Level-I

Chapter 7

Alternating Current

Solutions (Set-1)

Very Short Answer Type Questions :

ω 2π
1. E0 , , .
2π ω

2I0
2. , ZERO (where I0 is the peak value)
π

3. It measures the rms (virtual) value of ac.

4. Power factor cosφ = 1.
5. If there is no power dissipation in ac circuit, then the current in the circuit is wattless.

6. A 220 V ac has a peak value of 220 × 2 = 311 V . Whereas a 220 V dc has a peak value of 220 V.

7. 100 volt

5
8. A.
2

9. A.C.
10. A laminated iron core minimises loss of energy due to eddy currents.
Short Answer Type Questions :
11. Iron loss and copper loss
12. The hysteresis loop of soft iron has a small area. Hence a soft iron core results in little energy loss.
13. An ideal transformer is one in which magnetic field lines are confined entirely within the core (no field lines
outside the core). Its efficiency is 100%.

14. The average power in an ac circuit is given by P = Vrms × Irms × cos φ . In pure inductive circuit, φ = 90º.

So, cosφ = 0 ⇒ P = 0 .

15. 100 ohm. Z = R 2 + X L2 ⇒ X L = Z 2 − R 2 = (141.4)2 − (100)2 ≈ 100 Ω .

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Alternating Current 53

16. XL XC
Rectangular
Hyperbola
nt
ta C = constant
ns
co
=
L

f f

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
17. The impedance of the circuit R2 + ⎜ ⎟ will decrease and so the current in the circuit will increase and
⎝ ωC ⎠
the bulb will give more intense light.
18. In figure (a), Current will remain same, decreases in figure (b) and increase in figure (c)
19. No current will flow in the bulb when connected to DC supply because the capacitor offers infinite resistance
⎛ 1 1 ⎞
to dc supply ⎜ XC = = = ∞ as f = 0 ⎟ . Hence, the bulb will not glow even if capacitance is reduced.
⎝ ωC 2 πfC ⎠
1 1
For ac supply, as capacitance is reduced, reactance XC = = will increase ωC so current will
ωC 2πfC
decrease, so bulb will glow less brightly.

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
2
R + (ωL) 2 R 2 + ⎜ ωL −
ωC ⎟⎠
20. The impedance decrease to .
⎝

1
21. As cos φ = = cos 60º ⇒ φ = 60º . With the information given in the question, current leads the voltage or the
2
voltage leads the current, cannot be concluded.
22. We shall measure the potential difference across AB, BC and AC. If
(i) (VAB + VBC) > VAC. Then X is pure inductance
(ii) (VAB + VBC) = VAC, Then X is pure resistance
(iii) VBC = 0, Then X is inductance-less resistance-less conductor.

⎛ V2 ⎞ ⎛ P⎞
23. The resistance of the bulb is 200 Ω ⎜ R = ⎟ and it takes a current of 0.5 A ⎜ I = ⎟ . To give it 0.5 A current
⎜ P ⎟⎠ ⎝ V⎠
⎝
at 200 V, its resistance should be 400 Ω. Hence, a resistance of 200 Ω, must be connected in series of the
bulb. Alternatively, a step-down transformer having primary to secondary turn ratio 2 : 1 may be used.

E0 1.414 × 110 155.5 155.5

24. Maximum current I0 = = = = = 3.24 A
2 2 1600 + 704.3 48.0
⎛ 1 ⎞ ⎛ 1 ⎞
R2 + ⎜ ⎟ (40)2 + ⎜ −4 ⎟
⎝ ωC ⎠ ⎝ 376.8 × 10 ⎠

25. The phase difference φ between current and voltage in AC series RC circuit is given

1
1 1
tan φ = C =
ω = = 0.6635
R ωCR 376.8 × 10−4 × 40

φ = tan−1(0.6635) = 33.56º

φ 33.56 1
The time lag is given by t = ×T = × = 1.55 ms
360º 360 60

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54 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

155.5
26. Maximum current I0 = = 3.89 A
2
⎡ 1 ⎤
(40)2 + ⎢ ⎥
⎣ 7.53 ⎦

XC 1
tan φ = = = 0.0033
R 7.53 × 40

φ≅ 0
Thus we see that at very high frequencies, the capacitor acts like a conductor.

P 5
27. Current rating of bulb, I = = = 0.25 A
V 20

V 20
The resistance of the Filament of bulb R = = = 80 Ω . If the lamp is to run on 200 V - 50 Hz ac mains,
I 0.25
a capacitor (or choke) must be placed in series in order to increase its effective resistance, Let C is the
capacitance used, then

2
⎛ 1 ⎞
Impedance Z = R 2 + XC2 = (80)2 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 314C ⎠

Vrms 200
Now Irms = ⇒ 0.25 = ⇒ C = 4.0 μF
Z 2
⎛ 1 ⎞
802 + ⎜ ⎟
⎝ 314 C ⎠

28. It is the case of series LCR circuit in when φ = 0.

1
ωL −
tan φ = ωC = ⇒ ωL − 1 ⇒ C = 1 = 127 μF
R ωC ω2L

29. The natural frequency of LC series circuit is given by f = 1

= 50Hz . The resonance occurs when an ac
2π LC
voltage of frequency equal to its natural frequency is applied. So the frequency of resonance is 50 Hz.

