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Levelling 2

This document discusses leveling, which is used in surveying to determine elevations and differences in elevation between points. It defines key leveling terms like datum, benchmark, backsight, foresight, and describes how leveling is used for purposes like determining heights, contours, and volumes. It also explains how to record leveling readings and calculate reduced levels using different methods.

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JEAN DE DIEU MUVARA
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51 views

Levelling 2

This document discusses leveling, which is used in surveying to determine elevations and differences in elevation between points. It defines key leveling terms like datum, benchmark, backsight, foresight, and describes how leveling is used for purposes like determining heights, contours, and volumes. It also explains how to record leveling readings and calculate reduced levels using different methods.

Uploaded by

JEAN DE DIEU MUVARA
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
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Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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LO 2.

4: Use surveying instruments

Leveling is the operation performed in surveying to determine and establish elevations of points,
to determine differences in elevation between points and for control in construction works

Purpose of Leveling:

Leveling is being used for many different purposes. Among them are as listed below:

i. Determine the height of a particular point

ii. Determine differences in height between points

iii. Determine the contours of a land profile

iv. Provide data for road cross-sections

v. Provide data to calculate volumes for earthworks

vi. Setting out level surfaces for construction

vii. Setting out inclined surfaces for construction

Terms Used In Leveling

Datum:

The level surface is called datum surface. The heights of different points in surveyed area are
measured with reference to this level surface.
HORIZONTAL LINE

A horizontal line at a point is that line which is perpendicular to the direction of gravity at that
point

A LEVEL LINE

A level line is that of uniform height relative to the mean sea level (i.e reference datum). Because
the mean sea level is curved, a level tine is also curved, and every where perpendicular to the
direction of gravity.

Reduced Level

The height or depth of a point above or below the assumed datum is called reduced level. It is
also known as elevation of the point.

Bench Mark

It is a permanent reference point whose elevations or reduced levels are known. All the levelling
operations start from benchmark.

The following are the different types of benchmarks used in surveying:

(a) GTS benchmarks


(b) Permanent benchmarks

C)Arbitrary benchmarks and

(d) Temporary benchmarks

BACK SIGHT (BS): Is the first sight or reading taken for every instrument setup. It is taken
from point of known/assumed height (RL) and at a change point

FORE SIGHT (FS): ' Is the last reading taken for every instrument set up. It is taken at a change
point and finally at the end of leveling operation.

INTERMEDIATE SIGHT (IS) :Is any sight or reading take between" a BS and a FS

CHANGE POINT (CP): This is a point where we take both a FS and a BS with two different
consecutive instrument positions respectively. The foot of the staff remains at the same CP until
when the two readings FS and BS are taken.

Mean sea level (MSL): is the mean level of the sea as determined at a selected place from
observations over a period of time ,used as a datum surface for leveling work. OR MSL is the
level datum line taken as the reference plane.

Height of Instrument (H.I.): - For any set up of the level, the height of instrument is the
elevation of the line of sight with respect to the Mean Sea Level (MSL).

EQUIPMENTS USED IN LEVELING.

The equipments used in leveling are as follows: A level,, a staff and a tape.

Balancing of sights: When the distances of the stations where back sight and fore sight are taken
from the instrument station, are kept approximately equal, it is known as balancing of sights.
Balancing of sights minimizes the effect of instrumental and other errors.

The booking of readings and reducing the levels can be carried out systematically in the tabular
form. There are two such methods:

 Plane of collimation method or Height of Instrument method


 Rise and fall method

Example: The following staff readings were observed successively with a level, the instrument
having been moved after, third, and eighth reading. 1.35, 0.80, 1.65 ,0.40 ,0.70,1,70, 1.30,1.
Enter the above readings in a page of a level book and calculate the R.L of points in height of
collimation and rise and fall method if the reading was taken with a staff held on a B.M. of
200.00.
In this method note the following:

1. Plane of collimation for first setting = RL of BM + BS

2. Subtract IS from plane of collimation to get RL of intermediate station and subtract FS from
plane of collimation to get RL of change point.

3. Add back sight to RL of change point to get new plane of collimation.

4. Check: ΣBS – ΣFS = RL of Last point – RL of first point.

5. If it is negative, it is fall and if positive it is rise.

Booking and reducing level by rise and fall method

Note the following:


1. From A to E1, difference = 1.35 – 0.80 = 0.55, rise

2. From E1 to CP1, difference = 0.80 – 1.65 = – 0.85, fall

3. From CP1 to E2, difference = 1.40 – 0.70 = 0.70, rise

4. From E2 to CP2, difference = 0.70 – 1.70 = –1.00, fall

5. From CP2 to B, difference = 1.30 – 1.85 = – 0.55, fall

EXAMPLE 2 1. The following staff readings were observed successively with a level, the
instrument having been moved after, second, and fourth reading: 2.365, 1.235, 0.685, 3.570,
2.340, 2.230, 2.835, 2.355, 1.760. Enter the above readings in a page of a level book and
calculate the R.L of points with both methods, if the reading was taken with a staff held on a
B.M. of 560.500.

Inverted staff reading

An inverted staff reading can be used to determine the reduced level of a point above the line of
sight of the instrument such as a ceiling, underside of bridge, balcony etc. As the name suggests
the staff is simply turned upside down the bottom placed against the point that the level is
required and then read. An important difference between inverted staff reading and of the levels
types is that they are treated as negative quantities, both in the booking of the readings and
reduction of the level.

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