Section I: Attempt Fifteen (15) Compulsory questions 55 marks 01. A wide way lead is known as Answer: A wicle way leading from one place to another, especially one that vehicles can use is known as "road". Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 ¢ from one place to another, especially one that vehicles can use ». (highway; traffic; road; railway; street), 3 marks 02. means the total volume of vehicles encountered in both directions on the road in the considered period, (Trafic; Vehicles statistics; Traffic; Traffic police). 3 marks fie" [5] means the total volume of vehicles encountered in both directions on the road in the considered period Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 08. A physical obstruction, normally of semi-circular profile, placed transv surface of the carriageway for the purpose of reducing traffic speed ely on the § named a. ++ (Kerb; Hump; Ramp} 3 marks Answer: physical obstruction, normally of semi-circular profile, placed transversely on the surface of the carriageway for the purpose of reclucing traffic spced is named a "hump" [2 Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 04, The figure below represents @ cross sectional setting out of a typical road, Use the following list to complete the road parts as indicated in the figure. (Catch drain; Gutter; Natural surface; Cut slope; Shoulder; Retaining wall; Carriageway; Traffic lanes). 5 marks Right-of-way Formation width(1) Natural surface; |! (2) Carriageway; (1) (3) Traffic lanes; |i) (4) Shoulder; [1) (5) Catch drain. | Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Aligament, Page 344 05. Roads are classified basing on region where the road is locat the surfacing is constructed and mode of road construction: column III of road classification in that of I, matching to the column Mh ‘These are the main roads connecting national and international cen! as, either direct to adjacent urban | centers or to the arterial road, [These are the lowest level in the road hierarchy | ‘They are only sufficient to provide appropriate ed, material in which Write a letter from road classification 3 marks 1m ‘Al Amterial roads/ | | Primary roads | Collector roads/ Secondary roads | C. Street roads/ | | | access to the rural agricultural, population and) — Rural roads | commercial small centers served. | | i | Column | ap "Column 1 . - Cofumn It | {oy Ali] | These are the main roads connecting national and ‘A. Arterial roads/ | international centers. ‘They have the function of linking traffic to/from Bfi] | rural areas, either direct to adjacent urban | centers or to the arterial road. ~ | ‘These are the lowest level in the road hierarchy. ¢{t] | They are only sufficient to provide appropriate | access to the rural agricultural, population and | commercial small centers served. Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 Primary roads B. Collector roads/ | Secondary roads | C. Street roads/ Rural roads.06. Generally, traffic is cl sified clifferently according to the considered design standards and sometimes is classified according to the types encountered on the road, In order to assess benefit (from actual to future users), it is necessary to sepa main categories, Enumerate them, Answe! of vehicles in an economic raisal ate traffic into the three (3) 3 marks ‘The three (3) main traffic categories are the following: + Normal traffic; + Diverted traffic; + Generated traffic. Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 07. Give any four (4) obstructions in pegging during the new road construction 4 marks ‘The obstructions in pegging during the new road construction are: * Waterway; © Forest; [1] * Buildings; * Rock, [i] ° Ete... Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 348 08, The pavement is the portion of the road, excluding the shoulders, placed above the sub-grade to support and form a running surface for vehicl It is made up of the three (3) layers namely: sub-base, the base course and the surface or wearing cours aw the figure below and complete appropriately the indicated road layers. 3 marks Sear AT, gr octets Ooo Bo sO TRITEST SES EVIRSIAD: tsub-geade Answer: Reference: LU3 Conduct setting out, Page 35909. Complete the following statement with "Simple eireular curve"; "Compound circular curve’; "Reverse circular curve" i\(\ "transitional curve". is the one which cons a is of a single are of a circle. [tis tangential to both the straight lines (tangents) 3 marks Answer: “Simple circular curve"|9) is the one which consists of a single are of a circle. It is tangential to both the straight lines (tangents) Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 347 210. When setting out the centre line of a road, it is important to check the gradients along the road profiles. Transter the level of one profile board to the next ranging rod and measure the difference (A) The road gradient is calculated as: 1 mark Level difference (42) (3) Road gradik ccna Length Length (ii)Read gr: Level vel difference (4 erence | (ii)Roac gradient (By The gradient or slope is expressed ins... [meter (m); percentage (%); both meter (m) and percentage (%]] 1 mark (€)The figure below shows the 0.5m difference of levels measured between two (2) profile boards with a length of 20m between them when the centre line of a road is set out 3 marks The estimated road gradient is: (i) 0.025% (ii) 0.25% (435) 2.5% NB. Please! Show all your possible ways (r Answer: isons) of how you get the answers.