VS 22 V
30. VP = 220 V, VS = 22 V, IS = = = 0.1 A
Z 220 Ω

For an ideal transformer, output power = Input power

IS × VS 0.1× 22
IP × VP = IS × VS ⇒ IP = = = 0.01 A .
VP 220

Long Answer Type Questions :

31. That current, whose direction changes periodically are known as alternating currents.
∵ Average current over a positive half cycle
T /2
2
Iavg =
T ∫ i dt
0

T /2
2
=
T ∫i
0
0 sin ωt dt

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Alternating Current 55
T /2
2i 0 ⎡ cos ωt ⎤ 2i 0 ⎡ T⎤ I
=
T ⎢− ω ⎥ =
ωT ⎢cos0 − cos ω 2 ⎥
⎣ ⎦0 ⎣ ⎦
+
2π
2I0 2I 2I O π
=
ωT
[1 − cos π] = 2π 0 [1 − ( −1)] = 0 –
×T π
T T
Average current over a negative half cycle
T
2 2I
T T∫/2
Iavg = idt = − 0
π
For complete cycle
I = Iavg (+ve) + Iavg (–ve)
Iavg = 0
32. That steady current which would produce the same heat in given resistance in a given time as is done by the
alternating current when passed through the same resistance for the same time.
I0
Irms =
2
33. As all the elements are in series, so at any instant, the current through these elements is same. By using
technique of phasors.
AC Source (V = Vmsinωt)
~

R L C

VR VL VC
So, I = IR = IL = IC ... (i)
The voltage across the resistor given by
VR = I × R ... (ii)
is in phase with its current
The voltage across the inductor
VL = IXL = IωL = I × 2πf × L ... (iii)
π
As discussed earlier, VL is ahead of IL (i.e. I) by
2
The voltage across the capacitor given by
I I
VC = IX C = = ... (iv)
ωC 2πfC
π
is lagging behind the current by
2
I
VL VR V
VR φ
ωt + φ ωt

VC – VL

VC

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56 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

The voltage between inductor and capacitor is equal to VC – VL. The total voltage given by

V = VR2 + (VC − VL )2 ... (v)

V = (IR )2 + (IXC − IX L )2 = I R 2 + ( XC − X L )2 ... (vi)

V
= R 2 + ( XC − X L )2 = Z (impedance = Effective resistance of series LCR circuit) ... (vii)
I
Phase relationship between V and I
VC − VL XC − X L
tan φ = = ... (viii)
VR R

2
)
–X
L

(X C
XC – XL
2 +
R
φ
z=
R
Impedance Triangle

34. Choke coil is a coil having high inductance and negligible resistance, it is used to control current in AC circuit.
It consists of a Cu coil wound over a soft iron laminated core. Thick Cu wire is used to reduce the resistance
of the circuit. Soft iron is used to improve inductance of the circuit for ideal choke coil, resistance is zero and
hence power factor is zero. Then average power is zero.
Coil of copper wire

Iron core

35. Transformers are based upon mutual induction which transform an alternating voltage from one to another of
greater or smaller value.
A transformer consists of two coils wound on a soft iron core, called primary and secondary coils. Let number
of turns in these coils are Np and Ns respectively. The input ac voltage is applied across primary coil whereas
output a.c. voltage is across secondary coil.
We consider an ideal transformer in which the primary has negligible resistance and all the flux in the core
links both the primary and secondary windings. Let φ be the flux linkage through each of primary and secondary
coils. Then.

dφ
Induced emf across the primary coil, ε p = −N p ... (i)
dt

dφ
Similarly induced emf across secondary εs = −Ns ... (ii)
dt

AC voltage obtained across secondary Vs εs Ns

From these equation = = =
AC voltage applied across primary Vp ε p N p ... (iii)

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1) Alternating Current 57

Soft iron-core

Secondary

Secondary
Primary

Primary
Figure Two arrangements for winding of primary and secondary coil in a transformer:
(a) two coils on top of each other, (b) two coils on separate limbs of the core.

Note : The above relations are based upon following three assumptions :
(i) Primary current and resistance are small.
(ii) The same flux links both the primary and secondary coil.
(iii) The secondary current is small.

