VOL. 11, NO.

3, MARCH 1973 AIAA JOURNAL 347

Estimation of Possible Excitation Frequencies for Shallow

Rectangular Cavities
ALAN J. BILANIN* AND EUGENE E. COVERT|
Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Mass.

The physical processes that sustain discrete-frequency oscillations of cavities adjacent to compressible flow
are modeled analytically, yielding a formula which predicts excitation frequencies as a function of Mach number
and cavity geometry. These physical processes are similar to those used by Powell in describing the mechanism
underlying the production of edge tones. The empirically determined constants appearing in Rossiter's formula for
excitation frequencies are computed from the model. It appears that instability of the shear layer as well as
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

interaction between the shear layer and the cavities' trailing edge is required to sustain discrete-frequency
oscillation. It is suggested that the simultaneous excitation of two or more discrete frequencies (which are not
harmonic), as have been observed in practice, correspond to the simultaneous participation of two or more
vortex sheet displacement modes. The model analyzed yields qualitatively correct acoustic mode shapes in the
cavity. Theoretical results include the calculation of possible excitation frequencies over the range 0.8 ^ M ^ 3
for rectangular cavities and show their dependence on cavity depth. Analytic results are in general agreement
with experimental data.

Nomenclature = S/a + K
= correction factor for edge effects
A = magnitude of harmonic force acting on vortex sheet at = fluid density
\x\ ^ e, y = 0 = — ^ + S2, phase of H 0 (1) for large argument
a = sound speed = lag of vortex sheet displacement after forcing at x = 0
B = constant in mass-flux equation [Eq. (27)] = velocity potential
C(u) = Fresnal integral = circular excitation frequency
D = cavity depth = Laplace transform variable
/ = frequency = Fourier-Laplace transformed dependent variable
H(u) = Hankel function
i = (-l)" 2 Subscripts
K = complex wave number in x direction and Fourier transform
variable ( ) + = outside the cavity, y > 0
L = cavity length ( ) _ = inside the cavity, y < 0
M = u/a, Mach number ( ) r = real part of ( )
m = mass flux at cavity trailing edge (),- = imaginary part of ( )
n, m = summation indices in x, y direction, respectively
P = perturbation pressure
R = image-correction sum Introduction
r = thermal recovery factor
rj, 7
S
= source and observation point position vectors, respectively
= -i(tt-KU}
D ATA from many experiments conducted over the years have
shown that cut-outs and cavities exposed to a flowing
fluid sometimes produce intense, periodic, but not necessarily
51 = fL/U+, exterior Strouhal number
simple harmonic pressure fluctuations. Data from deep and
52 = coL/a_, interior Strouhal number
S(u) = Fresnal integral shallow cavities, from rectangular, triangular, and circular
t = time cavities, suggest that the unsteady motion may be treated as if it
U = convection velocity (note U = 0 inside the cavity) were two-dimensional (i.e., the oscillations are independent of the
x, y = coordinate system (see Fig. 1) transverse or spanwise direction) even though the steady motion
y = ratio of specific heats is three-dimensional.1"3 Clearly two-dimensional motion is
A = dispersion relation much simpler to analyze. These analyses do not provide a means
e = small physical length of estimating the amplitude of the pressure fluctuations and,
Y\ = shear-layer displacement except for Ref. 1, do not attempt to determine when the pressure
K = fractional vortex convection speed
in the cavity will oscillate. By studying possible modes one can
Aa = wavelength of acoustic wave
AB = wavelength of shed vortices estimate the frequency of the oscillation.
Any investigation of this problem must start from the idea
Received February 2, 1972; revision received September 15, 1972. of two flowfields. (See Fig. 1 for the geometry of the situation.)
This material is an abridgement of A. Bilanin's thesis (S.M.) submitted One is an outside flowfield, characterized by the forced con-
to the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics at M.I.T. vection. The second is an inside flowfield, characterized by an
A. Bilanin would like to thank NASA and NSF for fellowship energy-storing mechanism. The energy-storing mechanism may
support during this investigation. The authors would like to thank be either acoustic (volume process) or elastic (surface process).
C. Tarn of the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics, M.I.T. These two flowfields are separated by a mixing layer that is
for his suggestions.
Index categories: Aerodynamic and Powerplant Noise; Nonsteady usually thin. This mixing layer may be approximated by a
Aerodynamics. vortex sheet. Consequently, flow is assumed inviscid everywhere.
* NSF Fellow, Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics. In Ref. 1 the problem is considered in terms of hydrodynamic
t Professor, Department of Aeronautics (on leave); presently Chief stability. The vortex sheet is subjected to an infinitesimal dis-
Scientist, USAF. Associate Fellow AIAA. turbance and the temporal growth or decay of the perturbation
348 A. J. BILANIN AND E. E. COVERT AIAA JOURNAL

