MIND MAPS

The information in these mind maps is supposed to supplement the textbooks,

not replace it.

Although the author has made every effort to ensure that the information is
correct, the CAPS document must still be consulted as the primary guideline.

Please report any omissions or errors to [email protected]

Compiled by: Claire Smuts

Translated & checked by: Fotiene Avrakotos

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Input
• give input to the
computer. Without it,
the computer does
not know what to do

Processing
Communication • the interal process
• many times you where the computer
share the output processes data so that
what you requisted
you saved with can happen (e.g.
other people sorting, searching for
through e-mail etc. something on the

Information computer)

Processing
Cycle

Output
Storage
• what the computer gives
• to store the output back to you after the
permanently, you processing. Normally
store it on a hard 'soft' output on the
drive or a flash disk screen or 'hard' output
on printout

ICT: Information and Communication Technology

ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications (such as the
Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones and other communication media)

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Physical keyboard

HARDWARE
(Peripheral)
Keyboard (wired &
Touch screen's pop-up
wireless/
keyboard
bluetooth) For blind people - braille
keyboards, microphone
Disabilities
For visually impaired/motor
skills - keyboard with big
buttons

Wireless advantages:
Cables are not in the way,
can work far from computer
disadvantages: theft risk,
Mouse (wired & wireless)
needs batteries, more
expensive to buy,
interference of signals,
Touch pad
weaker response time
Pointing stick
Stylus
Pointing devices
Can recognise more than
Touch screen/multi touch one 'touch' and react - like
screen pinch/zoom (also applicable
to touch pad)
For motor disabilities -
Input devices

trackball/footpedal/
suction-blowing device

Joystick, Steering wheel,

Gaming devices
Controller (Xbox/Playstation)

Used in POS system (point

Barcodes (uses light light
of sale) - know advantages
rays/ optics)
and flow

Quick link to weblink - does

QR codes not need to type in URL
manually

Card readers (bank card) - For securiry - much better

OTM than password, cannot
forget it
Scanners
(resolution Biometric - Face recognition,
Linked to one person's
measured in dpi) Fingerprint, Iris/Retina
unique biometric features
scanner

Disadvantage - you have to

RFID - wireless (uses radio
be there in person, can
waves)
endanger you

Office Flatbed & Feeder

scanners

Character recognition OCR - scans to editable text

Webcam,
Digital video camera
Video & sound
Microphone (voice
recognition, record music)

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HARDWARE
Connects all components and parts of the
computer with each other

Motherboard
Contains a couple of slots for additional
cards like sound and graphics cards

Speed measured in = GHz

Quad core = 4 "cores"

*CPU - does the

processing/thinking Cache memory - files are kept in super
quick memory so that access to the CPU is
faster (than to RAM)

Well-known make e.g. Intel / AMD

Processing components

Function: loads current programs &

documents when it is processed by the CPU

Feature: unstable/volatile: in other words:

*RAM loses content withouth power (temporary)
(Primary Memory)
E.g. DIMMS, DDR3/DDR4

Measured in GB

Cheapest way to upgrade computer &

improve performance

Small chip built-in on the motherboard

Helps computer 'boot' - startup process (e.g.

ROM tests if all components needed is there)
(Read only memory)
Software on RAM that contains basic
instructions:
BIOS - Basic Input Output System

Onboard = built-in on computer,

Graphics card Dedicated = separate card (better graphics)
* Biggest influence
on performance/
speed of computer Has its own RAM and GPU (Graphics
processing unit) thus better performance
since the system CPU & RAM is not used by
graphics
PSU - Power supply unit

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HARDWARE
Size measured in inch" diagonal over screen
(Peripheral)
Resolution measured in pixels
e.g. 1920 x 1080 (also 720p, 1080p, 2K, 4K)

Aspect ratio e.g. 4:3, 16:9

relationship of length versus width

Response time e.g. 2ms (milliseconds)

Screen (soft copy - thus how quickly a pixel can change from one shade to another
Specifications
electronic on screen)
Contrast ratio e.g. 1:1000000,
Measures brightness in number of variations between light and dark
Projector lumens
Colour depth e.g. 8-bit, 32-bit
Number of colours that a screen can display
Important for people e.g. 24-bit=16.7 million colours
Speakers & headphones

that are blind

Use VGA (old) or HDMI HDMI for high resolution

(new) cabels and can also transfer sound

speed (ppm - pages per minute), resolution (dpi), workload

(how many pages it can print in a month/lifetime), number of
ink colours
Output devices

