Introduction to uncontrolled rectifiers, Hall wave controled rectirs wih R, RL load, Efecto ree-whesing diode, Single Phase Controlled Rectifiers 10,5 ay migues for son Ful wav uly controled recite (cenreagped, bridge configurations), Full ave half controled (semi converts) with a5 Ow R.A. lad, fect of freewheeling sede anc eect of source inductance. mat Calelaton of performance parameters, Input pedormance parameters (aout power factor, Input dplacement factor Mar (OF, Inout current dstorion factors (CDF), Input cunent hamenic factor (HEH), Crest Factor (CF), Ouput n circuits for SCA perfomance parameters. (2. 6(b), 6 arts 2.81 Inrodueton os 2 32 Cuasateaton of ontoled Rector... 33 techniques for Sch «3.33 Half Wave Controlled Rectifier a uit, 0.2.31 We shor not on Hal wave cooled recifirs wth Fld win wavetome (2. 1(@), 5 Mars) (MU -0.6(0), May 17, Mark) = 331 Resistive Load a4 eroame tor SCR. 332 With Inductive Load..nnnnm a7 (Q. 6(0), 5 Marts) 333 Wit inductive Lood and Freewhesing Dede... : 38 el Pédect oe! 834 Advantages of using Freowhooting Diode on Bey Va.232 Whats he need of reewheaing ode in contre ete? Explain wth example. (Mu 0. 1(), ay 15,2. 1), Dec. 16,0. 1(), May 17,010), Dec. 17, 0.16), May 18, § Marks) ..-11 (2.640), 5Me) 5 4 rarwveve Const Rocitr. me saat ee od a 343 a aaa su as = va.s41 vas42 48 = 347 _ power factor. (MU ~. a), Dec. 1, 10 Marks), Mis Pont Conga (nth 100... Mis Point Contguation (With FLL Load) ‘Mi-point Coniguraton (wih R- Load and Freewhesing Code). Full Wave Bridge Rector (With F-Load). Fall Wave Bridge Roctiior (With FH. Load). ‘raw end explain ful controled rectiir wih Fi load, Draw waves when = 6 (MU 0. 2(), Dec. 16,10 Marks). Draw and expan single phase uly controled comweter wih RL load. raw ad cuenta velage input vohage and going signal for a = 60" (MU =A. 2(), Dec, 17, (a), May 1, 10 Marka). Ful Wave Bridge Rector (With FH. Load and Freewheeling Diode) Full wave half Controled Rector (Semicon) wih F-Load FullWave Hal Controle Rectiter(Semiconverte) with Ft Load Explain hall controled rectitor using SCR. Draw waveforms and dative the relation for ouput toad votago.(MU -©. 2(2, May 15, 10 Marks). ‘plan somiconvarter cut forthe conversion of AC DC. Craw wavaloms fora = 60" plan how lena the need of freewheeling diode in case of FL load to incoase the Sannedth CannPowor Electronics (Mi ex. 32 Single Phase Controlled Rec, forms. {YO. 345 Draw and explain semi-convertor with help of creuit diagram and we (MU - Q. 2(2), May 10 Marks)... snes ve - V0. 2446 With the help of neat sketch, explain he ‘working of single-phase half-wave som convert. (MU -@. 1(¢), May 17, 5 Marks) - oe — L. 5 95. Effect of Source Inductance in 1@ RectRes.-~ 0.354, Eaplainin bel he affect f source Inductance ene Pee futy controlled bridge rectifier. (Mu -2.1(6), Dee. 15,5 Marks) ee Se yo. 2152 Biplane fleet of source inducancen singe phase i convertor working in rectifier modo (qn = 0. 2(), May 1, 0.30), May 17,5 Mark) > 36 19 Full Converter le: ewe Yo.3.61 Deve the expressions for ouput votage and curent ra ne phase fully controled bridge eter wth source navcance using equvaiont crc (MU +a. Mel De 45, 6 Marks), 1¥0.2.62 Draw singe phase fll convertar output vohage wavetoms: G0 ‘equations which can be used te dotermine overlap angle 1 and output DC voltage. (MU -0.2(0), May 16, 2. 3, May 17, 10 Marks) v0.2.8 Dee expresion for output vatage of single phase uy cored rectifier in the prosence of ‘source inductance. (MU - Q. 4(a), Dec. 17, 10 Marks) ua.2.64 Dasve an expression for overlap angle) and ouput volage ft single-phase fully controled tre rece wih eource mndutance. (MU 28), May 18, 10 Marks) 287 Solved Examples... Ue« 27.1 (MUO. 1(e), Dec. 16, 10 Marks)... 15 2.8 input Pertormance Parameters of Single Phase Ful Wave Conrolod Rocio: U0. 