Sanketika Institute of

Technology and Management

DEPARTMENT
OF
CIVIL ENGINEERING

BULIDING PLANNING USING AUTO-CAD

Sanketika Institute of Technology and
Management
Department of Civil Engineering

Vision
Building Competent Civil Engineers with a Societal Perspective.

Mission

M1: Providing Conducive Learning Environment focusing on Planning, Analysis, Design

and Detailing of Sustainable Infrastructure

M2: Imparting Training, Research and Consultancy in Collaboration with Research

Institutes and Industries

M3: Equipping Students with Employability Skills through Internships, Industrial

Interactions and Field Visits

M4: Exploring Comprehensive Environmental Aware Solutions for Various Fields of Civil
Engineering with Multidisciplinary Approach

M5: Imbibing Lifelong Learning, Professionalism and Ethics among Civil Engineering
Students

Program Educational Objectives (PEO’s)

PEO1: Graduates will have successful career in civil engineering industries, public sector or
as Entrepreneurs.

PEO2: Graduates will pursue higher education in leading institutes/engage in continuing

education to be competitive in the organization.

PEO3: Graduates will design cost effective and sustainable civil engineering structures
conforming to standards.

Program Specific Outcomes (PSO’s)

After Successful completion of B.E program in Civil Engineering, the students will be able
to:
PSO1: Apply Civil engineering knowledge in analysis, design, laboratory investigation &
Construction aspects.

PSO2: Solve problems in various fields of civil engineering with appropriate construction
materials and technology.
Course Learning Objectives: Provide students with a basic understanding
1. Achieve skill sets to prepare computer aided engineering drawings
2. Understand the details of construction of different building elements.
3. Visualize the completed form of the building and the intricacies of construction based on
the engineering drawings.

Course Outcomes: After a successful completion of the course, the student will be able to:
1. Make use of the software tools and commands.
2. Choose scale factor and drawing standards.
3. Draw the various building components and also other structural Components.
4. Develop the working Drawings and recommend the details as per local bye laws.

Program Outcomes (POs)

 Engineering knowledge: Apply the knowledge of mathematics, science, engineering fundamentals, and an
engineering specialization to the solution of complex engineering problems.
 Problem analysis: Identify, formulate, research literature, and analyze complex engineering problems
reaching substantiated conclusions using first principles of mathematics, natural sciences, and engineering
sciences.
 Design/development of solutions: Design solutions for complex engineering problems and design system
components or processes that meet the specified needs with appropriate consideration for the public health and
safety, and the cultural, societal, and environmental considerations.
 Conduct investigations of complex problems: Use research-based knowledge and research methods
including design of experiments, analysis and interpretation of data, and synthesis of the information to
provide valid conclusions
 Modern tool usage: Create, select, and apply appropriate techniques, resources, and modern engineering and
IT tools including prediction and modeling to complex engineering activities with an understanding of the
limitations.
 The engineer and society: Apply reasoning informed by the contextual knowledge to assess societal, health,
safety, legal and cultural issues and the consequent responsibilities relevant to the professional engineering
practice.
 Environment and sustainability: Understand the impact of the professional engineering solutions in societal
and environmental contexts, and demonstrate the knowledge of, and need for sustainable development.
 Ethics: Apply ethical principles and commit to professional ethics and responsibilities and norms of the
engineering practice.
 Individual and team work: Function effectively as an individual, and as a member or leader in diverse
teams, and in multidisciplinary settings.
 Communication: Communicate effectively on complex engineering activities with the engineering
community and with society at large, such as, being able to comprehend and write effective reports and design
documentation, make effective presentations, and give and receive clear instructions.
 Project management and finance: Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the engineering and
management principles and apply these to one’s own work, as a member and leader in a team, to manage
projects and in multidisciplinary environments.
 Life-long learning: Recognize the need for, and have the preparation and ability to engage in independent
and life-long learning in the broadest context of technological change.
BUILDING PLANNING USING AUTO CAD