Default printer - print to it automatically

Specifications
Printing queue - where the print jobs wait in line

Spooling - the process of sending print jobs to the queue &

the printer

Printer itself is expensive

Laser Toner is expensive but cost per page works out cheaper

Quick printing speed

Advantage: saves cost & space because all the devices are in
Multifunction (print,
one. Disadvantage: if 1 breaks and is sent in for repairs, all the
scan, copy, fax, email) other functions are not available
Printer (hard copy -
printed page)
Printer itself is cheap

Fax Inkjet Ink is relatively cheap but cost per page is expensive

Slow printing speed

For deaf people -
devices that vibrate
Prints duplicates
Dotmatrix
(e.g. pharmacists)
Low resolution quality - low cost

Prints 3 dimensional items by putting layers on top of each

3D printer other

Braille printer (for blind

people)

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HARDWARE
Memory cards
Micro SD, Mini SD, SD
(needs card reader)

Advantages: cheap
storage media (ideal for
archiving)

Optical media CD, DVD, Blu-Ray Disadvantages:

Damages easily, slow
read/write speed,
USB Hub for cannot store a lot of
additional USB ports data
Ideal for vir portable
storage - larger capacity
Flash disks
than CD/DVD, fast
(electronical - flash read/write speed, does
memory) not damage easily,
physical size is small

Advantages: Faster data

access, does not
damage easily (no
Storage devices

movable parts),
physically smaller.
Commonly used to load
SSD (Solid state drive) operating system to
(Flash memory) increase performance of
Types computer

HDD (Hard disk drive) Disadvantage: Much

more expensive than
HDD, storage capacity is
Portable (USB powered) not so big

Kinds External (simple power plug

in)

Hard drives (usually connects with

(secondary memory) Internal
SATA cabels)

Permanent storage of
programs & data

Stable/non-volatile: keeps
contents without power

Slower read/write speed

than RAM
Features

1KB = 1024 bytes Can connect multiple

HDD's through a RAID Area on hard drive that
system servers as RAM (when RAM
1MB = 1024KB becomes full). Swop files
Measurements of are files that swop between
storage devices the HDD & RAM.
1GB = 1024MB
Serves as virtual memory Thrashing is when the
HDD is overloaded by the
1TB = 1024GB fast exchange of files
between system memory
(RAM) and virtual memory
(on the HDD)

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Usually contains SSD
HARDWARE
Very high screen resolution
Ultrabook
No optical (DVD) drive

Laptop/Notebook Thin & light = expensive!

Laptop and tablet in one

Tablet-PC (screen can be taken off)

Small screen (<13")

Portable
Types of Multi-purpose Devices

(BYOD policy) Netbook

(bring your own device) Minimum specs (slow)
(cheapest type of laptop)

No optical drive
Tablet
power failures and power peaks with a
UPS – uninterruptable power supply
Protect desktop computers against
Activate alarm / movement

Screen size between tablet

Phablet & smartphone
Keep computers safe:

Has GPS, camera,

Lock room/office

Smartphone gyroscope, accelerometer

Use cable lock

Entry level - basic computer

sensor

Desktop PC with low specs

High-end - top specs
•
•
•

Server (in network)

Not portable
Work station (very strong Used by e.g. scientists /
computer) architects / video editors

Super size server - spans

Mainframe computer many rooms - MAIN
computer in big organisation

Measures physical location

with geographical
coordinates with satellites
Dedicated devices

GPS regularly updated

GPS (can also be built
into smartphone/car)
Can plan routes
automatically
ATM (handles financial
tasks)
Can keep your eyes on the
road more than you could
Only 1 purpose with a printed map

Resolution measured in The higher, the better, but

Megapixels (MP) takes more space

Optical - better quality -

done with lenses
Digital cameras Zoom
Digital - done with software

Places GPS coordinates in

Geotagging
photo's metadata

7|Page
The design of devices / items E.g. Chair with good backrest / table with
HARDWARE Ergonomics to fit to humans natural form right height

Get different types e.g.

