COMPUTER

APPLICATIONS
TECHNOLOGY

MIND MAPS GR 11
The information in these mind maps is supposed to supplement the textbooks, not
replace it.

Although the author has made every effort to ensure that the information is correct,
the CAPS document must still be consulted as the primary guideline.

Please report any omissions or errors to [email protected]

Throughout you’ll see this abbreviation (RMIOT) = Read More In Own Textbook.

You should consult your textbook about everything you read in the summary anyway,
but especially for the items marked with (RMIOT) – since there is a lot more info about
it that have not been included in these mind maps.

Compiled by: Claire Smuts

Gr 12 version translated & checked by: Fotiene Avrakotos

Input
•give input to the
computer. Without it,
the computer does
not know what to do

Processing
• the interal process
Communication where the computer
•many times you share processes data so that
the output you saved what you requisted
with other people can happen (e.g.

Information
through e-mail etc. sorting, searching for
something on the
computer)

Processing
Cycle

Output
Storage • what the computer
• to store the output gives back to you
permanently, you after the processing.
store it on a hard Normally 'soft' output
drive or a flash disk on the screen or 'hard'
output on printout

ICT: Information and Communication Technology

ICT refers to technologies that provide access to information through telecommunications (such as the
Internet, wireless networks, mobile phones and other communication media)

2
HARDWARE Physical keyboard

(Peripheral)
Keyboard (wired & Touch screen's pop-up
wireless/ bluetooth) keyboard
For blind people - braille
keyboards, microphone
Disabilities:
For visually impaired/motor
skills - keyboard with big
buttons

Wireless advantages: Cables

are not in the way, can work
far from computer
disadvantages: theft risk,
Mouse (wired & wireless)
needs batteries, more
expensive to buy, interference
of signals, weaker response
Touch pad time
Pointing stick
Stylus
Pointing device
Can recognise more than one
Touch screen / multi touch 'touch' and react - like
screen pinch/zoom (also applicable
Input devices

to touch pad)

For motor disabilities - trackball

/ footpeadal /
suction-blowing device

Joystick, Steering wheel,

Gaming devices
Controller (Xbox/Playstation)

Used in POS system (point of

Barcodes
sale) - know advantages and
(uses light light rays/ optics)
flow (RMIOT)

For securiry - much better

Card readers (bank card) - OTM than password,
cannot forget it

Biometric - Face recognition, Linked to one person's

Scanners Fingerprint, Iris/Retina scanner unique biometric features
(resolution
measured in dpi)
Disadvantage - you have to
RFID - wireless
be there in person, can
(uses radio waves)
endanger you

Office Flatbed & Feeder

scanners

Character recognition OCR - scans to editable text

Webcam,
Digital video camera

Video & sound

Microphone (voice recognition,
record music)
3
HARDWARE
Circuit board that connects all components and
parts of the computer with each other

Motherboard

Contains a couple of slots for additional cards

like sound and graphics cards

Speed measured in = GHz

*CPU - does the

Quad core = 4 "cores"
processing/thinking

Well-known make e.g. Intel / AMD

Processing components

Function: loads current programs & documents

when it is processed by the CPU so more RAM =
can run more programs simultaneously

Characteristic: unstable/volatile: in other words:

loses content withouth power (temporary)

*RAM
(Primary Memory) E.g. DIMMS, DDR3/DDR4

Measured in GB

Cheapest way to upgrade computer & improve

performance

Small chip built-in on the motherboard

Helps computer 'boot' - startup process (e.g.

ROM tests if all components needed is there)
(Read only memory)
Software on RAM that contains basic
instructions:
BIOS - Basic Input Output System

Onboard = built-in on computer,

Dedicated = separate card (better graphics)
* Biggest
influence on
performance/
Graphics card
speed of Has its own RAM and GPU (Graphics processing
unit) thus better performance since the system
computer PSU - Power supply unit CPU & RAM is not used by graphics

4
HARDWARE
(Peripheral)
Size measured in inch" diagonally over screen

Resolution measured in pixels

e.g. 1920 x 1080 (also 720p, 1080p, 2K, 4K)

Aspect ratio e.g. 4:3, 16:9

relationship of length versus width

Response time e.g. 2ms (milliseconds)

Screen (soft copy - thus how quickly a pixel can change from one shade to another
Specifications
electronic on screen)
Contrast ratio e.g. 1:1000000, number of variations between
Measures brightness in light and dark (lower ration - faded image)
Projector lumens
Colour depth e.g. 8-bit, 32-bit
Number of colours that a screen can display
Interactive whiteboard e.g. 24-bit=16.7 million colours
(RMIOT)