MODULE 1
Drawing
basics
Introduction
The art of representing technical structures with the aid of drawing instruments on paper is
known as working drawing. A working drawing if properly drawn can convey the details such
as shape, size, materials used, location, placing and planning of different services; in short it
conveys the whole form of the structure, on the paper before the materialization of the
structure. So these drawings are most prior thing in any civil engineering projects.
The building drawing office practices followed are based on certain basic principles as
laid down by ISI. These principles are called “Code of Practice” and the guidelines for
engineering drawing are as per IS 962 – “Code of practice for Architectural and Building
Drawings” and IS 10711.They include size of papers, layout of drawings, conventional
representations, sizes of letters and numerals on drawings, graphic symbols and
abbreviations. Following paragraphs deal with the same.
An engineering drawing traditionally is prepared using drawing instruments. But the
accuracy of these drawing is dependent on the individual skill of the person drawing them.
The modifications and repetition work of these drawings are cumbersome and time
consuming.
Hence the popular alternative for manual preparation of engineering drawing is the computer
aided design and drafting system. One such most widely used drafting tool is
AutoCAD.

Size of drawings
Drawing sheets are cut from rolls and are made into different sizes so that each size can be
worked upon. The table below gives the standard size of drawing sheets.
Sl. No. Size Designation Trimmed size of the drawing sheet (mm)
1 A0 841 x 1189
2 A1 584 x 841
3 A2 420 x 594
4 A3 297 x 420
5 A4 210 x 297

Layout and Title block

Border lines should be drawn all-round the drawing sheet leaving a margin of 25mm or
30mm on left hand side and 10mm on all other sides. Title block is drawn at the right bottom
corner of the sheet and remaining space is utilized for drawing.
A title block normally carries the following information;
(i) Title of the drawing
(ii) Name of organization
(iii) Drawing number with revision number
(iv) Scale
(v) Date of the drawing

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(vi) Signature of the concerned authorities.

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Scales
Drawings drawn to the scale enable dimensions to be “read-off” from the drawing. When the
drawing is made to the same scale as that of actual object, it is called full scale (1:1).
However, the building drawings are too large to be drawn to full size. Therefore, there must
be reduced scales to fit the normal drawing sheets. Thus the main function of scale is to
enable the designer to draw a building to a convenient size to enable the builder to think in
relation to the actual size of the structures.
Sl. No. Drawing Scale
1 Large plot plans 1:200
2 Small plot plans 1:100
3 Floor plan 1:50
4 Detailed drawing 1:20, 1:10, 1:5

Line work
All lines should be dense, clean and black and black to produce good prints. For details
reference shall be made to IS 10714:1983.

Lettering and Dimensioning

The writing of details, references and naming of different views are done with the letters
of uniform sizes.
Sl. No. Purpose Size of the
letters Height in mm
1 Main title and drawing number 6, 8, 10 & 12
2 Sub-titles and heading 3, 4, 5 & 6
3 Notes such as legends, schedules, materials and dimensions 2, 3, 4 & 5

Conventional signs and symbols

Conventional signs are used on building drawings to represent various building materials and
Conventional symbols are the short notations which are used to represent the actual object in
building drawings. These are also called as civil engineering symbols which give
approximate shape of the object.
The conventional symbols represent the object at a particular location of sanitary fittings such
as towel rail, water closet, sink, wash basin, shower and electrical fittings like switch, ceiling
fan, exhaust fan and even furniture as dining table, chairs, cloths cabinet, dressing table, T.V.,
etc. These are not drawn according to the scale but drawn proportionately. The Bureau of
Indian Standards has recommended various types of conventional signs and symbols to fulfil
the following objectives;
_ To save time, labour, material and space on drawing sheet.
_ To avoid confusion and misunderstanding.
_ To achieve quick identifications of details.
_ To increase the speed in preparation of drawings.
_ To save time in reading and understanding the drawing.
_ To avoid confusion in interpretation of details by the site supervisors, etc.

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AutoCAD -
essential About
AutoCAD
AutoCAD is most popular computer aided design and drafting software application from
Autodesk, a leading US based company. Apart from AutoCAD, Autodesk has a spectrum of
products for various fields such as Mechanical, AEC, GIS, R to V.
Launching AutoCAD is very simple: Just double click on the short cut icon of
AutoCAD program or start the application by clicking,
Start > Program > Autodesk > AutoCAD > AutoCAD
After few moments, you could see the Graphical User Interface (GUI) of AutoCAD. The
AutoCAD environment looks as in figure below. The AutoCAD GUI is very user friendly
and comprehensive consisting of various Menus and tool bars. The arrangement of the Menu
bar and Tool bars can be customized.