In a transformer, some energy is always lost. The efficiency of a well designed transformer may be upto 95%.
If the transformer is assumed to be 100% efficient (no energy loss)
p = IpVp = IsVs

Ip Vs Ns
Thus, = = ... (iv)
Is Vp Np

36. Use of Transformers in Transmission and Distribution of Energy over long distance :
The voltage output of the generator is stepped up, so the current is reduced and consequently, the I2R loss
is cut down, It is then transmitted over long distances to an area substation near the consumers. There the
voltage is stepped down. It is further stepped down at the distributing substations and utility poles before a
power supply of 240 V reaches our homes.
37. Power in Series LCR Circuit
V = Vm sinωt

Vm
I= sin(ωt + φ) = Imsin(ωt + φ) assuming VC > VL
Z
P = V × I = Vm.Im.sinωt.sin(ωt + φ)

Vm .Im
= .[cos(ωt + ωt + φ) − cos(ωt − ωt + φ)]
2

Vm .Im
.[cos φ − cos(2ωt + φ)]
2

P = Vrms.Irms .cos φ ... (i)

As cos(2ωt + φ) for one complete cycle, is ZERO

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58 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-1)

V 2rms
P= .cos φ ... (ii)
z
2 2 R 2
P = Irms × Z × cos φ = Irms ×Z× = Irms ×R ... (iii)
Z
R
(From impedance triangle cos φ = )
Z

1
38. The resonant frequency ω0 = = 104 rad/sec
LC

4 10
The frequency used ω = 10 − × 10 4 = 9 × 103 rad/sec
100

1
X L = ωL = 90 Ω, XC = = 111.11 Ω
ωC

Impedance Z = R 2 + ( X L − XC )2 = 21.32 Ω

E0 15
Current amplitude I0 = = = 0.704 A
Z 21.32

1 1 R
Average power dissipated P = E0I0 cos φ = E0I0 × = 0.744 W
2 2 Z
1
⎡ 2 ⎛ 2
1 ⎞ ⎤2
Z = ⎢ R + ⎜ ωL − ⎥ = 835 Ω
ωC ⎟⎠ ⎦⎥
39. Impedance
⎣⎢ ⎝

R
Average power dissipated = Vrms × Irms × cosφ = Vrms × Irms × = 0.574 W
Z

Joule
Now P × t = ΔQ = 2 × 10º C = 20 J
ºC

20 J
⇒ t= = 348 sec
0.0574 W

2
1 ⎞
40. In first circuit, impedance Z = R 2 + ⎛⎜ ωL −
⎝ ωC ⎟⎠

At resonance, ωL = 1 ∴ Z = R
ωC

V
Hence, the current through the resistance I =
R
In second circuit, phase difference between current through the inductor L and the capacitor C will be 180º.
1
At resonance ωL = , Both the currents will be equal. Hence, the current through R will be zero.
ωC

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Level-I
Chapter 7

Alternating Current

Solutions (Set-2)

1. Answer (2)

T T
I0 + I0
Area of one loop 2 4 3I0
Mean current = = =
time T 4

2. Answer (1)
3. Answer (2)
4. Answer (3)
5. Answer (2)

1
As voltage is ahead of current. So VL > VC hence XL > XC. Thus ω> ⇒ ω > ω0 .
2π LC

6. Answer (2)
When charge on the capacitor is zero then current in the circuit becomes maximum.
7. Answer (1)

V2 ×R
Power P =
⎡ 2 ⎛ 2
1 ⎞ ⎤
⎢ R + ⎜ ωL − ⎟ ⎥
⎢⎣ ⎝ ωC ⎠ ⎥⎦

8. Answer (4)

3V 1 5 1
I= = A ⇒I= = ⇒ X L = 8Ω ⇒ VL = 4 V
6Ω 2 X L2 +6 2 2

9. Answer (4)
As VL = VC, so V = VR.
10. Answer (2)
Given irms = 1.5 mA
ω = 100 rad/s

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60 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2)

R = 10 kΩ
∴ (VR)rms = irms × R
= 15 volt
C = 0.50 μF

1
⇒ XC = = 20 kΩ
ωC

∴ Z= R 2 + XC 2 = 5 × 104 Ω

⇒ [(Vnet)rms] = (irms)z = 15 5 volt.

Also [(Vnet)rms]2 = VR2 + VC2

(15 5 )
2
– (15 )
2
⇒ VC = = 30 V

11. Answer (2)

12. Answer (4)

R R 3
Power factor = cos φ = = =
Z 2
X +R 2 5
13. Answer (4)
14. Answer (1)

E 1 2 q2
Imax = ⇒ LImax = max ⇒ qmax = Imax LC
R 2 2C

15. Answer (2)

Energy of capacitor is decreasing resulting in increase in the energy of inductor.
16. Answer (3)

1 1
f = , f′ = =f
2π LC ⎛C ⎞
2π (2L ) ⎜ ⎟
⎝2⎠

17. Answer (1)

18. Answer (1)

E P N P IS
= =
ES NS IP

120 500
⇒ = ⇒ ES = 2.4 V
ES 10

2.4 NP IS
⇒ IS = R = 0.16 A ⇒ =
L NS IP

500 0.16
⇒ = ⇒ IP = 3.2 mA
10 IP

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2) Alternating Current 61
19. Answer (1)

1 1
ω2L – – ω1L
ω2c ω1c
Clearly, =
R R
Both of these frequency must lie on either side of resonance frequency.