Use VGA (old) or HDMI HDMI for high resolution

Important for people (new) cabels and can also transfer sound
Speakers & headphones
that are blind

speed (ppm - pages per minute), resolution (dpi), workload

Output devices

(how many pages it can print in a month/lifetime), number of

ink colours

Default printer - print to it automatically

Specifications
Printing queue - where the print jobs wait in line

Spooling - the process of sending print jobs to the queue &

the printer

Printer itself is expensive

Laser Toner is expensive but cost per page works out cheaper

Quick printing speed

Printer (hard copy - Multifunction (print,

Advantage: saves cost & space because all the devices are in
printed page) one. Disadvantage: if 1 breaks and is sent in for repairs, all the
scan, copy, fax, email) other functions are not available

Fax Printer itself is cheap

Inkjet Ink is relatively cheap but cost per page is expensive

For deaf people -
devices that vibrate
Slow printing speed

Prints 3 dimensional items by putting layers on top of each

3D printer other

Braille printer (for blind

people)

5
HARDWARE

Memory cards
Micro SD, Mini SD, SD
(needs card reader)

Advantages: cheap
storage media (ideal for
archiving), read-only

Optical media CD, DVD, Blu-Ray Disadvantages:

Damages easily, slow
read/write speed,
USB Hub for cannot store a lot of
additional USB ports data
Ideal for vir portable
storage - larger capacity
Flash disks
than CD/DVD, fast
(electronical - flash read/write speed, does
memory) not damage easily,
Storage devices

physical size is small

SSD (Solid state drive)

(Flash memory)
Types

HDD (Hard disk drive)

2.5" Portable
(USB powered)

Hard drives Kinds 3.5"External

(need regular power )
(secondary memory)
(usually connects with
Internal
SATA cabels)

Function: Permanent
storage of programs & data

Characteristic: Stable/non-
Features volatile: keeps contents
without power

1KB = 1024 bytes Slower read/write speed

than RAM
1MB = 1024KB
Measurements of
storage devices
1GB = 1024MB

1TB = 1024GB

6
Usually contains SSD
HARDWARE
Very high screen resolution
Ultrabook
No optical (DVD) drive

Laptop/Notebook Thin & light = expensive!

Types of Multi-purpose Devices

Laptop and tablet in one

Tablet-PC (screen can be taken off) Keep computers safe:
• Lock room/office
Small screen (<13") • Use cable lock
• Activate alarm /
Portable Netbook Minimum specs (slow) movement sensor
(cheapest type of laptop)
Protect desktop computers
No optical drive against power failures and
Tablet power peaks with a UPS –
uninterruptable power
supply
Screen size between tablet
Phablet & smartphone

Has GPS, camera,

Smartphone gyroscope, accelerometer
(RMIOT)

Entry level - basic computer

Desktop PC with low specs
High-end - top specs
Not portable
Server (in network)

Measures physical location

with geographical
coordinates with satellites

GPS regularly updated

Dedicated devices

GPS (can also be built

into smartphone/car)
Can plan routes
automatically
ATM (handles financial
tasks)
Can keep your eyes on the
road more than you could
with a printed map
Only 1 purpose
Resolution measured in The higher, the better, but
Megapixels (MP) takes more space

ISO rating -
light sensitivity Optical - better quality -
Digital cameras done with lenses
(RMIOT) Zoom

Digital - done with software

Sensor size - larger = better
quality (e.g. DSLR)

Places GPS coordinates in

Geotagging
photo's metadata

7
HARDWARE

The design of devices / items E.g. Chair with good backrest / table with right
Ergonomics
to fit to humans natural form height

Use ergonomically designed INPUT devices

RSI - repetitive strain

Suggestions to prevent:
injury
Take regular breaks
Definition: Environmentally
friendly use of computers

Rather fix/ reuse any devices

Switch off when not in use

Green computing
Concepts

Discard responsibly - with

supplier

Print 2 per page, back to front, check print

Save paper preview

Save ink Draft mode (lighter), less pictures

Combining multiple devices / E.g. Smartphone / Tablet /

Convergence
technologies into one device Smart TV

Ethical use No piracy, respect privacy,

(right & wrong) no malware

More Effective, Accurate & More work in less time, do not make mistakes,
Reliable than people do not get tired, doesn't strike

Reasons for using ICT Communication is so much Always give examples in comparison with mail
(RMIOT) easier & faster / letters

Economical Save paper, labour, communication costs etc.