Communicating with AutoCAD

AutoCAD is a servant, it does everything you tell it and no more. You can communicate with
it using commands in the menu, screen menu, command line and buttons on the toolbars.
Command: A command is a single word instruction from the user to perform the required
task. When you invoke a command, AutoCAD responds by presenting messages in the
command prompt area or by displaying dialogue box. The messages in the command prompt
are often tell you what to do next or they offer lot of options pertaining to the command. The
commands can also be called by one or two letter short cut keys.

The Menu
The menus are available on the menu bar offer a quicker way to access the commands and
functions that are the heart of AutoCAD. The menu options issue a command that requires
keyboard or drawing inputs. As you select the commands and options, AutoCAD flashes a
single line help in the status bar.

1. NEW
Menu: File
Command line: new
It creates a new drawing file. The behaviour of the NEW command is determined by the
startup setting on the System tab of the Options dialogue box.
Show the Start-up dialogue box: NEW displays the Create New Drawing dialogue box. Do
Not Show the Start-up dialogue box: NEW displays the Select Template dialogue box. Create
New Drawing dialogue box: Defines the settings for a new drawing. There are three main
methods to create a new drawing.
Start from Scratch: Starts an empty drawing using default imperial or metric settings. Use of
Template: Starts a new drawing file based on a drawing template file. Template drawings
store all the settings for a drawing and may also include predefined layers, dimension styles
and views. They are normally kept in a template directory and template drawings are
distinguished from other drawing files by .dwt file extension. Select a Template lists all DWT

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files that currently exist in the drawing template file location.

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Browse: Displays the Select Template dialogue box where you can access template files that
are not available in the Select a Template list.
Use of Wizard: Set up a drawing using a step-by-step guide. There are two wizards.
A. Quick Setup Wizard: It deals through two steps for new drawing i.e. units and area.
UNITS
Menu: Format - Units
Command line: units
In auto cad, drawings are drawn at full size. The size is set at the time of printing. But it is
possible to select any unit system and precision. AUTO CAD by default uses decimal units.
However, unit style is to be changed if any other unit system is required.
LIMITS
Menu: Format - Drawing limits
Command line: limits it sets and controls the drawing boundaries. It is the invisible boundary
to fit the drawing.
It should be large enough to contain the drawing and other related parts of it. Limits can be
changed whenever required.
ON/OFF/ < Lower left corner ><0, 0>: Enter lower coordinate value and press enter, upper
right corner <420, 297>; enter the co-ordinate value and press enter; when limits checking is
ON. AUTO CAD rejects attempts to enter points outside the drawing limits.
OFF; Turns off limits checking.
LOWER LEFT CORNER: Specifies the lower left corner for the drawing limits, default
lower limit is (0, 0).
UPPER RIGHT CORNER: Specifies the upper right corner for the drawing limits, default
upper limit is (420, 297).
B. Advanced Wizard: It deals through seven steps;
1. Units
2. Angles
3. Angle measure
4. Angle Direction
5. Area
6. Title block
7. Layout.

2. SAVE
Command line:
save File menu: Q
save
It saves the drawing under a current file name. The Save Drawing dialogue box is displayed
and drawing can be saved under the current file name or a different file name.

3. SAVE AS
Command line: save
as File menu: Save As
It saves a copy of current drawing under new file name.

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4. QNEW
Command line: qnew
Starts a new drawing with the option of using a default drawing template file and folder path
specified in the Options dialogue box on the Files tab. You can set the default drawing
template file or to None.

5. OPEN
File menu: Open
Command line: open
It is used to open an existing drawing file. The Select File dialogue box is displayed. You can
open and load a portion of drawing. In the Select File dialogue box, click the arrow next to
Open button and choose Partial Open or Partial Open Read Only to display the Partial Open
dialogue box.

6. CLOSE
File menu: Close
Command line: close
It closes the current drawing file. If you modified the drawing since it was last saved,
AutoCAD prompts you to save or discard changes. You can close the file that has been
opened in Read- only mode if you have made no changes or if you are willing to discard
changes. To save the Read-only file, you must use the SAVEAS command.

7. CLOSE ALL
Window menu: Close All
Command line: closeall
It closes all the open drawings. A message box is displayed for each unsaved drawing, in
which you can save any changes to the drawing before closing it.

8. QUIT
File menu: Exit
Command line: quit
It is used to exit from AutoCAD. Quits the AutoCAD if there have been no changes since the
drawing was last saved.

