12/31/2015

JIMMA UNIVERSITY Lecture-2

JIMMA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY Control Surveying
SCHOOL OF CIVIL AND ENVIRONMENTAL ENG’G

By: Dejene Tesema

Advanced Surveying (CENG 6204)
Lecturer
M.Sc/M.Eng program in Civil Engineering Adama Science and Technology University
Highway Engineering Regular Students Geomatics Engineering Department
E-mail: [email protected]

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 1 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 2

Horizontal Control Surveying Horizontal control

• It is a surveying process required to establish horizontal
position of points
• Control points establish link between the physical surface • Conventional technique involves
of the earth and engineering design • Traversing,
• It involves the measurement of distance and angles. • Intersection,
Used for; • Resection,
• Trilateration,
Topographic mapping and large-scale plan production.
• Triangulation
Dimensional control of construction work. • GPS etc.
Deformation surveys for all manner of structures
The extension and densification of existing control networks

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 3 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 4

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Traversing
Traverse adjustment
• Types • Small random errors (Angular and Linear misclosures)
• If the misclosures are within acceptable limits, it is
standard practice to remove the misclosures by adjusting
the original observations to make the traverse a
mathematically correct figure.
• Method of adjustment
– Bowditch’s rule
– Transit rule
– Crandall’s rule
– Least square method

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 5 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 6

Computation and adjustment of a closed-route Order of computation

traverse (link traverse) by Bowditch rule 1. Compute the first azimuth az B,A and the last azimuth az C,D.
2. Compute the actual azimuth az C,D based on the azimuth az
B,A and the measured traverse angles :
act azimuth az C,D = nom azimuth az B,A +Σ  - n* (180)
North
with: n= number of instrument stations
North D (x,y)
3. Compute the angular misclosure f 
North
n
f  = nom azimuth az C,D- act azimuth a C,D
c ti o a D,C
re
di
re
nc
e 4. Compute the allowable angular misclosure f  (allowable):
fe
a B,A North re



C
a C,D
f  ( allowable):=1' [n]1/2
A-D = reference points
B (x,y) re
fe
re
n ce

 
1-3 = traverse points
a = azimuth
The allowable error should not be exceeded
di a A,1  3 C (x,y) = measured traverse angle


re
ct
io
n 1 5. Compute the corrections for each measured traverse angle:

 
2
A (x,y)
correction per angle "corr  " = f /n

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Order of computation… Order of computation…

6. Compute the azimuths of each traverse side:
9. Calculate the sum of the actual coordinate differences:
azA,1= az B,A+ " corr  " + A + 180
actualΔX = Σdep actual ΔY = Σlat
az 1,2= az A,1 + " corr 1 " + 1 + 180
etc. 10. Computate of closure of departure "cldep " and closure
Check: The actual azimuth a C,D, computed now with the corrected traverse of latitude: "cllat “
angles, has to be equal to the nominal azimuth az C,D calculated in step 1. cldep = nominal ΔX - actual ΔX
7. Calculate the nominal coordinate differences, based on the given cllat = nominal ΔY - actual ΔY
coordinates of the points A and C: 11. Compute closure error of traverse (fs)
nominal ΔX = XC –XA nominal ΔY = YC -YA
8. Calculate each coordinate difference (departure and latitude): fs  cl 2 Departure  cl 2 Latitude
depA,1 = dA,1 sin az A,1 latA,1 = dA,1 cos a A,1 12. Compute relative accuracy
etc
1:
d
fS

Exercise: Adjust the following closed-route traverse and compute the

Order of computation… coordinates of the traverse stations B, C, D and E.
13. Distribute cldep and cllat proportional to the length of each H
F

traverse side 31°24'19"

m
35
6.9

correction for each departure = " cldep " (respective d /Σd)

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163°41'55"
correction for each latitude = " cllat " (respective d / Σd) 52
m E
5. 3
12
194°36'29"
final departure= dep(step 8) + correction for departure
D

final latitude = lat(step 8) + correction for latitude

8m

Reference point coordinates

196.03

Point X(m) Y(m)

14. Computation of the final coordinates of each point, using 171°51'33"

C
A
F
14292.48
14910.35
5250.76
5742.53

Known azimuths
now the corrected coordinate difference Line A-G 307°43'25"
m
61

Line F-H 258°25'28"

9.5

X1 = XA + final departure Y1 = YA + final departure

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194°3'27"
X2 = X1 + final departure Y2 = Y1 + final departure G B

etc. etc.
544m

95°4'7"

Check Finally, the in this step calculated coordinates for the end point
137.

(here point C), must be equal to the given coordinates of point C! A

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Least Square Method traverse adjustment Least square…..

• It considers observations of different precision • The starting Azimuth plus all the measured angles should
• derived quantities, Azimuth Ф and coordinates X,Y equal the known finishing Azimuth
cannot be considered as mathematically (or statistically)
independent.
The starting east coordinate plus all the east components of the
traverse legs should equal to the known east coordinate at the
end point and

The starting north coordinates plus all the north components of

the traverse legs should equal the known north coordinate at the
end point.

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 13 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 14

Least Square… Least square…..