3.8.1 Define and explain perormance parameters of controled reer (MU -A.1(€), May 16, 0. 1(9, May 17,5 Marks) ‘= 381 Single Phase Full Converter. = ‘= 38.2 Single Phase | Half-Controlled Converter or Semiconverter. 15 20. Cuiput Perfomance Parameters of Single Phase Full-wave Conrotos eters V0.3. Define and expan performance parameter of contoied rec. (MMU -0.1(6), May 16, 2 1(f), May 17, 5 Marks). ‘= 3.9.1 Single Phase Full Converter. ‘= 392 Single Phase Semiconverer {2 8:10 Solved Examples rrr UEx. 3.10.1 (MU -Q.6(0), Dec. 15, 10 Marks) UEx. 3.10.2 (MU - Q. 4{a), Dec. 17, Q. 4(a), May 18, 10 Marks).. UEx. 3.10.3 (MU @. (a), May 16, 10 Marks)... Ex, 3.10.8 (MU - May 16, 5 Marks) Sc é > 2:11 Comparison between Fully Contrailed Bridge Converter and Semicanverer 1ya.211.1 Compare uly controled bridge converter and semconverter. (MU -. (Dee 18:5 Marks) 2 3.12 University ‘Questions and Answers.. ‘Chapter Ends... Sannedth Cann 3% 325 328 328 3% 30 3% 34 3a sca" ro) ro)& 8&8 & £8 & LF Bees Beas Be WEEE YY 05 Power Electronics (MU-Sem. 7-Elex. ae > 34 (Rectifier is an electronic circuit which converts AC power into DC power. Introduction (i) The power conversion from AC to DC takes place with the help of semiconductor switches lke diode thyristor ate (Gi) When diode is used as a semiconductor switch for AC to DC conversion, then the rectifier circuit is termed as “Uncontrolled Rectifier” as it converts AC voltage into fixed DC voltage (iv) If we use SCR's or thyristors in place of diodes then the output DC voltage can be controlled by varying firing angle (a) of the SCR. In this case the rectifier circuit is called as “Controlled Rectifier”. (©) Controlled DC voltage is necessary for controlling speed of DC drives. Hence controlled rectifiers are used extensively inthe industrial applications D 3.2. Classification of Controlled Rectifiers ‘The single phase controlled rectifiers can be classified as shown in Fig. 3.2.1. ‘Single Phase Controlled Rectiiors h Lond Vg" Yq st (wjFig, 3.2.2: Half wave controled rectifier (Gi). In full wave controlled rectifiers the AC to DC power conversion takes place during both the half cycles of supply voltage. ull wave controlled rectifiers can be further classified ‘based on the semiconductor switches a follows (a) Midpoint configuration (b) Bridge configuration > (@)_ Midpoint configuration In this configuration, two SCR’s are used and supply is connected to the circuit through centre tapped me == 1S, ena j= ae co (usFig, 32.3 : Midpoint configuration > (b) Bridge configuration (gig. 3.2.4 : Bridge configuration In this configuration, four SCR’s are used and supply is connected tothe load through a bridge consisting of foar SCR's. The advantage of having DSdEe = SH SHAH Nentare Sannedth Cann34 Sing Phase Contoted Reis, Power Electronics (MU-Sem. configuration is mo need to use transformer, as an effect of this bridge rectifiers are less bulky and cost effective. For a better contro of outpot voltage, one more AC to DC converter has been introduced viz. semiconverter, Semiconverter is a bridge rectifier consisting of (Wo SCR’s and two diodes for DC drives applications. ‘Semiconverter provides better control over DC output voltage compared to full converter. Gi) Applications of controlled rectifiers Many industrial applications make use of controllable de power which obtained from phase controlled rectifiers. Examples of such applications are as follows (i) Steel rolling mills, paper mills, printing presses and textile mills employing de motor drives. Gi) Traction systems working on de. (ii) Electrochemical and electrometallurgical processes. (iv) Magnet power supplies (8) Portable hand tool drives (vi) High-voltage de transmission. > 3.3. Half Wave Controlled Rectifier % 3.3.1 Resistive Load Ts (aig, 3.3.1 : Half wave controlled rectifier ‘The operation of half-wave phase controlled rectifier