RECTIFIERS

SINGLE PHASE FULL-WAVE RECTIFIER

SKEE 4433
POWER ELECTRONICS
Types Of Rectifier

Rectifier

Half-wave Full-wave

Controlled Uncontrolled Bridge Center-tapped

Controlled : Controlled :
Thyristor
Diodes Thyristor Thyristor
(SCR)
(SCR) (SCR)

Uncontrolled : Uncontrolled :
Diodes Diodes
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load
• Full bridge – 4 diodes.
• Conducted in pair.
– 1st half-cycle (positive cycle): D1 & D2 conducted
– 2nd half-cycle (negative cycle): D3 & D4 conducted
– Reverse-biased voltage for non-conducted diodes
is equal to the peak value of the source.
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load

Based on the Output

voltage, waveform,
mathematical equations Output
of voltage output, vo voltage
can be written as:-

Output
Current
# forward biased "Short circuit

↳
revere biased= oper sirmit
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load

▪ DC voltage = average value

Vo :

I
▪ DC current,

▪ Power absorbed by load,

Where Irms is :

▪ Power factor = 1 (current in phase with voltage)

Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load
• Full-wave rectifier with Center tapped – 2
diodes, center-tap transformer
• Reverse-biased voltage for non-conducted
diodes is TWICE of the peak value of the
source.
• Diode ratings doubled. tre
cycle
D f-biase
.
,
12 revere
1 : 2
-ve cycle
Di revese ,
Dr fand

En
>
- Va
~S ,
+ VD, +Vo =

u : 2us -
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load

Based on the Output

voltage, waveform, Output
voltage
mathematical equations
of voltage output, vo can
be written as:-

Output
Current
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R load

▪ DC voltage = average value

▪ DC current,

▪ Power absorbed by load,

Where Irms is :

▪ Power factor = 1 (current in phase with voltage)

Example 1

A single-phase full-wave bridge rectifier has a

resistive load of 18Ω and an AC source of 120 Vrms.
Determine :
i. The source peak voltage
ii. The average load voltage
iii. The average currents at the load.
Example 2

A single-phase rectifier has a resistive load of 25 Ω.

Determine the average current and peak reverse
voltage across each of the diodes for:
i. a bridge rectifier with an AC source of 120 Vrms and
60 Hz
ii. a center-tapped transformer rectifier with 120 Vrms
on each half of the secondary winding.
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Full bridge
– with RL load
Fowier
~

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100
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t
-

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Fourier 100
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-

It
n

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Al

the Hu
Harmonic , n =
3, 5; 7, 9
, ...
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Voltage across load, vo

– Using Fourier series

DC term

Harmonic
term
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Current through load

▪ Computed using superposition
Harmonic
DC term
term

▪ As n (even number:2,4,6..etc) increases, Vn

decreases, Zn increases
▪ Vn ↓ Zn ↑, In decrease rapidly for increasing n

Consider first few AC terms only

Output
Power
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Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Assuming
large L
– Nearly constant
load current -

(DC)
– For ωL>>R
↑

Irms ≈ Io
Single-phase Uncontrolled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Issues related to supply current

– Non-sinusoidal source current is a concern in
power systems
– Refer figure: Non-sinusoidal waveform at
fundamental frequency with odd harmonics
Total
Harmonic – THD and distortion factor (DF) used to
Distortion describe non-sinusoidal property
– Filters can be added to input of rectifier
Example 3

Given a bridge rectifier has an AC source Vm=

100 V at 50 Hz, and R-L load with R = 100 Ω, L =
10 mH
i. Determine the average current in the load
ii. Determine the first two higher order
harmonics of the load current
iii. Determine the power absorbed by the load
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Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R load

• Using thyristor (SCR) as a control switch.

• Output is controlled by adjusting the
firing/delay angle, α of each SCR.
• Resulting an adjustable DC output voltage and
current.
• The firing/delay angle, α is the angle interval
between the forward biasing of the SCR and
the gate signal application.
• If α=0, rectifier behave exactly as uncontrolled
rectifier
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R load

Positive Cycle Negative Cycle

Th 1 Th 3 Th 1 Th 3
I I

Vac RLoad Vac

VDC VDC RLoad

Th 4 Th 2 Th 4 Th 2
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R load
▪ DC voltage = average value

▪ RMS voltage

▪ Power absorbed by load

Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R load

Current through load

Average output current

RMS output current

RMS current in the source is the same

as the rms current in the load
Example 4
The controlled single-phase bridge rectifier has a
20Ω resistive load and has a 120-V rms, 60-Hz AC
source. The delay angle is 45°. Determine
i. the average load current
ii. the rms load current
iii. the rms source current
iv. the power factor.
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Full bridge
– Small L
– discontinuous
current
– Analysis similar
to half-wave
case except
T = π rad
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load

– Current function for α ≤ ωt ≤ β

– Condition for discontinuous current mode

– β extinction angle to be solved numerically

Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Full bridge
– Large L
– Continuous
current

&
5.
3 In forced
to ON tr
discharge all

energy in inducti
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load
– Boundary between continuous and discontinuous
current is π +α
– Condition for continuous current mode
• current at ωt = π + α must be > 0;

– Using trigonometric identity

Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load

Current equation become:-

– Solving for α
α≤θ
– Using θ = tan-1(ωL/R), condition for
continuous current is:

α ≤ tan-1(ωL/R)
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load
− Voltage across load
Using Fourier series
∞
vo(ωt) = Vo + Σ Vn cos (nωt + θn)
n=1

– DC voltage = average value

Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load
− Voltage across load
Using Fourier series
∞
vo(ωt) = Vo + Σ Vn cos (nωt + θn)
n=1

– AC term, Vn

Where;
Single-phase Controlled Full-wave:
R-L load

• Current through load

▪ Computed using superposition
Harmonic
DC term
term

▪ As n (even number:2,4,6..etc) increases, Vn

decreases, Zn increases.
▪ Vn ↓ Zn ↑, In decrease rapidly for increasing n

Consider first few AC terms only

Output
Power
Example 5
The controlled single-phase bridge rectifier has a parameter
as follows:
Supply voltage v(t) = 169.7 sin (314t) V
R = 10 Ω
L = 20 mH
Firing angle of the power devices = 30°
Extinction angle = 216°
i. Determine whether the load current is continuous or
discontinuous & [ tan" (W
ii. Calculate the load voltage and the load current.
iii. Determine the power absorbed by the load.