Fig. 1 Cavity geometry to

be studied. ft
'
ACOUSTIC
MONOPOLE

Fig. 2b Model of the acoustic environment.

to the combined flowfield determined. Results of this analysis The results presented here are derived in the same pragmatic
suggest the classification of deep or shallow cavities depends spirit that characterizes Rossiter's model.! In fact Eq. (3) will be
upon the effect of the vertical or horizontal boundaries on the rederived and the constants will be determined from the calcula-
vortex induced velocity field. For deep cavities the vertical tion. The calculation is not based upon "first principles" but
walls seem to cause vertical motion to dominate. Asymptotic based upon an analytical model. Following Ref. 1, it is assumed
results for deep cavities in Ref. 1 support this. However, no that the motion of the vortex sheet is more strongly dependent
results are given there for shallow cavities. upon the bottom boundary than the ends. Hence this part of
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

Shallow cavities have been studied at supersonic speeds by the solution will be based on the study of motion of an infinite
Karamcheti2 and at subsonic and transonic speeds by Rossiter.3 vortex sheet separating the inviscid convecting flow with its
In Ref. 3, Rossiter presents results of his study of shadow- velocity, U + , from a quiescent inviscid fluid field of depth D.
graphs. During oscillation, periodic density variations were This vortex sheet is excited at the origin x = 0, corresponding
observed across the mouth of the cavity and were assumed to to the leading edge of the cavity, by a periodic pressure pulse
be vortices shed from the leading edge of the cavity. The of length 2s in the x direction (Fig. 2a). The dominant pressure
shadowgraphs also show acoustic waves whose primary source fluctuations at the trailing edge of the cavity (x = L) are modeled
is near the trailing edge of the cavity. Rossiter used these by a single periodic acoustic monopole (Fig. 2b). This is a
observations to construct a model for the unsteady process, simplified representation of a much more complex phenomenon
which is based upon two conditions. The first condition is that that is illustrated in Fig. 3. The separation of leading and trailing
the frequency / of the vortex shedding process is equal to the edge effects together with the assumption that the pressure field
frequency of the acoustic process—that is, from the trailing edge has little effect on the vortex sheet
except near the leading edge, allows the leading and trailing
edge processes to be computed separately. The computed results
Where /„ is the wavelength of the vortex shedding process, U+ are combined following Rossiter.3 This leads to a phase shift of
is the forced convection velocity outside the cavity, and K is 2nn, a condition that selects the allowable frequencies. The rms
the fraction of this speed at which the vortex is convected pressure distribution along the cavity may also be computed,
across the cavity mouth. Taking the frequency of the acoustic and this result is compared with Heller's measurements4 (Fig. 4).
wave to be equal to a_/A fl implies a negligibly small recirculating The qualitative agreement lends support to the idea that this
velocity in the cavity. Rossiter3 finds this to be the case for simple model contains many of the features that occur in practice.
shallow cavities (L/D > 1) with transonic outside flowfields. Data Finally comparisons of predicted Strouhal numbers with data are
taken by Heller et al.4 suggest this approximation is valid at offered.
higher Mach numbers if L/D > 4. The second condition for
excitation is that the phase shift of the convected vortex traveling
from the leading edge to the trailing edge of the cavity, plus Analysis
the phase shift of the acoustic wave traveling the reverse direction For simplification, the analysis will be divided into three
in the cavity, is 2nn plus a correction factor for edge effects; parts. The first will be a study of the stability of a vortex sheet
thus subjected to a periodic pressure impulse. The second will be an
approximate study of the effects of an acoustic source or
Combining Eqs. (1) and (2) gives monopole located on the downstream face of the cavity on the
pressure field in the cavity. The third will be coupling the first
Si =• (3)
and second such that conditions for excitation are determined.

K is determined as a function of the cavity length to depth Vortex Sheet Stability

ratio (L/D) and £ is chosen to make Eq. (3) fit the data best.
Gibson5 has pointed out that the sound speed ratio a_/a+ is An asymptotic or long time solution will be obtained for the
approximately

r = thermal recovery factor ~ 0.9. If M+ is less than 3, a 3%

error (or less) is incurred by taking r = 1. Y / / / / /
MASS FLUX
INTO CAVITY

Fig. 3 Source-like behavior at

the cavity's trailing edge.