8
SOFTWARE Graphic user interface
(graphical way for people
Menus, Icons, drop down lists
to interact with the
computer)
Control basic security (logins)
Operating system E.g. Windows 10 (paid)
E.g. Linux (OSS)
E.g. Android (smartphone) File management (folders, file extensions etc.)

Manage integration between software and hardware

Functions

Drivers for devices (manage communication between

device & OS - lets device be controlled)

When devices are automatically installed, it is

"Plug and Play"

Backup Good habits - not in the same place, safe place etc.

Uninstaller Used to remove programs safely from computer

System Software

(under Control panel - otherwise pieces/files remain in other places/folders

Add/Remove programs) (like registry)

Like Winzip - makes it smaller & can then email folder.

Compression (.zip / .rar) Can zip or unzip to use again (to edit)

Utilities
Adds pieces of files that are spread over the whole HDD
together again to improve SPEED

when it does not come Defragmenter

with the operating Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
system, it is a scanning
third-party utility

Search your computer for cached / temporary files or

Disc Cleanup Wizard programs that you no longer use / recycle bin that is full
and gives you the option to delete / remove.

This prepares the drive for storing files. Often used in

Format the case of corruption / virus contamination because it
wipes the content of the storage medium.

Disc Scanner Scan & fix flash- and Hard drives

Update , update , update! -

Examples: Kaspersky, McAfee, Norton EsetNOD32.
Virus definitions so that it Free: Windows Defender, AVG Free Edition
can be recognised!

Scan internal / external

Can slow down computer speed (performance) while
harddrives / flashsticks for
Antivirus scanning
viruses

Put potentially harmful / Quarantine: Safe area on hard drive where virus cannot
malicious software in harm anything - allows you to choose or remove
quarantine something

System software manages Application software are

resources on computer / allows programs for personal use /
computer to be used tasks

9
Examples of file extensions

SOFTWAREGraphics & Design Photoshop, Paint Jpeg, bmp, png

.docx, .xlsx, .accdx, .pptx

Word, Excel, Access, Powerpoint Share document with formatting

= .rtf, without formatting = .txt,
Application Software

in table format = .csv (comma

separated values)
Office Suite
Other people cannot easily
change content

.PDF (E.g. Adobe Reader - free)

Can open even if you do not
have the original software
(retains formatting)
Communication Outlook, Skype, WhatsApp

Games
Sound (.mp3, .flac, .wav)
Entertainment Windows Media player, VLC
Videos (.mpg, .mp4, .avi, .wmv,
.mov)

Chrome, Firefox, Internet

SOFTWARE

Explorer, Microsoft Edge, Safari

Webbrowser
(files .html)
Plug-in!
Flash, QuickTime, Java
(needed for multimedia)

Remember metadata?
Free, may share and use freely
Freeware Information about a file
e.g. Adobe Reader
– e.g. author, editing
time, type of camera,
Can be used free for a while
Shareware (Trial software music genre etc.
(test period), then pay or lose
also falls under this) (some or all) functionality

E.g. Linux, Android, Open Office

Like freeware, but can change
Free and Open Source
Types

source code and program

Software (FOSS) further Advantage: Many people can
work on code

EULA: End-user license

agreement

License Agreement (EULA) (also

for free, share & OSS) Single user

Site License (many computers

Proprietary (paid) on one site for one company)

When software/anything is
Piracy (software piracy) shared illegally. Fight through:
serial key/online activation

10
Releases a test version namely
Try to prevent bugs
'Beta' version

Necessary due to software error Specific problem made in

/ bug software when created

Updates

Software solution for one

Patch
specific problem

Collection of all previous patches

Service Pack
& new features

'Backwards compatibility' - New

program can open old files, old
program can not open new files
A problem between different
Compatibility
versions of the same software
Solve problem by upgrading all
(newest version), to standardize
(same version) or to export file
to older version
Concepts

Just enough so that program can

Minimum specifications
install and work
System compatibility - is the
computer hardware sufficient for
the software Enough so that program works
Recommended specs
fully (excellent), smooth output

Computer reads to you what is

Text-to-speech (speech
on the screen
synthesis)
(requires speakers - output)

Computer can respond / type

Speech-to-text your voice commands (requires
microphone - input)
Accessibility options (For people
with disabilities/disabled)) Magnification