can ‘Operation (During postive half cycle of Supply voltage gy thyristor T, is forward biased and when fring pute given to the gate of Tat ot = a the thyristor is time ‘on and acts like a closed switch. TON Vg=Vmsin ot G2) (1anFig, 3.3.2 : Equivalent cireuit for the positive half eye (ot=atoat=n) Gi) During this time from @t = a to wx = m the curent flows through supply T, and load R. Output voiage is same as the supply voltage. At 01 stops conducting as negative voltage appears acros it It is commutated due to natural communication , the thyristor (iii) During negative half cycle of the supply voltage the thyristor T, is reverse biased. Thyristor remains in te Off state, it acts like an open switch. (unFig. 333 Gv) During this time from ot = x to wt does not flow through switch. Hence outpe across the load is zero. Entire supply voltage 27°" across SCR, be summarized as follows : 2 Sr.No] ot ‘Thyristor state | Output voltage Voltage across thyisor | a= 7 feiezcerlemre |, =| 3. | n Maximum supply voltage (vo!) a firing angle of thyristor (deg oF ™) (i) RMS output voltage (Van.) [E (eessegs) Janne (ii) Form factor (F-F.) (aese)] a qi +208 a) cis in asians (iv) Voltage ripple factor (V.R-F.) VRF. = (FRY -1)"" ans Sannedth Cannwave refore sad» z Where, Vag, — Average output voltage (Volt) R > Load resistance (2) (vi) AC output power (P.,.) Where, Vom > RMS output voltage (volt) R_ > Load resistance (2) (vii) Rectification efficiency (n) Vou eae Voge > Average output voltage (volt) Vera > RMS output voltage (volt) ‘Where, 3.3.2. With Inductive Load 336: Half wave controlled rectifier with RL. load half cycle of supply voltage the and when firing pulse is at ot = othe thyristor oMoFig. (During. positive thyristor T, is forward biased given to the gate terminal of T, tumed on and act like a closed switch. TON 1 Single Phase Controlled Rectiiors Gi) During o nm, the current flows through supply, T, and load, The outpot voltage is same as the ato ot supply voltage. ‘The current through load starts increasing as the load has inductance. The inductive load stores the energy in this mode of operation Gil) At ot = zero and after «wt = m it becomes negative. Due 10 reverse input voltage the conducting thyristor T, tries the input supply voltage passes through a totum off at at = (uataFig. 338 : Equivalent circuit (at =o ‘Due to reverse voltage load current tries to decrease. inductive ) ‘According to the principle of induction, the Joad willl try to maintain the current through it unchanged and in the same direction. ‘The inductive load will try to oppose the change in the current by inducing a self induced voltage across the Joad with a reverse polarity as shown in the Fig, 3.3.8 “ During this time interval from ox = x 10 a= % + B, the supply ges connected 1o the load. The load curent ith the same direction. EnetEy ) starts decreasing. wit stored during postive half eycle from ox = 10 js retuned to the supply voltage (ui) As soon asthe energy stored in the Toad is fod Bark y. the load current reaches @2er0 att = ff due to natural complete + and thyristor T, is tumed of ‘communication, t voltage waveform which has (vili) Refer to the output jeer as the positive as well as negative area under positive part ofthis that under the negative part, the aver values. How 1s waveform is more that ge voltage remains positive. Sannedth Cannrs 3B { } | sonore} caraFig. 