TjU.t)

MASS FLUX
FROM CAVITY
u_-o

% The role of feedback in the production of edgetones has been

discussed by Brown,6 Curie,7 and Powell.8 The mechanism described
Fig. 2a Model of the driven shear layer spanning the cavity. by Powell is similar to that observed and modeled by Rossiter.
MARCH 1973 EXCITATION FREQUENCIES FOR RECTANGULAR CAVITIES 349

00 e
HELLER 1
HANKEL
= lim-H P_ e~iKxdx +
Fig. 4 Comparison FCN. APPROX. -»0 (JO U -00

of normalized rms
pressure. P,e-iK

whereupon taking the limit, this transform becomes

P + = P_+M/Q-co (14)
The solution of Eqs. (10) and (11) subject to the boundary
conditions, Eqs. (12-14), yields, for the transformed vortex sheet
displacement,
unsteady displacement on an inviscid vortex sheet near a rigid
boundary. The vortex sheet is driven by a harmonic force of iA
magnitude A acting uniformly over the finite interval — e ^ x ^ e,
(15)
The perturbation pressure outside the cavity satisfies (Ref. 9)
where
V 2 P + - (l/a +2)D2P+/Dt2 y > 0 (4)
where D/Dt = d/dt+U + d/dx and, inside the cavity,
Note that use has been made of the unperturbed impedance
V 2 P_ - ( l / f l _ 2 ) d 2 P _ / d t 2 y<0 (5) matching condition: p + a+2 = p^a_2. The branch ^+ must be
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

The kinematic and dynamic boundary conditions at the shear chosen such that Re(^L + ) ^ 0 in order to satisfy the radiation
layer q(x, t) can be combined to give condition as y —> oo.
Vortex sheet displacement function, q(x, t) is obtained from the
inverse transform of Eq. (15). A brief description of the inversion
y-»0_ p_ d2r]/dt2 = -dP_/dy (7) procedure is given in the Appendix. It is simply noted here that
P + (x,o,t) = P_(x,o,t) (8) the inversion in general requires mappings, which must be
where P_(x,o, t) contains the harmonic forcing (A/2e) e~io)t. The obtained numerically, of the zeros of the transcendental
boundary conditions as y -> +00 require outgoing radiation and dispersion relation
the rigid wall requires that A(Q,K)-( J u + 2 -K 2 )/> + +[(/^_ 2 -K 2 )/ A i _]ctnh/i_D (16)
in the Q and K planes. Unfortunately only the limiting case of
—— Eq. (16) as D -> oo allows analytic determination of the zeros as
dy y=-D
shown by Miles.9 Tarn10 has identified the amplifying and
Assuming the system can have and has achieved a steady state evanescent roots for this limit by using a stability criterion
implies that the initial conditions are not important. Thus they described by Briggs.12
can be set equal to zero. The general form of the steady state amplifying solution is,
The solution for the shear-layer displacement will be obtained for x > 0,
by the method of Fourier-Laplace Transforms. Transforming ] (17)
Eqs. (4-6, 8, and 9)§ yields
d2P+/dy2 = (S + 2/a + 2 + K2)P+ (10) The phase of the constant of proportionality is 0 and
represents the lag of vortex sheet displacement behind forcing
where at x = 0. 0 is the phase of \_-i(d/dK)^(o})K)~]~1\^(^K)=0. Only
amplifying solutions are considered here since they will dominate
d2P_/dy2 = (S_ the response downstream. The vortex sheet displacement for all
(11) waves can be shown to be exponentially small for x < 0.
where