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome
RSI - repetitive strain injury (wrists) or Gamers thumb Use ergonomically designed INPUT devices

Suggestions to prevent:

Take regular breaks

Definition: Environmentally
friendly use of computers

Rather fix/ reuse any devices

Switch off when not in use

Green computing

Discard responsibly - with

supplier

Print 2 per page, back to front, check print

Save paper
Concepts

preview

Save ink Draft mode (lighter), less pictures

Combining multiple devices / E.g. Smartphone/Tablet/

Convergence technologies into one device Smart TV

Ethical use Digital divide is when people don't have

No piracy, respect privacy, no
access to technology due to a lack in
(right & wrong) malware skill/knowledge or finances

Someone who uses computers for personal

Personal user reasons (minimal for work)

SOHO - Small Office Home

Business managed from a house
Office
Types of users
Anyone using computer devices "on-the-go"
Mobile user thus anyone who owns a smartphone

An enterprise) is a company which hundreds

Enterprise user or thousands of employees - each user in
such company is an enterprise user

More Effective, Accurate & More work in less time, do not make
Reliable than people mistakes, do not get tired, doesn't strike

Reasons for using ICT Communication is so much Always give examples in comparison with
easier & faster mail / letters

Save paper, labour, communication costs

Economical etc.
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SOFTWARE
Graphic user interface
(graphical way for people
Menus, Icons, drop down lists
to interact with the
computer)
Control basic security (logins)
Operating system E.g. Windows 10 (paid)
E.g. Linux (OSS)
E.g. Android (smartphone) File management (folders, file extensions etc.)

Manage integration between software and hardware

Functions

Drivers for devices (manage communication between

device & OS - lets device be controlled)

When devices are automatically installed, it is "Plug and

Play"

Backup Good habits - not in the same place, safe place etc.
System Software

Uninstaller Used to remove programs safely from computer

Like Winzip - makes it smaller & can then email folder.

Compression (.zip / .rar) Can zip or unzip to use again (to edit)
Utilities

Adds pieces of files that are spread over the whole HDD
when it does not come together again to improve SPEED
with the operating Defragmenter
system, it is a
third-party utility Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
scanning

Search your computer for cached / temporary files or

Disc Cleanup Wizard programs that you no longer use / recycle bin that is full
and gives you the option to delete / remove.

Disc Scanner Scan & fix flash- and Hard drives

Update , update , update! -

Examples: Kaspersky, McAfee, Norton EsetNOD32.
Virus definitions so that it Free: Windows Defender, AVG Free Edition
can be recognised!

Scan internal / external

Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
harddrives / flashsticks for
Antivirus scanning
viruses

Put potentially harmful / Quarantine: Safe area on hard drive where virus cannot
malicious software in harm anything - allows you to choose or remove
quarantine something

System software manages resources on Application software are programs

computer / allows computer to be used for personal use / tasks

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Examples of file extensions

Graphics & Design Photoshop, Paint Jpeg, bmp, png

.docx, .xlsx, .accdx, .pptx,

Word, Excel, Access, Powerpoint
(sharing).rtf, .txt
Application Software

Office Suite
Other people cannot easily
change content

.PDF (E.g. Adobe Reader - free)

Can open even if you do not
have the original software
(retains formatting)
Communication Outlook, Skype, WhatsApp

Games
Sound (.mp3, .flac, .wav)

Entertainment Windows Media player, VLC

Videos (.mpg, .mp4, .avi, .wmv,
.mov)

Chrome, Firefox, Internet

Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Safari
Webbrowser
SOFTWARE

(files .html)
Plug-in!
Flash, Quicktime, Java
(needed for multimedia)

Free, may share and use freely

Freeware
e.g. Adobe Reader

Can be used free for a while (test

Shareware period), then pay or lose (some
or all) functionality

E.g. Linux, Android, Open Office

Like freeware, but can change
Free and Open Source
Types

source code and program

Software (FOSS) further Advantage: Many people can
work on code

EULA: End-user license

agreement

License Agreement (EULA) (also

for free, share & OSS) Single user

Site License (many computers on

Proprietary (paid) one site for one company)

When software/anything is
Piracy (software piracy) shared illegally. Fight through:
Online registration/key

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SOFTWARE

Necessary due to software error Specific problem made in

/ bug software when created

Software solution for one

Updates Patch
specific problem

Collection of all previous patches

Service Pack
& new features

If a program does not respond / Press CTRL+ALT+DEL / Open

"End task" - Ends the program
hangs Task Manager

'Backwards compatibility' - New

A problem between different
Compatibility program can open old files, old
versions of the same software
program can not open new files