339 a suc SHB Ne Foch Nee Pelications —— Where Authors nape innovation Sannedth Cannmn : \ Power Electronics (MU-Sem. 7-Elex, Derivations (@ Average outpat voltage (V,) 39 Vo 4 2n 1 Vs" Aon) 1 = 2g J Ve-sin ot-d (or) Is : i -Va FF (C05 cos a) Ya [= Fawn] Where, a> Firing angle B — Extinction angle 1 > B~c- conduction angle Phase Controlled Rectifiers Vs= Vn sin ot (mv0Fig 3.310 Half wave controlled rectifier with 7 freewheeling diode (During positive half eycle of supply voltage Vs, the thyristor T, is forward biased when gate signal is applied at ot = a, then coment stats flowing through Vg, conducting thyristor T, and inductive load. During this interval of time i. from wt = 0 to wt = x, the freewheeling diode is reverse biased, Hence no current flows through freewheeling diode D,. Output voltage ‘will have the waveform same as supply voltage Vs Output current I, starts increasing from zero initial value. The equivalent circuit for interval wt = «10 t= will be as follows Tyis ON aa) Dgis OFF Load Vo Vg=Vmsinal R | (qav9Fig, 23.11: Equivalent circuit forthe interval fom t=atoat=" (ii) After ot = m, the negative voltage comes across thyristor which will make conducting thyristor OFF by patural commutation. But current through load can not ‘become zero because of inductance present in the load. ‘The path for this output current will be provided by freewhecling diode as it becomes forward biased at fot = m. The output current freewheels through this diode until the complete stored energy of inductor dissipates. The output current starts decreasing from the instant oot = The output voltage is zero during this inerval, At the instant at = B, the inductor stored T energy dissipates completely through tewhecling diode and the output current becomes 280 Sannedth Cann3 é a biased SC zero. Ent ‘The equiy will be a Vs a 334 vo. 3.32 on induct throug Power Input tothe Hene facto (noFig, 33.12 (i) Loae +B will be as follows : circuit forthe interval ax = x to «ot De: ind and Tech-NeoP Sannedth CannSS lectern Gi) During negative half cycle ie. from wt = x + fio ot = 2m, the current does not flow through reverse biased SCR. Hence oviput voltage across the load is zero, Entire supply voltage appears across SCR T, The equivalent circuit fr the interval ot = to wt will be as follows SCRis OFF Dg is OFF Vg Vp sin of cnvoFig. 33.14 % 33.4 Advantages of using Freewheeling Diode UQ.3.3.2 What is the need of freewheeling diode in ACRONIS @ Input power factor is improved : As seen from the ‘waveform the load absorbs power from wt = 10 = x but from wt = x to wt = + B, energy stored in inductor (L) is delivered to the load resistance R through freewhecling diode. As a result power ‘consumed by the load is more, Power delivered tothe load “Power factor (P-F.) Tput voltampere "Input volt-ampere (VA) is same, but power delivered "to the load is more. ‘with the use of freewheeling diode power is improved. current waveform is improved = applications, the joad current must be continuous, ‘and ripple free, With the help of large value the load current can ‘be obtained continuous 341 Phase Controlled Rectifiors (iti) Load performance is better : As output current can bbe obtained as continuous, then ripple in the output ‘current can be minimized, (Gv) Output voltage is more : The freewheeling diode conducts during a part of negative half cycle, as a result of which the output voltage will be more positive compared tothe rectifier without freewheeling diode. (¥) Overall converter efficiency improves : As energy stored in inductor (L) is transferred to resistor (R) during the freewheeling period, overall converter efficiency improves. ‘Thyristor conduction time decreases : Thyristor remains in an state from wt = a {0 at = m, hence ‘conduction time of thyristor is (n — ct) whereas in the rectifier without freewheeling diode the conduction time for thyristor is (w + B ~ a). So with the help of freewheeling diode the thyristor conduction time is less so thyristor can regain its reverse blocking capability wi) uickly. D> 3.4 Full-Wave Controlled Rectifier ° 3.4.1 Mid-Point Configuration (with R-Load) » A et Tp) ap = |) v, 3 =i x DE Vg2¥msin at ‘oat Fig. 34.1: Mid-point full wave rectifier with R-load (i) The supply is connected to the load through centre tapped