Interior Acoustics of a Rectangular Cavity

y- (12)
y- An approximation to the fluid flowfield in the region of the
y -> oo P+ is bounded trailing edge of the cavity is based on a model of the region
using a compressible simple source. The acoustic reflection from
(13) the vortex sheet above the cavity and the pressure disturbances
Transforming Eq. (7) yields, at the boundary between the two radiated by the oscillating sheet are both neglected. Thus the
layers (y -»0), acoustic field can be constructed by the method of images.
Conceptually the acoustic monopole, or unsteady source, is
located in the downstream wall of the cavity. This is in
§ Following Tarn,10 the Fourier transform in x and Laplace trans- accordance with the concept presented in Fig. 3. The presence of
form in t of P and rj are defined by this monopole disrupts the boundary condition on the solid
Too f o e boundaries at x = 0. The image of this monopole in the upstream
=
boundary satisfies the boundary conditions there but disturbs
JO J-c
them at the downstream boundary. Hence if the source is on the
ne~ line x = L, images are located on x= — L, 3L, —3L, 5L, etc.
o -QO The monopoles do affect the flow at y = —D. The boundary
and the inverse transforms by condition there can be satisfied by placing a row of monopoles,
just like those at y = 0, at y — — 2D. The monopoles influence
the boundary conditions at the interface plane. However for the
i p oo + ia /*
approximation offered here this error will be accepted. Source
distribution for both shallow and deep cavities is shown in
n = —2\
4ft J-oo+iaJ Fig. 5.
The velocity potential for a two-dimensional acoustic mono-
Defining the Laplace Transform in this manner emphasizes that pole13 in a static medium is given by
traveling wave solutions are being sought. Note that by replacing
— iQ, by s the Laplace transform takes the form cited in the literature.11 O = Bg- io>t H 0 (1) [(eo/fl_)|r- ro|] (18)
350 A. J. BILANIN AND E. E. COVERT AIAA JOURNAL

1
This integral is evaluated exactly yielding
1
(2e-^4/S2) cos (S 2 )i

)
N f .
v^;
1

(24)
— 2L ——————°
Y Note that C(u) and S(u) are the Fresnal integrals. These functions
t
1 have been tabulated by Abramowitz and Stegun.14
1 1
Ultimately the phase of the pressure [Eq. (20)], evaluated at
the leading edge of the cavity, will be needed. The phase of
— iPei(0t has been evaluated for N = 2 and L/D ratios of 4 and oo.
The results are presented in Fig. 6 along with the results obtained
by neglecting R [Eq. (22)]. U N
It is apparent that the error incurred for the phase of the
O ACOUSTIC
MONOPOLE
pressure at the leading edge of the cavity by neglecting all
sources except the one located at the trailing edge is small for
cavities with L/D ratios in excess of 4. Therefore the phase shift
of an acoustic disturbance traveling from the trailing edge to the
o-2L*o o o
leading edge of a shallow cavity is taken to be that given by a
single source located at the trailing edge.
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

Fig. 5 Image source distribution approximating the acoustic environ-

ment in shallow and deep cavities.
Combined Eigenvalue Equation for Cavity Oscillation Frequency
The mass flux into the cavity near the trailing edge is
(1)
where H0 is the Hankel function of zero under first kind and approximately
r^ is the source position vector. The velocity potential approxi- mac-rj(L,t) (25)
mating the cavity by an image system is given by and is the monopole strength. To relate this mass flux to the
monopole strength requires computation of the radial velocity
<£ = Be ~i(at
near the monopole. This velocity field is approximately
17, = d$>/dr ~ (co/a-)Be-ia*(i2/nr-r/2 + • • -) (26)
(19) as r->0 where the Hankel function has been expanded for
m =0n=-oo \Q-
small argument. The mass flux from the compressible source is
and the pressure field is obtained from
P = *cop_O (20)
as r -»0 where p can be taken as a constant.**
Since it is assumed that the acoustic pressure field forces the The pressure at the leading edge of the cavity is obtained
vortex sheet at the leading edge of the cavity, an expression from Eq. (21) by neglecting all terms but the source at the
for the pressure at x = y = 0 is required. Setting x = y = 0 trailing edge. Thus,
and approximating Hankel functions of large argument with
their asymptotic representation yields P = 2iwp, Be-ia*H0(1\S2) (28)
Equations (17, 25, and 27) are used to relate the vortex sheet
motion to the source strength. Equation (28) relates the pressure
to source strength. By using these results to eliminate the source
1 N l 2
~ ~ 1/2 strength, the formula for the pressure at the leading edge of the
I £H0 (21) cavity is obtained:
= 0 n =0
where P oc e»W--«*+*+«] H0(1)(S2) (29)
As shown in Fig. 6, the phase of H0(1\S2) can be approximated
R = 2e~in/4 cos (S2) Y ei2S2" (22) by a = — n/4 + S2. If this pressure is to force the vortex sheet
at x = 0, it must have the same phase as e~if0t. Therefore the
R can be estimated by replacing the sum by the corresponding eigenvalue equation for excitation frequencies is obtained by
integral requiring
oo e2iS2n r^£2iS2vd
Kr L + </> + JTT + S2 = 2nn (30)
(23)
^
n=N nn1/2 ~ JN v1/2
V where n = 1, 2, 3,... or