Just enough so that program can

Minimum specifications
Concepts

install and work

System compatibility - is the
computer hardware sufficient for
the software Enough so that program works
Recommended specs
fully (excellent), smooth output

Computer reads to you what is

Text-to-speech on the screen
(requires speakers - output)

Computer can respond / type

Speech-to-text your voice commands (requires
microphone - input)
Accessibility options (For people
Magnification
with disabilities/disabled))
Black background with white text
High contrast theme for people who are struggling
to see

Help people to press shortcuts

Sticky Keys
etc. 1 button at a time

Folders within folders in logical

order
File management
Step-by-step indication in which
File path e.g. C:\My Documents
folders a file is stored

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NETWORKS Can share resources like printers and Internet access

Data is kept in 1 central location / central storage

Advantages Easy communication between users

Share of software and / or updates

Features

Can make backups from 1 central location

Viruses spread easily

Disadvantages Must have a lot of knowledge to draw up

Requires good security (so unauthorised users can not access

confidential information)

Acceptable use policy

In school/work
environment an AUP is Definition: Contract / agreement between user and institution
signed
Concepts

Includes what may and may not be done on the network

A virtual private network (VPN) is a technology that creates a safe

and encrypted connection over a less secure network, such as the
Internet
Virtual Private Network
(VPN)
The benefit of using a secure VPN is it ensures the appropriate level
PAN - Personal area of security to the connected systems when the underlying network
network - can fit on 1 table infrastructure alone cannot provide it

HAN - Home area network

- 2 or more rooms
Types

LAN - Local area network -

WLAN - Wireless LAN
more computers in 1 room

WAN - Wide area network -

E.g. Gauteng

GAN - Global area network

- e.g. Internet world wide

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NETWORKS
Controls which sites may be
File server visited

Server: Provides services/resources Can monitor usage of

Proxy server (internet server)
to computers in the network individual people
such as printers & Internet.
E-mail server Does central web storage
Special server operating system (web caching) and save data
(e.g. Windows Server 2016)

Controls all the printers in the

Print server
organisation

Must connect to network to

Thin client work - basically just a screen,
keyboard & mouse

Client: Uses the services/resources Can function as standalone

Fat client
computer
provided by the server

Network Interface Card

Hardware Needed

Must have a NIC in computer

*Switch: A device that connect To connect 1 device to a
to connect to network
network
devices on the network (internally -
many devices to each other)
Better because it's more
stable & faster signal
*Modem: Convert digital signals
from your devices to signals that
can be sent over your Internet General advantages of cables Less knowledge needed to
connection and vice versa above Wi-Fi set up vs. wireless network

Cables - UTP (common network

cable - cheaper) - uses RJ45 port or Better security (people do not
FIRE OPTIC (use light beam = fast hack into it so easily)
data transfer)

Fibre obtic usually used as 'Backbone' = connects two

*Router: Connect a network to 'backbone' LANs to each other
another one - eg. your home to the
Internet
Can "tether" your phone also
use like a USB Dongle
3G Dongle: Looks like a flash disk in
which a SIM card can be inserted to
use cellular Internet on a Also get a Wi-Fi Dongle -
computer/laptop does not connect by USB (for
charging only). Also known as
pocket Wi-Fi
*Wi-Fi access point: A network
device that allows a Wi-Fi device to
connect to a wired network

Wi-Fi Repeater: Used to extend the

coverage area of your WiFi network.
It receives your existing WiFi signal,
amplifies it and then transmits the
* In a standard 'Modem/Router' used in a
boosted signal.
home, these four devices are merged.

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INTERNET
Cheaper than regular calls (only uses
data)
INTERNET is a global network that is
publicly available Can send video & audio

INTRANET is shared content that is

VoIP = Voice over Internet Can make calls wherever Internet access
only accessible to members of a single is available
organisation. Protocol e.g. Skype
Available on different devices like
EXTRANET is a private network that computers & smartphones
uses Internet technology and the
Instant messaging (WhatsApp,
Google Chat, Skype chat)
public telecommunication system to
Video usage can use a lot of data
securely share part of a business's (especially with a high resolution webcam)
information or operations with Fax to email
suppliers, vendors, partners,
customers, or other businesses. An
Grid computing: Using multiple Use of programs through a web browser -
extranet can be viewed as part of a runs and is installed on Internet servers
company's intranet that is extended to
computers' processing
power to solve 1 problem instead of on own computer
users outside the company. (as if it were 1)

