SCIENCE REVIEWER

Atom – The smallest particles

-can be divided

Parts of the Atom

Protons – positive charge particle

Neutrons - neutral charge particle

Electrons – negative charge particle

Atomic mass unit – the SI unit for the masses of particles in atoms.

Atomic number – the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom

Mass number/atomic mass – the number of protons and neutrons in an atom

Atomic mass – the weighted average of masses of all the naturally occurring isotopes of an element

Compounds – A substance made of two or elements chemically combined from a compound

S, P, D, and F

-The different sections of the periodic table are very important in understanding electron configuration

Around 400 BC a Greek philosopher named Democritus had a theory that

everything is made up of tiny indestructible particles called “atomos” which
means “uncuttable”. but this was largely discredited by Aristotle as his theory
suggests that all things are composed of four elements, fire, water, earth, and air
Democritus’s model – atomos which means uncuttable was theorized around 400
BC
Aristotle- Aristotle believed that all things are composed of four elements fire,
water, earth, and air
The next step in atomic theory development didn’t happen till 2000 years later by
John Dalton – proposed the law of multiple proportions and the theory of
atomism. Dalton also proposes that everything is composed of atoms, a tiny
indestructible solid sphere that is unique for every element. some aspect of that
model still remains today.
-until the 19th century, atoms were envisioned as indivisible particles, but that
belief was shaken by an English physicist named j.j. Thompson and his trusty
cathode ray tube.

J.J Thompson - used his cathode ray tube multiple times to create his own atomic
model the plum pudding model. This model characterizes an atom as a particle
that is composed of a positively charged mass(the pudding), as well as a tiny
negative charge embedded in it (the plum)
Ernest, Rutherford – discovered the Alpha, Beta, and Gamma rays. He also came
up with the gold foil experiment or Geiger Marsden experiments

Gold foil method – consists of a gold foil and a zinc sulfide-coated screen behind
it. The screen would flash every time an Alpha particle hit it. Rutherford expected
the particles to go through the foil and hit the screen behind it. While most of the
particles did behave as expected, some were deflected at an angle greater than 90
degrees.
Niels, Rutherford model – he proposed of an atomic structure where most of the
atom’s mass is concentrated in a positively charged center (nucleus) around which
electrons orbited like planets around the sun.
Niel Bohr- proposed that electrons were around the nucleus.
–He proposed that the electrons are attracted to the nucleus and they move
around the nucleus in orbits of fixed shape like the solar system
-he also proposed the nucleus has quantized energy to remain stable in its orbit
Erwin Schrodinger- came up with the quantum mechanical model of an atom. In
this model, the electrons behaves as a wave surrounding the nucleus that why it is
impossible to know the exact location of the electrons
- quantum mechanical model is the most accurate model of the atom
Science 1. Who is John Dalton? - He was an English chemist, physicist, and meteorologist. He was
born on September 6, 1766, and died on July 27, 1844, at the age of 77. - He is the Father of Atoms
and Atomic Theory. - He is best known for introducing atomic theory to chemistry, which proposed
that elements are composed of indivisible atoms. Dalton's work laid the foundation for modern
chemistry. - John Dalton is best known for his pioneering theory of atomism. - At the beginning of
the 19th century, John Dalton proposed an atomic theory that became the basis for the study of
chemistry. His theory contains five main prepositions: 1. All matter is comprised of tiny, definite
particles called atoms. 2. Atoms are indivisible and indestructible. 3. All atoms of a particular
element share identical properties, including weight. 4. Atoms of different elements contain different
masses. 5. Atoms of different elements combine in fixed, whole-number ratios when forming
compounds. 2. What is the most famous model of atom that was invented by John Dalton? -Billiard
Ball Model - He defined an atom as a ball-like structure, as the concepts of atomuc numbers and
electrons were unknown at the time. - So if you asked Dalton to draw the diagram of an atom, he
would've drawn a circle. - Later, he tried to symbolize atoms, and he became one of the first
scientists to assign such a symbol. He gave a specific symbol to each atom, and this is what he
invented. THE BILLIARD BALL MODEL
Professor Dr. Werner Karl Heisenberg Born on the 5th of December 1901 in Wurzburg, Germany he is
best known for his study on uncertainty particles. , he embarked on a research program to create
a quantum field theory, uniting quantum mechanics with relativity theory to comprehend the
interaction of particles and (force) fields