Black background with white text

High contrast theme for people who are struggling
to see

Help people to press shortcuts

Sticky Keys
etc. 1 button at a time

Folders within folders in logical

order
File management
Step-by-step indication in which
File path e.g. C:\My Documents
folders a file is stored

11
NETWORKS
Can share resources like printers and Internet access

Data is kept in 1 central location / central storage

Easy communication between users

Advantages
Share of software and / or updates
Features

Can make backups from 1 central location

Can set user permissions such as access to specific folders or

disable USB drives to prevent theft of data and malware spreading

Viruses spread easily

Must have a lot of knowledge to draw up

Disadvantages

Requires good security (so unauthorised users can not access

confidential information)

Acceptable use policy

Concepts

Definition: Contract / agreement between user and institution

In school/work environment
an AUP is signed
Includes what may and may not be done on the network, forms of online
communication allowed, amount of data that may be used, use of flash
sticks, procedures for problems like identity theft, viruses ens., tips to
prevent copyright infringement and plagiarism.

PAN - Personal area network -

can fit on 1 table

Additional advantages:
Easily add more computers/devices
HAN - Home area network -
Faster to set up because there is no need
2 or more rooms
to lay cables
Types

Better moveability (no cables)

LAN - Local area network -

WLAN - Wireless LAN Additional disadvantages:
more computers in 1 room
Security risk is extra high for hackers
Can use up internet data if others gain
access
WAN - Wide area network -
Signals can be disrupted
E.g. Gauteng
Can be slower than cabled network due to
obstructions like walls

GAN - Global area network -

e.g. Internet world wide

12
NETWORKS

Controls which sites may be

visited
File server
Can monitor usage of
Proxy server (internet server) individual people

Server: Provides services/resources

to computers in the network Does central web storage
E-mail server (web caching) and save data -
such as printers & Internet.
def. on pg. 16

Controls all the printers in the

Print server
organisation

Network Interface Card

Client: Uses the services/resources Must have a NIC in computer
To connect 1 device to a
provided by the server to connect to network
network

*Switch: A device that connect

Hardware Needed

devices on the network (internally -

many devices to each other)
Better because it's more
stable & faster signal
*Modem: Convert digital signals
from your devices to signals that
can be sent over your Internet General advantages of cables Less knowledge needed to
connection and vice versa above Wi-Fi set up vs. wireless network

Cables - UTP (common network

cable - cheaper) - uses RJ45 port or Better security (people do not
FIRE OPTIC (use light beam = fast hack into it so easily)
data transfer)

Fibre obtic usually used as 'Backbone' = connects two

*Router: Connect a network to 'backbone' LANs to each other
another one - eg. your home to the
Internet
Can "tether" your phone also
use like a USB Dongle
3G Dongle: Looks like a flash disk in
which a SIM card can be inserted to
use cellular Internet on a Also get a Wi-Fi Dongle -
computer/laptop does not connect by USB (for
charging only). Also known as
pocket Wi-Fi
*Wi-Fi access point: A network
device that allows a Wi-Fi device to
connect to a wired network

Wi-Fi Repeater: Used to extend the

coverage area of your WiFi network.
It receives your existing WiFi signal,
amplifies it and then transmits the
boosted signal.
* In a standard Router' used in a
home, these four devices are
merged, together with a Firewall

13
INTERNET Cheaper than regular calls (only uses
data)

INTERNET is a global network that is

publicly available Can send video & audio

INTRANET is shared content that is Can make calls wherever Internet access
VoIP = Voice over Internet
only accessible to members of a single is available
Protocol e.g. Skype
organisation.
Available on different devices like
computers & smartphones
Instant messaging (WhatsApp,
Google Chat, Skype chat)
Video usage can use a lot of data
(especially with a high resolution
webcam)
Fax to email

FTP = File transfer protocol - Use of programs through a web browser

share of large files over a long - runs and is installed on Internet servers
distance through the Internet instead of on own computer
(RMIOT)

No installation/update required. Pay an

annual/monthly license fee

Your own computer does not have to be

so powerful because it works from the
Cloud computing Internet server
(web applications) e.g. Office
Internet

Services: 365, Google docs

A lot of people can easily work together
on a document
Netiquette = Good manners
on the Internet
Disadvantages: Internet access required,,
Do not type in capital letters
slow internet speed = almost unusable
(shout)
program, limited functionality versus
Good spelling installed software
Do not send large email
attachments
Programs usually contain less features
versus "desktop version"