single phase transformer. Two SCR’s are used, SCR T, conducts during positive half eycle of the supply and SCR T, conducts during negative half cycle of the supply. SAGES Vetus Sannedth CannPower Electronics (MU-Sem. ii) During positive batf cycle of the supply voltage Vs Ay is positive w.rt. An dve to electromagnetic coupling in secondary side of a transformer B, is positive wrt Bs ‘Thyristor 7, is forward biased and thyristor T is reverse biased. The firing pulse is given to forward biased thyristor T, at ox = a. T, acts as closed switeh, ‘whereas T, acts as open switch. The equivalent eicuit uring postive half eycle will look as follows = A yen PM (uamFig. 3.4.2 The cureat flows through Vr - upper half of secondary winding, thyristor T, and load, giving output Ns voltage V, equal to half of supply voltage 3° of shown polarity. ‘The current flows through lower half of secondary winding , thyristor T, and load, v. giving output voltage =" as shown polarity Thysitor T, will be reverse binsed and it blocks the reverse voltage 342 Pras Conte et, “Thyror T, wil be reverse biased and votage py byt willbe V9 , (i) During negative bal cycle of te supp voltage, 4 ta neguive wet Ay doe to mutal coping xg" secondary side ofa transformer B, i eave wg ‘Thyisior T, is forward bissed and thyriser 7, reverse biased. The firing pulse sven tthe fray Oe A= aan switch whereas T, als 85 8 OPED Sith The equivalent crcit during negative half cjle wl og as follows: Vs Vm sin at A, Be zis ON (uznFig. 343 : Equivalent circuit from ot = %+ 010 0t= 28 Sannedth Cann= Power Electronics (MU-Sem. 7-Elox mid-point bridge configuration (with R-Load) (Average output voltage (V) Ars ote) ® Vv, = J¥assinot- a (on) « 343. Quadrant operation Ye From the expression of V, =" (1 + 60s) itis clear that V, has maximum value atc. = 0 and itis given by, Ye Venu = FC +6080") Na Vom = ae \V, has minimum value at = 180° and itis given by, Vo Vonia = G+ 608 180°) Veni = 0. So, Vis positive for entire range of from 0° to 180°, For rectification purpose we are using unidirectional device i.e. SCR, hence output current always remains positive from Power (P) is always posive ie. power flows fom source to Toad. Hence it always be working in rectifiation mode. int Configuration ma 4 twit Ret Load) Sannedth CannSs tttstSt— ee incoming SCR’s to conduct together. .5 Effect of Source Inductance oot D 3.5 Eftect of Source | (14 | Toe commutation pid, when otging an . SCR’ are conducting together, is also known as te 7 vs ¢ perlod. The angular period during which both th ne 2 and outgoing SCR's are conducting, is *™* ‘commutation angle or overlap angle (i) = Teoh.N Sannedth Cann1 would be observed that the effect of source inductance is (i) Tolower the mean output voltage, To distort the output voltage and current waveforms, Gi) To modify the performance parameters of the converter. D 3.6 1 4 Full Converter UQ.3.6.1 Derive the expressions for output voltage and current for a single phase fully Controlled bridge rectifier with source waveforms. Give equations which ‘be used to determine overlap angle ‘output DC voltage. ‘expression for output voltage of phase fully controlled rectifier in the ‘of source inductance. (as 0F ig. 3.6.2 ‘When terminal 1 of source voltage Vs is positive current I,, flows through Ls, T, load and 7). When terminal 2 of V, is positive, load current I, lows through T,, load and Ty. Voi fete TiTo-etaete: ThTo ten} Cyne Lott (69g. 3.6.3, When T;, , are triggered at a firing angle at the commutation of already conducting thyristors Ty, Ty begins. Because of the presence of source inductance Sannedth Cann[heeercereenpnron 7) tS ‘The average outpat voltage Vox is given by Ly the current through outgoing devices Ty Ts decreases gradually to zero from its initial value Toy ‘whereas in incoming thyristors T,, T+ the current builds