No installation/update required. Pay an

FTP = File transfer protocol - annual/monthly license fee
share of large files over a long
distance through the Internet
Your own computer does not have to be
Internet

Services:
so powerful because it works from the
Cloud computing Internet server
(web applications)
Netiquette = Good manners on
the Internet A lot of people can easily work together
Do not type in capital letters on a document
(shout)
Good spelling Disadvantages: Internet access required,
Do not send large email limited functionality versus installed
attachments software

Programs usually contain less features

versus "desktop version"

Storing information/files on Internet

servers

Can get information anywhere if you have

Internet access
Cloud storage
Can serve as a "Backup" for your data
The INTERNET is a global network of computers
Synchronises devices with the same
The WWW is only one of the services on the Internet that content
displays web pages

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INTERNET To: to whom the e-mail is addressed

CC: other people who are being copied to take note - everyone can see
each other's email addresses

BCC: people who are copied but cannot see each other's addresses
(Netiquette - BCC people when emailing a group)

RE: an email reply automatically gets this prefix in front of the subject

FW: an email sent to someone else automatically gets this in front

E-mail of the subject

Subject line: the subject of the email

Reply to all: when there is more than 1 person in the To or CC field

you can "reply to all" and send a message to the same big audience
(use with consideration!)

Attachment: attach a file to email

(size limited to a certain number of MB)
Posreël ('mail rule'): automatic actions in an e-mail program
according to rules you specify

Definition: Online service or technology that allows people with similar

interests to communicate with each other regardless of time or distance
INTERNET SERVICES

E.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

Benefits: Allow groups to create virtual communities or pages for

businesses/famous people, etc.
Huge audiences to share your life with
Can inform family members/friends about your life
Social Businesses can place cheap and targeted ads and
networks interact with their customers

Disadvantages: Thinking that friends on social media are real friends

Danger of Cyber stalking/Cyberbullying
Danger of online predator/pedophiles
Someone who does not know you, may monitor your online habits to
take advantage of it (to your detriment)
May be addicted to social networks

Protect yourself/your business:

Do not publish offensive content
Do not accept friend requests if you do not know the person

Audio file downloaded from the Internet that can be played on computers
Podcast or devices such as smartphones e.g. with radio programs/training etc.
(Vodcast - when it includes video)

One-way flow of information broadcasted over the Internet to a large

Webcast audience that may consist of audio, video and/or presentation slides
Audience does not usually contribute to content

Interactive meeting or seminar. The content is usually education-based.

Webinar The audience is usually smaller and takes part in the conversation
through surveys, Q & A etc.

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INTERNET
www.[websitename].
Web address = URL [organisation].[location]
E.g. www.hsrandburg.co.za

Portal - access point to many

at www

Wiki - website where people

work TOGETHER put it
together

Content aggregator: Gather

Types information from many
websites - like RSS feeds

Services e.g. e-banking,

e-commerce
World Wide Web

Good blog habits: Update

Blog (like a online diary,
regularly, use
chronological)
pictures/videos, respond to
(Vlog = video blog)
readers' comments

Home button (page on

which your browser opens
or you can go back to)

Back / Forward

Favourite / Bookmark - save

the link to the website for
future use

Features History - return to

chronological history of
Browser plug ins: To see previously visited addresses
multimedia e.g. Flash Player,
Quicktime. Address bar - where the URL
Program = web browser, of the website shows (also
eg. Chrome, Firefox. search bar)
The program/application Use Search Engine like
used to visit/view web Google to search for Tabbed browsing - so that
information many web pages can be
pages
(like as library assistant) open at once

Webpages that have

Search engine = e.g. previously been visited are
Google, Bing, Yahoo! Webcaching stored on the "local pc"
A program or webpage (faster access in future &
saves data)
that searches for
information on the www
using keywords

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INTERNET Can it use it anywhere BROADBAND =
Cellular (any High speed data transfer
connection using a 3G (older)
SIM card)

Technologies 4G / LTE (newer - faster)

Fixed connection at home

Cheaper than cellular if data

usage is high
ADSL More stable connection than
cellular (using copper
telephone line)

Asymetrical = Download speed

high, upload speed slower

Highest data speed

Strongest signal (little

Fibre interference)