Toolbars and Icons

The commands in the tool bars do the work of creating new objects and editing existing ones.
The icons are grouped by action type. For example the Draw tool bar contains tools needed to
create objects and Modify tool bar contains functions that modify the existing objects. To find
out what a particular icon is meant, place the cursor on top of an icon and wait for a while, a
tool tip including short cut key will flash along with the cursor. At the same time, notice the
status bar. In place of the co-ordinates display, AutoCAD displays a brief help text narrating
the function of the command along with the command name. The icon buttons in the tool bars
display further options known as fly-outs (button with an arrow at right bottom corner), they
open dialogue boxes and issue commands that require keyboard input.

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Drafting settings Tool

menu: Drafting Settings
Command line: dsettings
Drafting settings specifies the settings for a number of drafting aids to help you draw more
quickly and precisely. Drafting Settings dialogue box will be displayed which include various
tabs to make settings for Snap mode, Grid, Object snaps, polar and object snap tracking, input
and selection settings.
SNAP MODE: Controls the invisible grid that restricts the cursor movement to specified
intervals. It includes settings to specify Snap X Spacing, Snap Y Spacing, Angle, X Base, Y
Base and polar spacing and in addition Snap Type and Style.
GRID MODE: Controls the display of the dot grid that helps to visualize distances. The
limits of the grids are controlled by LIMITS command. It includes settings for Grid X
Spacing and Grid Y Spacing.
OBJECT SNAP: (OSNAP) Specifies the running object snap modes. When Object Snap
mode is on, while in the command, the specified points of the object like Endpoint, Midpoint,
Centre, Node, Quadrant, Intersection, Extension, Insertion, Perpendicular, Nearest, Tangent,
etc will be indicated at the cursor.
POLAR TRACKING: Sets the angles for polar tracking.
ORTHO: It controls the cursor movement. If ortho mode is on, the cursor movement
constrained to the horizontal - vertical directions.
In AutoCAD, its configurations can be customized using Options command and it is also
available in the dropdown menu when right clicked in the drawing area. Options dialogue
box is displayed and can make settings under different tabs; Files, Display, Open and Save,
Plot and Publish, System, User Preferences, Drafting, Selection and Profiles.

Function keys
AutoCAD provides a set of function keys for quick access to certain setting commands.
Function key Function defined in AutoCAD
F1 Online help
F2 Toggles between command window on and off
F3 Toggles between OSNAP on and off
F4 Toggles between Tablet on and off
F5 Switches among Isoplanes Top, Right and Left
F6 Toggles between co-ordinates on and off
F7 Toggles between Grid on and off
F8 Toggles between Ortho on and off
F9 Toggles between Snap on and off
F10 Toggles between Polar Tracking on and off
F11 Toggles between Object Snap Tracking on and off
F12 Dynamic Input on and off

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DRAW TOOL COMMANDS

It consists of set of commands that can be used to create new objects like line, arc, rectangle,
polygon, circle, ellipse, polyline, hatch, etc.

9. LINE
Draw menu: Line
Command line:
line Short cut key:
L
Line command creates one or series of straight-line segments; here each line segment is a
separate object. There are various methods of giving inputs for creating a line.
 Point method by picking the first and last point
 Absolute method: In this system the point is specified using X & Y co-ordinates
measuredfrom origin.
 Relative Co-ordinate: In this system the point is specified using X & Y co-
ordinate thedistance of the next point is measured from a previous point.
 Direct Distance Entry: It is an alternative to entering polar or relative co-
ordinates. This is an easy and fastest way to specify a length. Specify a point
and move the cursor toindicate a direction and then enter the distance from the
first point.

10. CIRCLE
Draw menu: Circle
Command line:
circle Short cut key:
C
It creates a circle. The default method is to specify the centre point and the radius. In
addition,
there are other methods also.
 Centre and Radius: It draws a circle based on a centre point and
radius commandcircle.
 Centre and Diameter: Draws a circle based on a centre point and diameter.
 Three points: Draws a circle based on three points on the circumference.
 Two points: Draws a circle based on a two end points of the diameter.
 Tangent, Tangent, Radius: Draws a circle with a specified radius and tangent
to twoselected objects.