up gradually from zero to full valve of load current 1, — During the commutation of T, T; and Ty, Ts ie. during the overlap angle H, KVL forthe loop abeda gives, a, a, Vi-bg = ba G62) 23.63) ‘Adding (3.6.2) and (3.6.3) 241, 2¥u tre ah XJ sinat-a(o0 an V. (605 ONS Ya = —toos (a+ w) -c08 (R +2) c0s a+ cos (+7) G64) 2, Maximum mean outpot voltage, Van =p Equation (3.644) can be expressed as, Maximum mean output voltage at n0 load a [eos a+ 00s («+n Vg = “Fr loos a + cos (a+ W)] 365) From I,, expression “ co(arn) = coo Substituting in equation (5) Reduction inthe ‘output voltage SY. Sannedth CannValcosa-cos(a+ uy] = wiyt, Fora full wave diode rectifier, a = 0° OL], = Vall —cos py] > 3.7 Solved Examples 3.64) is considered find the average output voltage ‘the average output voltage due to overlap if Ps voltage of 230 V. trom 230 V, 50 He. source. 10 2 and a large inductance so a for a firing angle delay of voltage (b) average re then deerine oF - ee (@) Average output voltage Y= qos. es -(b) Average output current, Yo _ 1793303 R 10 17.9330. y, aL, [0s e~c0s (a+ W)) 2509 EE os30°c0s 00" +) 2nx50x 15m © 2nx50x15m 179.3303 - = 76.6404 V Ex.3.7.9 A.1 6 full converter is connected to ac supply of 330 sin 314t volt. It operates with a firing angle c= rad. The total oad current is maintained constant at SA and the load voltage is 140 V. Calculate the source inductance angle of ‘overlap and the load resistance. © son: V = 330sin314¢ Vy = 330V, @=314 rasce a= Sedo 1, = 5A, Vas 40V Is= 7, par Re? Ve als = Bena Sannedth CannZé tex, aL, fos 4 —c08 (2+ Ww) ) [eos 45° cos (45° + )) .— 3x17. = 62671° x 140 3 R= 2%o D> 3.8 Input Performance Parameters of Single Phase Full Wave Controlled Rectifiers UQ.3.8.1 Define and explain performance parameters ‘of controlled rectifior. wm 38. m5" Single Phase Full Converter cong (OPEL REET ERIE TEED Phase Contoled Rectiten The performance parameters are obtained fom yy, waveform of supply curent Ty, The output curent | assumed to be continuous, ripple free and constant The instantaneous supply current can be expressed ig Fourier series as under. L@ = L+ ZL C, sin(nor+o,) a=1a9. Where, 1, = constant de current C= fare ad 0,=tan I,,a, and b, are calculated as follows : “% [ J taco + mie rea J -4-4@» [1 @onf"*-1, on] l= El @+a-a)-1,@r+a-n-o) oy = ae Uy RL a) = 0 = Le . [I teowner as | tonnes] “sleeps ene) Joos n0- Evel = sinn® = Etisinn x +a)- sina) - (sion ana) sin (n+0)}) Fenn ge ag chown (20 +00) jae 90) ~ sia pee + sin (am + na} {sin ax - cos nc. + cos nx sin na ~ sin 9 sin 2m n cos nar ~ cos 2x n sin nce + sin nm cos not + cos nz sin na] “sin (A +B) = sin A cos B + 005 A sin ® A SACHIN SHA ewe” Sannedth Cann~sin na. + (~ 1)" sin nay * sin nn = 0, sin 2a = 0, cos nm = (_ U,c0s 2nn = 1 1 4 = py AC 1" sin na —2 sin nay = Sq Sinna (1-1) | sameoe eel + Join 29220888 (cos n an), *] gos (2m + a) —cos n (x +c)} .@) +cos nat}] 4+ net) — 2c0s (are + nt) + c0s n3)] + e0s not sin 2 sin na “cos not + 2sin 2 sin na. +c0s nel +B) =cos A cos B-sin Asin B = 9 -2(- Vcos na + 0+ 08 na} lojecs n= (Yn yf 60s net] Sua). (San) ee) hii Fat | (sin? na + cos" nat) Ss [Sha “sin? 0 +-c0s? 0 +1 \ ne ly So = on Forn=1,3,5 r 41 i % = ‘i = tan"! tan nc) H cos na =n .Forn=1,3,5 z a= 135, 4 in ue na) “|QO = = ‘The rms value of n” harmonic input current is, A 4h, _ 221, i = on om RMS value of fundamental current is obtained by puting n= 1 ly = yr and Negative sign of 0, indicates that the fundamental current lags the source voltage. (@ Input Power Factor : The input power factor PF is defined as the ratio of mean input power (real power) to the total rms input voltamperes (apparent power) given o the rectifier. Mean AC input power PR. = Totals input vollamperes Vs Is 605 8, ao V4. = rms value of supply voltage = rms value of supply current including fundamental and harmonics Where, Sannedth Cann