Storing information/files on Internet

servers

Can get information anywhere if you

have Internet access

Can serve as a "Backup" for your data

Cloud storage e.g. Google
Drive, Microsoft Onedrive, Synchronises (updates) devices with the
Dropbox same content
The INTERNET is a global
network of computers
Disadvantages: required internet
connection for access to data, you only
The WWW is only one of the get a small amount of space for free
services on the Internet that (need to pay after that), up and
downloading data costs money, no
displays web pages control over backup and security

14
INTERNET To: to whom the e-mail is addressed

CC: other people who are being copied to take note - everyone can see each
other's email addresses

BCC: people who are copied but cannot see each other's addresses (Netiquette
- BCC people when emailing a group)

RE: an email reply automatically gets this prefix in front of the subject

FW: an email sent to someone else automatically gets this in front

of the subject

E-mail Subject line: the subject of the email

Reply to all: when there is more than 1 person in the To or CC field

you can "reply to all" and send a message to the same big audience
(use with consideration!)

Attachment: attach a file to email

(size limited to a certain number of MB)
Internet Services

Mail rule: automatic actions in an e-mail program

according to rules you specify

Flags/Tasks: you can add emails (or your own items) to a task list in the email
software, specifying due date and even set reminders

Registrations for new sites / services are usually done with an email address or
Registration Social network account. A CAPTCHA is then also asked to verify that it is a
human attempting the registration, and not a computer.

Definition: online service or technology that allows people with similar interests
to communicate with each other regardless of time or distance

E.g. Facebook, Twitter, Instagram

Benefits: Allow groups to create virtual communities or pages for

businesses/famous people, etc.
Huge audiences to share your life with
Can inform family members/friends about your life
Businesses can place cheap and targeted ads and
Social interact with their customers
networks

Disadvantages: Thinking that friends on social media are real friends

Danger of Cyber stalking/Cyberbullying
Danger of online predator/pedophiles
Someone who does not know you, may monitor your online habits to take
advantage of it (to your detriment)
May be addicted to social networks

Protect yourself/your business:

Do not publish offensive content
Do not accept friend requests if you do not know the person

15
INTERNET
www.[websitename].
Webaddres = URL [organisation].[location]
E.g. www.hsrandburg.co.za

Portal - access point to many

at www

Wiki - website where people

work TOGETHER put it
together

Content aggregator: Gather

Types information from many
websites - like RSS feeds

Services e.g. e-banking,

e-commerce (RMIOT) Good blog habits: Update
regularly, use
World Wide Web

pictures/videos, respond to
Blog (like a online diary,
readers' comments
chronological)
(Vlog = video blog)
Create using Wordpress,
Blogger, Tumblr etc.
Effective searching on WWW:
Home button (page on
 Add more key words
which your browser opens
 Use advanced search or you can go back to)
like -word to exclude terms
 Use filters e.g. when it was Back / Forward
posted / type of source
Favourite / Bookmark - save
(news/ image etc.) the link to the website for
future use

Features History - return to

chronological history of
Browser plug ins: To see previously visited addresses
multimedia e.g. Flash Player,
Quicktime. Address bar - where the URL
Program = web browser, of the website shows (also
eg. Chrome, Firefox. search bar)
The program/application Use Search Engine like
used to visit/view web Google to search for Tabbed browsing - so that
information many web pages can be
pages
(like as library assistant) open at once

Webpages that have

Search engine = eg. previously been visited are
Google, Bing, Yahoo! Webcaching stored on the "local pc"
A program or webpage (faster access in future &
saves data)
that searches for
information on the www
using keywords

16
INTERNET
Use headings, short paragraphs,
columns

Bullets / numbered lists works well

Group information that belongs

together logically
Readability
Background should be easy on the
eyes (not too bright)

Use standard capital and lowercase

letters - ALL CAPS is difficult to read

Fonttype, size and colour should be

readable

Links should be easy to find,

especially main menu
(home/contact us etc.)