(a) The road gradient is calculated as follows: (ii) Road gradient = Le¥2!sifference ah (wT Length a te gradient or slope is ex; ¢ is expressed in percentage (%) |i} {c) The road gradient is calculated as follows: 5 e * Level difference (Ah)= 0.5m * Length between 2 profile boards= 20m [1 05m: Read gradient X 100 = 2.546 2am * The estimated road gradient is 2.5% Reference: LU2 Apply Vertical Alignments, Page 350 LUS Conduct setting out, Page 359 11. Construction costs; Costs to future traffic; Maintenance costs; Social costs benefits and Watershed route are some factors should be considered when surveyors and engineers will decide on the detailed design of several alignments. (True or False) 3 marks Answer: 4 Where several alignments are possible, surveyors and the engineers will decide on the detailed design after considering some factors namely ¢ Construction costs; * Costs to future traffic; ¢ Maintenance cos * Social costs and benefits; * Watershed route. * ‘The s tatement above is "true"[3] Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 344 12. Select the correct answ : for the following statements: A. A transition curve is a special type of curve which satisfies the condition that .. fa) At the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the | transition curve and circular curve should be 90° (b) At the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be zero. (e) Its curvature at its end should be infinity. B. The shortest distance between the point of commencement and the point of tangency of a circular curve is known as a) Long chord; (b) Normal chord; _(e) Sub-chordy (d) Half-chord. _ The long chord of a circular curve of radius R with deflection angle | is, angents to thegiven by {a) 28 cos (8/2) (b) 2R sin (4/2); (e) 2R tan (4/2 (d) 2R see (4/2). D. The curve preferred for vertical curves is a (a) circular are; (b) spiral; (c) parabola; Answer: ‘A. A transition curve is a special type of curve which satisfies the condition that "at the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be zero". distance between the point of commencement and the point (a) byperbola B. The shortes of tangency ofa circular curve is known as "Long chord" lar curve of radius R with deflection angle A is C. The long chord of a circu given by “2R sin (4/2)". ‘The curve preferred for vertical curves is a "parabola". D Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 347 18, (a) A section of a divided highway that separates the directions in road construction is known as ravel lanes in opposing (shoulder; carriageway; 2 marks median). ) Select the functions (role) of median among the following: 3 marks i. Providing a recovery area for out-of-control vehicles; ii. Unseparating opposing traffic, . Providing stopping areas during emergencies; iv. Unprovide refuge for pedestrians. Answer: {a) A section of a divided highway that separates directions in road construction is known as median’ eLlanes in opposinggiven by (a) 2R cos (4/2); (b) 28 sin (4/2); (e) 2 tan (4/2); (d) 28 sec (4/2) D. The curve preferred for vertical curves is a (a) circular are; (®) spiral; {e) parabola; (a) hyperbola. Answer: A. A transition curve s a special type of curve which satisfies the condition that “at the junction with the circular curve, the angle between the tangents to the transition curve and circular curve should be zero’. |) B. The hortest distance between the point of commencement and the point of tangency ofa circular curve is known as "Long chord". [1] . The long chord of a circular curve of radius R with deflection angle given by "2R sin (s/2)". [1] D. The curve preferred for vertical curves is a "parabola". Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 347 13. (a) A section of a divided highway that separates the travel lanes in opposing directions in road construction is known as. median). (shoulder; carriageway; 2 marks (b) Sclect the functions (role) of median among the following: 3 marks i Providing a recovery area for ou ii. Unseparating opposing traffic, iii. Providing stopping areas during emergencies; iv. Unprovide refuge for pedestrians, Answer: (a) A section of a divided highway that separates the travel lanes in opposing directions in road construction is known as "median"{2] of-control vehicles;jo pag, 8¥e oBeg Quomuiry wynomoy Addy 1717 :ooueroy -deux moywos p. moys dum y « 1 UE SI OU mMozUOD y+* A contour line is an imag ginary line on the map joining the points of equal elevation (altitude) * Amap showing only the contour lines of an area is called contour map. [2 Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 348 End of the 1* Section----Section II: Answer all three {3) questions pe 16. Horizontal Cur . aks tal Curve; Circular cy e Transition Curve, cutee Curve; Simple curve; Compound