11. ARC
Draw menu: Arc
Command line: arc
Short cut key: A
It creates an arc and is used to add curved segments to the drawing. There are many ways to
give the data to draw arcs.
 Three-point arc: Draws an arc using three specified points on the circumference.
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 Start, centre, end point: Draws an arc using start point, centre of arc and end point of arc.

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

 Start, centre, angle

 Start centre length or chord
 Start, end, radius
 Start, end, starting direction
 Start, end, starting direction.

12. POLYLINE
Draw menu: Pline
Command line: pline
Shortcut key: pl
Polyline is a series of connected line and are segments created as one object, width of the
object can also be controlled.

13. RECTANGLE
Draw menu: Rectangle
Command line: rectangle
Shortcut key: rec
It creates a rectangle and it acts as one entity. It can be drawn by picking two opposite
corners
or by giving areas and dimensions.

14. POLYGON
Draw menu: Polygon
Command line:
polygon Shortcut key:
pol
It creates a regular polygon with the given number of sides and side length.

15. SPLINE
Draw menu: Spline
Command line:
spline Shortcut key:
spl
It creates a smooth curve passing through mid-points of segments of polyline.

16. ELLIPSE
Draw menu: Ellipse
Command line:
ellipse Shortcut key:
el
Creates an ellipse or an elliptical arc.

17. X- LINE
Draw menu: X-line

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Command line:
xline Shortcut key:
xl
It creates an infinite line, x lines are commonly used as construction lines.

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18. Hatch
Draw menu: Hatch
Command line: hatch
Shortcut key: h
It fills an enclosed area with a pattern.

MODIFY TOOL COMMANDS

It consists of set of commands that can be used to alter the existing objects.
19. ERASE
Modify menu: Erase
Command line: erase
Shortcut key: e
It deletes the selected objects from drawing.
20. MOVE
Modify menu: Move
Command line:
move Shortcut key:
m
Objects can be shifted from one place to another place within the drawing area.

21. COPY
Modify menu: Copy
Command line: copy
Shortcut key: co
It creates one or more number of copies of selected objects within the drawing.

22. ROTATE
Modify menu: Rotate
Command line:
rotate Shortcut key:
ro
It rotates selected objects around given axis to the given angle or about a base point.

23. MIRROR
Modify menu: Mirror
Command line: mirror
Shortcut key: MI
It creates mirror image of the selected object in selected direction. It helps to complete
drawing faster if the object is symmetrical about any axis.
24. OFFSET
Modify menu: Offset
Command line:
offset Shortcut key:

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O
It creates a new object that is similar to a selected object at a specified distance from
the original object.

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25. SCALE
Modify menu: Scale
Command line:
scale Shortcut key:
sc
It is used to enlarge / reduce the size of the objects equally in the x and y directions as per
the scale factor given.

26. STRETCH
Modify menu: Stretch
Command line:
stretch Shortcut key:
str
It is used to change the snap and size of the object by pulling or pushing from one side and
also to move objects from one place to another place.

27. TRIM
Modify menu: Trim
Command line: trim
Shortcut key: tr
It is used to cut off or erase an object or set of objects precisely at an edge defined by other
objects. It can also be used to cut off part of the object in between two defined edges.

28. EXTEND
Modify menu: Extend
Command line:
extend Shortcut key:
ex
It extends an object to meet another object.

29. ARRAY
Modify menu: Array
Command line: array
Shortcut key: ar
It creates multiple copies of object in given number of rows and columns or around an
imaginary circle.

30. BREAK
Modify menu: Break
Command line:
break Shortcut key:
br
This method is used to cut an object into two parts at selected point or to remove part of the
object in between two selected points.
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31. EXPLODE
Modify menu: Explode
Command line: explode
Shortcut key: x
It converts polyline, blocks and hatch objects into discrete objects.
32. CHAMFER
Modify menu: Chamfer
Command line:
chamfer Shortcut key:
cha
It connects two non-parallel lines by extending them to intersect or to join with a bevelled
line at specified distance from intersection.
33. FILLET
Modify menu: Fillet
Command line:
fillet Shortcut key: f
It used for filleting connects the two objects with a round arc of a specified radius.

NAVIGATING COMMANDS
34. ZOOM
View menu: Zoom
Command line: zoom
Shortcut key: z
It is used to enlarge and reduce the view of the object in different ways. Zooming does not
change absolute size of the object but it changes the size of view with in graphic data.
35. PAN
View menu: Pan
Command line:
pan Shortcut key: p
It moves the drawing display from one place to another to option selected.