Links should be short and

understandable
Navigation
All hyperlinks should work

Links should all look the same

Usability of websites
- basic principles Same basic layout for all webpages
in the website
Consistency
(the same everywhere)
Use the same colour / font types /
theme
World Wide Web

Has to be suitable for target market

(website for young kids would look
different than one for teenagers)

Layout
Text and graphics should fit on a
How different elements standard screen
are placed

Websites should load quickly (not

to much multimedia)

Needs to be easy to read

Needs to match content (can't use a

Typography funny font for serious content)
The placement and
formatting of text Use general font types so that it's
available on all computers
Websites specifically
Mobile websites designed for
Not to many font types on one
smartphones/tablets website

17
INTERNET BROADBAND =
High speed data transfer

Can it use it anywhere

Cellular (any connection

3G (older)
using a SIM card)

4G / LTE (newer - faster)

Technologies

Fixed connection at home

Cheaper than cellular if data usage is

high

ADSL
More stable connection than cellular
(using copper telephone line)

Not available in all areas

Highest data speed

Strongest signal (little interference)

Fibre

Not easily damaged by lightning

ISP - internet service

Specifications

provicer = connect you to Every ISP has an AUP (Acceptable Usage

Internet (e.g. Mweb / Policy)
Vodacom)

Capped / uncapped Amount of data that you can upload and

data download in a specific period Can use any of the technologies
listed above

Cabled
Affected by walls /
blockages
Wifi (802.11) - Wireless technology
Type of connections
(radio waves) (RMIOT) WiFi hotspot - area with
WiFi coverage
Bluetooth - short distances -
pair devices
WiMAX - tower that broadcast Wi-Fi
to a large area (few kms)

18
NETWORKS URL starts with https

/ INTERNET Features of secure

Address bar turns green

websites Lock icon shows

Antivirus & operating Be extra careful with online shopping/banking (RMIOT)

Safe usage
system updates

Do not click on pop-

ups

Do not open
unknown
attachments /
programs
Capital and lowercase letters, numbers, symbols, no patterns
Good passwords
(passphrase - longer phrase is much safer)

Hardware/system software that monitors access/ control from the

Firewall
network/devices to and from another network (like the Internet)

Any type of manipulation to obtain information / secrets from you

Social engineering
(RMIOT)

Piracy
Criminal

Hacker Identify security gaps in an ICT system

Cracker Identify security gaps and use it for criminal purposes

Many connected "bots" that include worms, trojans, spam, etc.

Botnets Spread with other people's computers over the Internet without
them being aware of their computers being used for that purpose
Identity Theft

Worms (spread easily without action - like field fire)

Spread through Trojan (looks good but is bad - must be activated)

Malware

emails, internet, flash

(RMIOT)

discs, pirated
software etc. Adware (shows pop-up adverts with every click on a web browser)

Prevent through
antivirus software Spam - electronic junk mail

Types Hoax / fraud scheme

Spyware e.g. Keylogger (monitors and keeps record of

everything you do)

Phishing (manipulates you to give your details then they steal your
money / info - usually by email with a link)

Pharming - user is redirected to fake website, if he enter the correct

URL

Spoofing - faking email header

19
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Is the author / organisation reliable

Date of creation / update of

information (NB because it could
have changed in the meantime)

Evaluate reliability / usefulness Does it match other sources?

Is this objective?
Printed media e.g. books

Good language / no spelling mistakes

Research (published
information on internet & Already electronic / less typing time
books / newspapers, Electronic sources eg. Internet
interviews) articles, e-encyclopedias
More up to date
Gather data

A legal right / ownership of your own

Copyright intellectual material

To present someone's work /

intellectual material as your own
Plagiarism (copy a source's information just like
that) without their permission

E.g. Questionnaires, surveys,

interviews, votes
Faster to complete

Closed questions: limited, Less errors when data is being

possible answers captured

Opinion polls (to get people's Easier to analyse / compare

Open questions information
opinions)

Online - Greater audience / more

variety of people

Distributed easier / easier to get back

Advantages of electronic /
online questionnaire (vs printed
questionnaire)
Data validation can be done

Data refers to raw facts in Already electronic - No need to

retype
itself is not useful

Information is data that is

useful / processed

20
INFORMATION MANAGEMENT

Graphs Types: pie, column, line

Excel
Made / focuses on calculations /
Research / Data presentation / analysis

functions / numerical data

Import refers to bringing

data in another format into Data validation
a program

Export refers to data being

Input masks
taken out of a program to be
shared in another format

Techniques like Default values

Primary key

Lookup wizard / dropdown list

Access
Query - to extract specific
information

Has objects like Queries, Forms Report - to create neat reports

and Reports with grouping

Presentation of data better than Form - easy format for people

Excel: especially Report to enter data

Styles - can then create an

automatic table of contents

Footnote1 - to give more

Word information about something Citations e.g. (Wikipedia, 2015)
- shortened version of source

References:
Automatic bibliography - full list
of sources and all their
information in specific
layout/style e.g. Harvard/APA

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