Not easily damaged by lightning

ISP - internet service How much data you may use

provicer = connect Every ISP has an AUP
(though you are uncapped)
you to Internet (e.g. (Acceptable Usage Policy)
Mweb / Vodacom)
without them throttling you

The amount of data that can be

sent/received in a certain time.
Bandwidth Upload (data sent) vs
download (data is received)
speeds usually differ
Specifications

Amount of data that you can

Capped /
upload and download in a
uncapped data specific period

Full speed all day: (low data

E-mail, regular browsing
usage services)
Shaped / "Streaming" video (video
unshaped that will never be stored on
Low speed by day (services that
your computer)
have high data usage), usually
full speed night hours:
Gaming / Torrents / VoIP
Use so much data that they
Throttling drastically lower your overall
speed (penalty) Can use any of the
technologies listed above
Cabled
Affected by walls /
blockages
Wifi (802.11) - Wireless
technology WiFi hotspot - area with
WiFi coverage
Type of Bluetooth - short distances -
connections pair devices WiMAX - tower that
broadcast Wi-Fi to a large
NFC - near field communication area (few kms)
like file transfer between mobile
phones / payments with NFC
bank cards - just tap

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URL starts with https

Features of secure
NETWORKS / INTERNET websites
Address bar turns green

Lock icon shows

Antivirus & operating
system updates

Safe usage Do not click on pop-

ups

Do not open
unknown attachments
/ programs
Capital and lowercase letters, numbers,
Good passwords symbols, no patterns (passphrase - longer
phrase is much safer)
Hardware/system software that monitors
access/ control from the network/devices
Firewall
to and from another network (like the
Internet)

Piracy

Hacker Identify security gaps in an ICT system

Criminal

Identify security gaps and use it for

Cracker
criminal purposes

Many connected "bots" that include

worms, trojans, spam, etc. Spread with
other people's computers over the Internet
without them being aware of their
computers being used for that purpose
Botnets
Commonly used for a DDoS attack where
masses of useless data or requests are
Identity Theft sent to a network or computer. This can
reduce the speed drastically or crash the
entire network.
(any malicious software)

Worms (spread easily without action - like

Spread through field fire)
emails, internet, flash
Malware

discs, pirated software

Trojan (looks good but is bad - must be
etc.
activated)

Prevent through
Spam - electronic junk mail
antivirus software
Hoax / fraud scheme
Types
Phishing

Pharming - user is redirected to fake

website, if he enter the correct URL

Spoofing - faking email header

Sniffer attack - Small program that can

read data packets over a network

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INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Is the author / organisation reliable

Date of creation / update of

information (NB because it could
have changed in the meantime)

Evaluate reliability Does it match other sources?

Is this objective?
Printed media e.g. books

Good language / no spelling mistakes

Research (published
information on internet & Already electronic / less typing time
books / newspapers, Electronic sources eg. Internet
interviews) articles, e-encyclopedias
More up to date
Gather data

A legal right / ownership of your own

Copyright intellectual material

To present someone's work /

intellectual material as your own
Plagiarism (copy a source's information just like
that) without their permission

E.g. Questionnaires, surveys,

interviews, votes
Faster to complete

Closed questions: limited, Less errors when data is being

possible answers captured

Opinion polls (to get people's Easier to analyse / compare

Open questions information
opinions)

Online - Greater audience / more

variety of people

Distributed easier / easier to get back

Advantages of electronic /
online questionnaire (vs printed
questionnaire)
Data validation can be done

Data refers to raw facts in itself is not useful

Already electronic - No need to
Information is data that is useful / processed retype

19 | P a g e
INFORMATION
Graphs Types: pie, column, line
MANAGEMENT

Excel Pivot Tables

Made / focuses on
Research / Data presentation / analysis

calculations / functions /
numerical data

Data validation

Input masks

Techniques like Default values

Primary key

Lookup wizard / dropdown

list
Access
Query - to extract specific
information

Has objects like Queries, Report - to create neat

Forms and Reports reports with grouping

Presentation of data better Form - easy format for

than Excel: especially Report people to enter data

Styles - can then create an

automatic table of contents

Footnote1 - to give more

information about
something Citations e.g. (Wikipedia,
Word 2015) - shortened version of
source
References:
Automatic bibliography - full
list of sources and all their
Can work together on information
documents with Track
Changes

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