Using text
Text plays an important role in drawing. It is used in title blocks, to give specifications or to
make annotations in the drawing. Texts may be either Single line or Multiline text. Text style:
the group of texts can be assigned a definite set of properties using named text styles.

Dimensioning
Dimensioning plays a vital role in any drawing and is necessary to specify the dimensions of
the objects in the drawing. Similar to text styles, dimension styles can also be created with
specific set of properties like size and type of arrow head, text style, colour, units, precision
and alignment of dimension text, etc. dimensions may be linear, aligned, angular, radius,
diameter.
Leader: It is used to create an arrowed line that connects annotation to a feature. It is used to
label the objects.

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Block
It is a group of objects associated together to form a single object. This block can be inserted,
scaled and rotated whenever required. This single object can be saved it as a block by giving
name to an object. Later this name can be used to insert block.
Layer
When group of objects are created layer command is used to assign various line type colours
to various objects. This group of objects can also be made visible and invisible.
Menu: Format
Layer Command: Layer or La
It will display a layer and line type dialog box.
New: Click on new button to create new layer. Enter name in the layer name box. To create
more than one layer names separated by command don’t use existing layer names. Again
click new to choose new layer. Assign colour and line type to the layer.
Current: Click current button to make the selected layer the current layer.
On and off: ON is used to draw objects and they are visible OFF is used to make the drawn
objects in that layer invisible.
Freeze and thaw: A thaw layer is invisible and excluded from regeneration and plotting. A
thawed layer is visible and available for regeneration and plotting.
Lock and unlock; If the layer is locked. The objects drawn in the locked layer cannot be
modified. If it is unlocked it can be modified.
Colour: It can be used to give suitable colour to the selected layer.
Delete: Removes selected layer from the list.
Line type: Select line type and displays a dialog box. In this box, different line types can be
assigned to layer. It creates loads and sets line types to layer.

Match Properties
It copies or matches the properties of one object to one or more object.
Modify: Match properties
Command: Match prop or painter
Select source object: Select the object whose properties are to be copied. Settings/<select
destination objects(s)>: Enter settings or select one or more objects which are to be changed.
Settings: displays a dialog box and specify t he properties to be copied.

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MODULE 2
DRAWINGS OF BUILDING COMPONENTS
The drawings of different components of a building are to be prepared for the data given
using AutoCAD software.

Exercise 2.1
Draw a cross section of a S.S. Masonry foundation to be provided for a load bearing wall
300mm thick in Burnt Brick Masonry in superstructure of a residential building. Use
following data:
i. Width of foundation = 1.20m v. Width of first footing above PCC
ii. Depth of foundation below GL = 1.20m = 1.05m
iii. Width of PCC = 1.20m vi. Depth of first footing above PCC
iv. Thickness of PCC in 1:3:6 = 75mm. = 0.375m
vii. Width of second footing = 0.90m xi. Width of plinth wall = 0.45m
viii. Depth of second footing = 0.375m xii. Depth of plinth wall = 0.60m
ix. Width of third footing = 0.75m xiii. Thickness of DPC in 1:2:4 = 100mm.
x. Depth of third footing = 0.375m
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.1

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Exercise 2.2
Draw a cross section of a S.S. Masonry foundation to be provided for a partition wall 150mm
thick in Burnt Brick Masonry in superstructure of a residential building.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.2

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Exercise 2.3
Prepare a working drawing for an isolated column footing (RCC) for a column size 300mm x
300mm reinforced with #8 of 12mm HYSD- steel as main bars together with 2 legged 8ϕ
stirrups at 200c/c.
Details of footing: Size of footing is 1.6m x 1.6m and the thickness of the footing at the face
of the column is 450mm which reduces to 300mm at the edge of footing. The mat comprises
of 10ϕ TOR- steel at 100 c/c both ways. The footing is provided with PCC bed in 1:3:6 of
thickness 75mm.Depth of foundation is1.5m from natural ground level.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.3

