIC RATIOS OF COMPLEMENTARY ANGLES:-

We know complementary angles are pair of angles whose sum is 90°
sin (90°–) = cos , cot (90°–) = tan 
cos (90°–) = sin , sec (90°–) = cosec 
tan (90°–) = cot , cosec (90°–) = sec 

Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate the following :

cos 37º sin 41º sin 30º17´
(i) (ii) (iii)
sin 53º cos 49º cos 59º 43´

(i) We have
cos 37º cos(90º −53º ) sin 53º
= = =1 [ cos(90º–) = sin ]
sin 53º sin 53º sin 53º
(ii) We have,
sin 41º sin(90º −49º ) cos49º
= = =1 [ sin (90º–) = cos ]
cos 49º cos 49º cos49º

[3]
(iii) We have,
sin 30º 17´ sin(90º −59º 43´) cos59º 43´
= = = 1.
cos 59º 43´ cos59º 43´ cos59º 43´

TRIGONOMETRIC IDENTITIES
sin  cos
(1) tan  = ; cot  =
cos sin 
(2) sin2 + cos2 = 1
(i) sin2 = 1 – cos2 (ii) cos2 = 1 – sin2
(3) 1 + tan2 = sec2
(i) sec2 – 1 = tan2 (ii) sec2 – tan2 = 1
(ii) tan2 – sec2 = – 1
(4) 1 + cot2 = cosec2
(i) cosec2 – 1 = cot2
(ii) cosec2 – cot2 = 1
(iii) cot2 – cosec2 = – 1

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