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Traversing-and-Traverse-Computations

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17 views

Traversing-and-Traverse-Computations

Uploaded by

jian
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Traversing and Traverse Computations

Definition of Terms
1. Traverse – is a series of lines connecting
successive points whose lengths and
directions have been determined from field
measurements.
2. Traversing – The process of measuring the
lengths and directions of lines of a traverse
for the purpose of locating the position of a
certain points
3. Traverse Station – Any temporary or
permanent point of reference over which
the instrument is set up.
4. Traverse lines – are lines connecting
traverse stations and whose lengths and
directions are determined.

Four Different types of traverse


1. Interior Angle Traverse
2. Deflection Angle Traverse
3. Angle to the Right Traverse
4. Azimuth Traverse
1. Interior Angle traverse
 The angles formed between the
adjacent sides of a closed traverse.
 The usual practice of measuring angles
is in clockwise direction.
 The interior angles may be checked by
the geometrical relation that in any
polygon having n sides, the sum of the
interior angles must be.
∑ ¿∫ ¿ = (n-2) X 1800
2. Deflection Angle Traverse
 A deflection angle is a horizontal angle
measured clockwise or counterclockwise
from the prolongation of the preceding line
to the succeeding line.
 Deflection angle varies from 00 to 1800
and must be designated as right (R) or Left
(L).
 For any closed traverse in which sides
do not cross one another, the summation of
the deflection angles, considering those
turned to the left as being opposite sign to
those turned to the right, should equal 3600
A B D

30020’ (R)

C 63054’ (L)

3. Angle To The Right Traverse


 Angles are measured clockwise from the
backsight of the back line to a forward
line. These angles may lie anywhere
between 00 and 3600.
 For a closed traverse, the sum of the
angles to the right should be (n+2)1800
if the traverse proceeds in a clockwise
direction.
 For a closed traverse, the sum of the
angles to the right should be (n – 2) 180 0
if the traverse proceeds in a
counterclockwise direction

4. Azimuth Traverse.
 AZIMUTHS are measured clockwise either
from the north or south end of a selected
reference meridian to the line.
 In a closed azimuth traverse, the angular error
is determined by again setting up on the
starting point and noting the difference
between initial and final azimuth readings
taken along the first line of the traverse
TRAVERSE COMPUTATION
Latitudes and departures
 The latitude of a line is its projection onto the
reference meridian or a north south line.
 Latitudes are sometimes referred to as
northings or southings.
 Latitudes of the line with northerly bearings are
designated as being North (N) or positive (+);
those in southerly direction are designated as
South (S) or negative (-)
 The departure of a line is its projection onto the
reference parallel or an east-west line.
 Departures are sometime referred to as
eastings or westings
 Departures of the line with easterly bearings
are designated as being East (E) or positive (+);
those in westerly direction are designated as
West (W) or negative (-)
TRAVERSE ADJUSTMENT
Traverse adjustment is the procedure of
computing the linear error of closure and
applying corrections to the individual latitudes
and departures for the purpose of providing a
mathematically closed figure
Methods of Adjusting a Traverse.
1. Compass Rule
2. Transit Rule
Compass Rule
 Are also called the Bowditch Rule named
after the distinguished American
navigator Nathaniel Bowditch (1773-
1838)
 Based from the assumption that all
lengths were measured with equal care
and all angles are taken with
approximately the same precision.
The correction to be applied to the latitude (or
departure) of any course is equal to the total
closure in latitude (or departure) multiplied by
the ratio of the length of the course to the total
length of perimeter.
d d
cl =CL( D ) c d = C D( D )
where;
cl = correction to be applied to the latitude of
any course
cd = correction to be applied to the departure
of any course
CL = total closure in the latitude
CD = total closure in the departure
d = length of any course
D = total length of the course
Sample Problems.
1. The observed interior angles of a closed
traverse are as follows:
A = 153030’00” ;
B = 58020’20”; C = 139019’00”;
D = 78021’20”; and E = 110028’00”.
Determine the angular closure and adjust
the measured angles by assuming that the
angular error is of the same amount at
each station. Tabulate values accordingly.
2. The interior angle of a five sided closed
traverse was measured as shown in the
figure. If all observed angles are assumed to
be correct, determine the interior angle at C.
Also determine the bearing of each line if the
bearing of line AB is N 15030’ E. tabulate
values accordingly.

95033’

A 118030’
C

140050’
134010’
E
D

3. Following are the observed deflection angles


of a closed traverse
A = 28025’00” (L) B= 68003’30” (L)
C = 120034’00” (L) D = 58030’00” (R)
E = 108013’30” (L) F = 16050’00” (R)
G = 110000’30” (L)
Compute the error of closure and adjust
the angular values by assuming that the
error is the same for each angle. Tabulate
values accordingly.
4. A five sided closed traverse proceeds in a
clockwise direction and the angle to the right
at each station were observed as follows:
αa = 240030’ αb = 238015’ αc = 289053’
αd = 220004’ αe =271013’
Determine the error of closure and adjust the
observed values on the assumption that the
error is the same for each angle. Tabulate
values accordingly.
5. Given the accompanying tabulation are the
observed data for a closed traverse.
Determine the bearing and azimuth from
north of all the traverse lines, and the angle
to the right at each station.

Station Station Distance Azimuth


Occupied Observed (m) From South
E 90028’
A
B 210.10 170030’
A 350030’
B
C 155.34 123005’
B 303005’
C
D 206.85 56013’
C 236013’
D
E 174.50 357058’
D 177058’
E
A 330.00 270028’

6. Given in the accompanying tabulation are the


observed data for a traverse obtained from a
transit-tape survey. Determine the latitudes and
departures of each course and balance these
quantities by employing the compass rule. Also
determine the linear error of closure, bearing of
the side of error, and the relative precision.
Finally, determine the adjusted length and
adjusted bearing of each course and tabulate
values accordingly.

COURSE DISTANCE BEARING


AB 495.85 m N 05030’ E
BC 850.62 m N 46002’ E
CD B855.45 m S 67038’ E
DE 1,020.87 m S 12025’ E
EF 1,117.26 m S 83044’ W
FA 660.15 m N 57022’ W

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