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Exercise 2.4
Prepare a working drawing for an isolated rectangular RCC column and footing has the
following details:
Column size: (400 x 600) mm. Size of footing: 2m x 3m of uniform thickness 450mm. Depth
of foundation below GL = 1.5m, Height of column to be shown above GL = 1.0m, Thickness
of PCC bed in 1:3:6 = 75mm,
Details of reinforcement:
Column: #8 - 16ϕ as main bars with 2L - 8ϕ @ 150 c/c lateral ties, Footing: Longer direction
steel - 12ϕ @ 130 c/c, Shorter direction steel - 12ϕ @ 220 c/c.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.4

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AID COMPUTER AIDED BUILDING PLANNING AND

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AID COMPUTER AIDED BUILDING PLANNING AND
B. DIFFERENT TYPES OF STAIRCASES
Exercise 2.10
Draw plan and sectional elevation of RCC dog legged staircase for an office building which
measures 3m x 5.5m. The vertical distance between the floor is 3.3m (including landing).
Thickness of the floor slab is 150mm. Provide steps with tread of 300mm and rise of 150mm.
Thickness of waist slab and landing slab is 150mm. Width of stair is 1.5m. Reinforcement
details: main steel: 10ϕ @125 c/c spacing and distribution: 8ϕ @ 250 c/c spacing.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.10

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Exercise 2.11
Draw plan and sectional elevation of an open newel stair with a rectangular well for an office
building with the following data:
Inside dimensions of staircase = 4.5m x 5.4m.
Height between the floors is 3.6m.
Thickness of the floor slab and landing slab is 150mm.
Width of landing=1.5m.
Width of stair = 1.5m.
Tread=300mm, riser=150mm.
Waist slab thickness = 150mm.
Reinforcement details: Main steel:12ϕ @150 c/c spacing and Distribution: 8ϕ @ 250 c/c
spacing.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.11

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C. LINTEL AND CHEJJA
Exercise 2.12
Draw the longitudinal section and cross section of RCC lintel monolithically cast with
sunshade from following data:
Projection of the sunshade from the face of the wall = 600mm
Thickness at fixed end = 150mm
Thickness at free end = 75mm
Main tensile bars: 8ϕ @ 150 c/c
Distribution bars: 8ϕ @ 200 c/c
For RCC lintel (200 x 200) mm with #4 - 12ϕ at tension zone and stirrups of 2L - 8ϕ @ 150
c/c. The sunshade provided over a 3m wide window.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.12

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Exercise 2.17
Draw cross section and plan of one-way roof slab showing the details of reinforcement for the
following data:
Clear span = 4m, Length of slab = 10m
Thickness of slab = 130mm, Bearing wall = 200mm
Main reinforcement: 12ϕ @ 250 c/c with alternate bars bent up.
Distribution reinforcement: 8ϕ @ 200 c/c.
Solution: Refer Fig. 2.17

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Exercise 2.30

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MODULE 3
BUILDING PLANNING AND DRAWING
Principles of planning
Plan of a building is the assembling or grouping of arranging of its component parts in a
systematic manner and proper order so as to form a meaningful wholesome and homogeneous
body.
Planning of building depends on its;
_ Its functional object and requirements.
_ Its component parts, their sizes and the relationship between the different rooms.
_ Shape of the plot and topography
_ Climatic conditions of the place.
_ Its location and neighbourhood
_ Type of the buildings like single storied/ multi storied or detached/ semi- detached/
row houses.
The factors or principles which govern the theory of planning are Aspects, Prospect, Privacy,
Furniture requirement, Grouping, Circulation, Sanitation, Flexibility, Elegance, Economy,
Practical consideration.

Building Bye-laws
Minimum provisions designed from National Building Code by Town Planning Authorities,
Urban Development Authorities and Municipalities. The building bye-laws and regulations
should be enforced by proper authority to achieve following objectives.
1. They prohibit and prevent haphazard and irregular growth as ribbon development and
permit disciplined and systematic growth of buildings along roads by clearly earmarking
residential, commercial, industrial areas, etc.
2. They regulate the open space around the building, window area and head rooms, thereby
creating conductive conditions for natural lighting and ventilation.
3. The standard dimensions for various structural members are specified which give strength
and long life for the building.
4. The bye-laws regulate the planning, designing and execution of building elements.
5. The bye-laws enable the inmates to easily get access to utilities as piped water supply,
electric power and connection to public sewer.
6. The growth of township is streamlined by maintaining uniform height of buildings,
uniform frontage so that the abutting road is straight, gently sloping, free from blind corners
and can be easily widened in future if required.

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