Curve; Rever se Curve; Summit Curve ahd Veh oe Spiral Curve; Lemniscate; Vertical Curves iypes tetas ay Curve are the types of curve. Starting from the main iY ir branches, make the orcle 10 marks Answer: rizontal C Vertical Curve Circular Curve Transition Curve Summit Curv y Curve Curve 1. Cubic Parabola 2 pound Curve 2. Spiral Curve 3 Cur 3. Lemniscate Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 347 LU2 Apply Vertical Alignments, Page 350 17. The figure below illustrates a road curve set out and the following data are considered: Deflection angle A=16°88' ; Radius of curvature R= 1,000ft; Point of intersection PI is at 6+26.57; and the peg interval is 100ft. ec onate: rangent length (1); (ii) Length of the curve (0; (ii) S (iv) Long chord (L); (¥) Mid-orclinate (M); (vi) Baxter nal ¢ Answer: « Deflection angle A= 15°33 « Avhalf deflection angle == 8°19" + Tangent length (T) = R tas 1000 x tan 8°19 = 146.18 ft ~, Chainage= 1+46.18 Length of curve ({} = 2nR4/360° = 2n x 1000 x 16.6333/360° [0 290,31 ft [0.5] > Chainage= 2490.31 ‘The station at BC = Station at PI - Tangent (T) = 6426.57- 1446.18 [0.2 = 4480.39 [0.2 « ‘The station at EC = Station at BC+ Length of curve (0) [ = 4480.39 + 2+90.31[0-25] tation at BC and EC; listance (EB) 10 marks + Long chord (L) = 2Rsin, x 1000x sin (8°19) [0 52 ft (0 R(sec>1) 1000 [sec (8°19) -1] (9-251 ft [0 « The external distance (E) Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 947 a18. phe figure below is representing setting out of road simple circular curve. Observe it attentively and choose the correct answer carefully PCPI-PIPT are the tangents length (1); PCCPT is length of curve (0); Plis Point of Inflection; A is deflection angle of 60° and R is the curve radius of 570m. {a) Tangent length (POPI=PIPT) is: ) 329.809m; (if) 329. 98m; (iii) 329.080m 2 marks {b) Length of curve (POCPT) is: () 596.06m; (i) 596.90m; (iii) 596.60m, 2 marks {e) Long chord(PCPT of the curve is: (750m; (4507 m; (4i570m 2 marks {a) External distance (PIC) is: () 88.197; (H) 88.97 1m; (ii 88.179m | 2 marks {e) Mid-ordinate (M) of the curve is: (#) 76.356; (ii) 76.563m; (iii) 76.365m 2 marks NB. Please! Show all your possible ways (reasons) of how you get the answers. {A) The tangent length (PCPI=PIPT) is: (4) 329.809m (H) 329,098 (fii S29.089R (B) The length of curve(PCCPT) is: (#) 596.06m (HH) 596, om (/S96.60m {€) The long chora(PCPT) of the curve is: (2)750m (4i)SO7m G8NS7On (D) The external distance (PIC) is: (7}88.197m Gil) 85.97 1m (iii) 88.179 {E) The mid-ordinate (M) of the curve is: (t) 76.356m (i) 76,563m (fii) TERESA 2+ Tangent length (T) = R tan = = 570 x tan 30° = 829.089m + Length of curve ({) = 2nRA/360° = Qn x 570 x 609/360 [0.5 + Long chord (L) = 2Rsin: | = 2x 870x sin (309) [0.5 570m (0-5) + The external distance (E) = R(sec1) = 570 {sec (30%}-1] | «The mid-ordinate (M) = R{1-cos!) [1] = 570 [1-cos (30% [9-51 76.365m ().>) Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page 347 19. Make the order of the following methods used when the road curves are set out. Linear Methods; Rankine method of tangential angles Or One theodolite method; Offsets or ordinate from the long chorel; Use of DGPS; Two theodolite method; Successive bisection of arcs or chords; Angular Method; Offsets from the tangents; Offsets from the chord produced; Coordinate method and Use of total station. 10 marks Answer: Methods of road curve setting out. + Linear Methods: | «Offsets or ordinate from the long chord; [1] © Successive bisection of arcs or chords; [43 + Offsets from the tangents; [0-5] «© Offsets from the chord produced. [9.5] - @ Angular Method: 1] «Rankine method of tangential angles Or One theodolite method [ « ‘Two theodolite method. [1] : “ Coordinate method: |!) © Use of DGPS; [1] Use of total station. [1] Reference: LUS Conduct Setting out, Page 356 3B‘angent length; External Distance or Apex Distance; tion ce Tangent; Point of Curve, Fenath of curve; Point of Tangency; Forward Tangent; Mid Ordinate; Deflc and Radius of Curve are the elements of a simple circular curve. Use a sketch angle 10 marks pres Answerit ‘a sketch representing 10 elements of a simple circular curve: niting them, i WP Deflection (aExter 4ee 8 Biick se (b) The functions (role) of median are: [© «Providing a reco: area for out-of-control vehicles; «Providing stopping areas curing emergencie: Reference: LU1 Apply Horizontal Alignment, Page $47 14, The vertical alignment of the road has a strong influence upon: construction cost, the operation cast and on the number of accidents. Give the two (2) major elements of vertical alignment. 4 marks ‘The two (2) major elements of vertical aligament are: |“! + The gradient which is related to the vehicle performance and level of service, phe vertical curve which is governed by sight distance and comfort criteria Reference: LU2 Apply Vertical Alignments, Page 350 15. A contour plan or map is very much useful in locating the route of highway or any other communication line. How can you differentiate the terms "contour line" and “contour map"? 4 marks Answer: > The difference between contour interval and contour map 8