1 ⎛ ω1 + ω2 ⎞
⇒ ( ω1 + ω2 ) L = ⎜ ⎟
c ⎝ ω1ω2 ⎠

1
⇒ ω1 ω2 = = ω02
Lc
Now, (ω1 + ω2)2 – (ω2 – ω1)2 = 4 ω1 ω2
⇒ (25)2 – 4 × 144 = (ω2 – ω1)2
(ω2 – ω1) = 7
20. Answer (4)

XC – X L π
tan φ = = 1 ⇒ φ=
R 4
21. Answer (4)
It is a resonant circuit.
22. Answer (4)

10 120°

10
Peak value is 10 A.
23 Answer (3)

π
I1 leads applied voltage by .
2

⎛X ⎞
I2 lags applied voltage by tan–1 ⎜ L ⎟.
⎝ R ⎠
24. Answer (4)

40 48
2 2
=
20 + 40 R + 482
2

⇒ R = 9.8 Ω ≈ 10 Ω
25. Answer (4)

V0
V = t
t0

V02
V2 = t2
t02

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62 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2)

2
t0 V0 2
∫0 t2
t dt
V02 t03 V02
2 0
V = = . =
t0 t02 3t0 3

V0
⇒ Vrms = V2 =
3
26. Answer (2)

Z = 302 + (80 – 40)2 = 50 Ω

P = εrms irms cosφ

3
= 100 × 2 ×
5
= 120 W
27. Answer (1)
Qm = 40 × 8 = 320 μC

Qm 320 × 10 –6 320 × 10 –6
imax = Qm.ω = = = = 40 × 10–2 = 0.4 A
LC 640 × 10 –9 8 × 10 –4

28. Answer (4)

XL = ωL = 20 Ω

1
XC = = 20 Ω
ωC
29. Answer (3)

20 XC
= ⇒ XC = 23.96 Ω ≈ 24 Ω
500 25 + XC2

30. Answer (4)

XC = XL ω = 103 Hz

1
⇒ = ωL
ωC
⇒ C = 40 × 10–6 F
31. Answer (1)
32. Answer (3)
33. Answer (1)
(VL – VC)2 + VR2 = VR2 + VR2 = 2VR2

110
2 VR = , V = 55
2 R

∴ VC = 2 × 55 = 110 V
34. Answer (4)

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Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2) Alternating Current 63
35. Answer (1)

⎛ π⎞
As V = 5cos(2πft) = 5 sin ⎜ 2πft + ⎟
⎝ 2⎠
And I = 2sin(2πft)

π
∴ Phase difference between V and I is φ =
2
Average power P = VrmsIrms × cosφ = 0
36. Answer (2)
Circuits is inductive so X = XL – XC > 0
As f decreases, X decreases and hence Z decreases.
37. Answer (2)

E 1 1
I= as ω increases, I increases, it means ωL − decreases as ω increases so ωL <
2 ωC ωC
⎛ 1 ⎞
R 2 + ⎜ ωL − ⎟
⎝ ωC ⎠

38. Answer (5)

102 + 02 + 102 + 02
irms = =5 2 A
4
39. Answer (100)
It is full wave rectifier so frequency of rectified voltage will be 100 Hz.
40. Answer (4)
Refer theory
41. Answer (5)
V0
V0 IC0 =
2R
R
IR
V0
V0 IC0 =
R
2R

V0 V 0 V0
IL0 = , IC0 = and IR =
XL XC R

2
V0 ⎛ 1⎞ 5 V0
Imax = (1)2 + ⎜ ⎟ =
R ⎝2⎠ 2 R
42. Answer (0.2)
IC

IL
Inet = IC – IL = 0.4 – 0.6 = – 0.2 A

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64 Alternating Current Solutions of Assignment (Level-I) (Set-2)

43. Answer (25)

5
1= sin ( ωt )
3

3
sin ( ωt ) =
5

VPQ = VR + VL

4× 4
= 3+
3

25
= V
3
44. Answer (3)
I2

φ
V

I1

From phasor diagram,

⎛X ⎞
φ = tan−1 ⎜ C ⎟
⎝ R ⎠
45. Answer (40)
XL = 50 × 10–3 × 100
=5Ω
I = 40 A
46. Answer (5)
VL = VC

40
VC = 15 ⋅
360
VC = 5 V
VL = 5 V

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