If we have • The following three condition equations will be solved
using least square solution

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Least square…
Least square…
Elements of matrix A (a matrix of coefficients of variables

• The 1st row contains 0 for distance residuals and 1 for

angle residuals
• The 2nd row contains sine values of observed
azimuths (coefficients of distance residuals) and the
difference in Y coordinate (coefficient of angle • To make the units of matrix A is consistent with
residuals) that of matrix L,
• The 3rd row contains cosine values of observed multiply both 2nd and 3rd rows by (100/ρ)
azimuths (coefficients of distance residuals) and the Where ρ is the no of sec in one radian = (180*3600/π)
difference in X coordinate (coefficient of angle
residuals)

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 17 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 18

Least square… Procedures

• Calculate azimuths of each line using observed angle
• Calculate the coordinates of the traverse points by using
the observed values
• Calculate the angular and coordinate misclosures
(elements of matrix L)
• Calculate the coefficients of the correction (or residuals)
• Form weight matrix(W) or Cofactor matrix (Q). Q= W-1
• Form a set of three Normal Equation
• Solve for matrix of Lagrange multiplies K= (AQAT)-1 L
• Solve for residuals V= QATK then apply correction to
observation

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Intersection
Resection
• It requires a minimum of two control points (fixed
stations) and observation to the floating(unknown) • By taking observations to at least three control
station.
• The observations can be distances, bearings or
points.
included horizontal angles

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 21 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 22

Resection… Example
Compute coordinate of point P
• Minimum of three CP are required for unique
solution. If more than required no of CP X Y
observations are taken, the least square method A 1234.96m 17 594.48m
must be applied to determine the most probable B 7994.42m 24 343.45m
values. C 17 913.83m 21 364.73m

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example
Vertical control (elevation)
• Figure below shows a diagram of a level network of
• Elevation of a vertical control point will be height differences observed between the fixed stations A
determined by leveling process. (RL 102.440 m) and B (RL 104.565 m) and "floating"
• Using differential leveling the elevation of stations X, Y and Z whose Reduced Levels (RL's) are
different stations will be determined with unknown. The arrows on the diagram indicate the
direction of rise. The Table of Height differences shows
reference to station with known elevation
the height difference for each line of the network and the
• When the more than one reference points are distance (in kilometers) of each level run. Determine the
used to determine the elevation of specific adjusted height differences and the RL's of X, Y and Z.
point, least square method will be applied to
consider the redundant measurements.
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Construction Surveying
• Construction Surveying is a surveying conducted to
Lecture-3
layout, locate and monitor public and private
Construction Surveying engineering works.
• It provides the horizontal and vertical layout for every
By: Dejene Tesema key component of construction project.
Lecturer • The first on-site job for construction surveyor is to
locate the horizontal and vertical control used in the
Adama Science and Technology University preliminary survey.
Geomatics Engineering Department • Once the original control has been reestablished or
E-mail: [email protected] verified, the control must be extended over the
construction site to suit the purposes of each specific
project
Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 29 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 30

Construction benchmarks
• are the same benchmarks set on the preconstruction
location survey.
• The preconstruction location survey bench levels
shall be checked prior to use on construction.
Reading assignment
Setting out Highway curves • In the event it is necessary to install additional
benchmarks to facilitate construction, the same
accuracy and care shall be used in setting new
benchmarks.
• Center line stakes are set on both sides of a roadway,
normally along the right of way line, or a specified
distance beyond the work limits.
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Center line stakes Slope stakes

• The standard size of these stakes is about 5*5*40cm. • indicate where the excavation or embankment will
The cut or fill is marked on the stake and indicates the intersect the existing ground
elevation difference to the top of the subgrade at the
shoulder of the roadway.
• When the hub is not driven flush with the ground, the
cut or fill is referenced to the original ground directly
in front of the hub

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 33 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 34

Slope stake… Slope stake…

• It is necessary to check the arithmetic of the instrument • The size of these stakes is normally 3*5*40cm. It
man when slope stakes are being placed should be placed so that the equipment operator can
• The Instrument man will calculate a grade rod, which is read the information without getting off the equipment.
the difference between the elevation of level and the
design elevation of the shoulder of the road.
• He will add to the grade rod the depth of the ditch from
the shoulder. This will yield the ditch grade rod
(D.G.R.) for cut sections.
• The slope stake should be driven into the ground at an
angle and facing centerline

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Blue top Staking Blue top staking…

• Two operations are needed to install bluetops by the
• After the contractor has completed his rough grading
level and rod method. The first operation involves
he needs some stakes to finish the top of the roadway
running in roadway alignment and setting out the
to the designs width and elevation. These stakes are
stakes. The second is the grading of the stakes.
called blue tops.
• These stakes are set on the centerline and on each
• They are 3*3cm stakes that are driven into the
shoulder for every station and midpoint between
roadway so their tops are at the elevations called for
stations. On a wide roadway, stakes are also placed at
on the Design
the quarter points (see the following staking figure).
• The contractor then shaves away or fills until the
surface of the roadway is in line with the tops of these
stakes

Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 37 Dec 31, 2015 By: Dejene Tesema 38

Pipe Staking
• Reference Stakes for staking should be offset from
the end of the pipe, not the end of the flare or safety
end. There will be two stakes at each end of the pipe
• The stake, which is the reference point, shall be
driven flush with the ground and far enough from the
pipe site to insure protection during construction.
• The guard stake, which will be placed along side the
stake, will contain the following information
offset distance, stationing, pipe size, length of
pipe type of pipe, whether a cut or fill is required
to the end of the pipe

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Bridge Staking
• Reference stakes are of great importance for the proper
construction of a bridge. They must be accessible and accurate.
• Check all dimensions on the plans before staking
• Check alignment and stationing of the structure centerline. The
structure must fit the proposed construction site. For example, on
crossovers the stationing must check with the crossroad or
railroad centerline. Have any changes occurred at the site, which
may influence the location of the structure or method of
construction, such as washouts, flooding, or channel changes.
• Set an adequate number of reference points.
• Check accuracy of staking by measurements and cross
measurements.

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