•- - f -^ (31)
10.
This is just Rossiter's formula [Eq. (3)] with £ = -((/>/27i+f)
and K = a)/Kr U+. Note that 0 and f come from the leading
8.0 and trailing edge processes, respectively.
SOLID 8 DASHED
| 6.0 LINES-PHASE
OF EON. 21
O NEGLECTING R, Results
2
- 4.0
b
In the limit, D->oo the dispersion relation, Eq. (16), takes
a greatly simplified form. Tarn10 has shown that one amplifying
2.0
t The phase of the pressure at the leading edge of the cavity has
the same value for L/D ratios 0 and oo.
2.0 4.0 6.0 8.0 10. ** It is known that near a source at a distance of O(T/) the flow-
field to lowest order may be treated as incompressible if J///1 < 1.
Experimental results show that A is 0(L). Therefore the inequality
Fig. 6 Phase of Eq. (21). holds for small vortex sheet deflections.
MARCH 1973 EXCITATION FREQUENCIES FOR RECTANGULAR CAVITIES 351

1.0 I- PLANE

0.8

3.0

0.4

K-PLANE
0.2

0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0 1.2 1.4

Fig. 7 Locus of the amplifying root.

Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

root exists for M + < [1 + (a_/fl+) 2/3 ] 1/2 . If D is made finite, no

matter how large, an infinite number of solutions to the dispersion
relation exist. Existence can be readily visualized by recalling
that function ctnh/^_D has an infinite number of poles and Fig. 9 Inversion contours ((g)-pole).
zeros in the complex Q_D plane. Their locations are given by
inn, i(n + iX respectively. A zero of Eq. (16) therefore exists
in a region about each pole. These modes are the interactions formed in both the K and Q planes simultaneously. The paths
between the vortex sheet and its image at y = — 2D. It is not taken in the K plane by an amplifying and evanescent root as
known how many of these modes are amplifying. One which the contour in the Q plane is deformed towards the real axis are
can be identified in a straightforward manner is the one sketched in Fig. 9. As shown, the contour in the K plane must
amplifying root which remains in the limit D-> oo. Figure 7 be deformed to include the contribution of the pole which
show the locus of this root in the complex Q/Ka+ plane for crosses the real axis. The dominant contribution in the Q plane
M = 1.5 and 2.0 as D is made finite. Figure 8 presents predicted is from the pole at the real forcing frequency CL>. The integrals
excitation frequencies for this mode compared with data taken are now evaluated using residue theory.
from Heller et al.4 As shown, the effect of decreasing the cavity
depth from L/D = 0 to 7.0 is small for this mode.
It is suggested that excitation frequencies should correspond References
to vortex sheet displacement modes which are most highly 1
Covert, E. E., "An Approximate Calculation of the Onset Velocity
amplified. Having two or more unstable amplifying roots of the of Cavity Oscillations," AIAA Journal, Vol. 8, No. 12, Dec. 1970,
dispersion relation which yield growth rates of the same order pp. 2189-2194.
2
may allow the simultaneous excitation of two or more frequencies Karamcheti, K., "Acoustic Radiation from Two Dimensional
as have been observed in practice. Rectangular Cut Outs in Aerodynamic Surfaces," TN-3487, Aug. 1955,
NASA.
3
Rossiter, J. E., "Wind Tunnel Experiments in the Flow Over
Appendix Rectangular Cavities at Subsonic and Transonic Speeds," R and M
3438, 1966, Aeronautical Research Council, Britain.
4
The asymptotic solution for the shear-layer displacement is Heller, H. H., Holmes, G., and Covert, E. E., "Flow Induced
determined by inversion of the Fourier-Laplace transform. Pressure Oscillations in Shallow Cavities," Journal of Sound and
Inversion follows the criteria prescribed by Briggs.12 To obtain Vibration, Vol. 18, No. 4, 1971, pp. 545-553; also AFFDL-TR-70-104,
the proper contributions of the poles, integration must be per- Air Force Flight Dynamics Lab., Wright-Patterson Air Force Base,
Ohio.
5
Gibson, J. E., "An Analysis of Supersonic Cavity Flow," S.M.
thesis, June 1958, M.I.T. Dept. of Aeronautics and Astronautics,
Cambridge, Mass.
6
Brown, G. B., "The Vortex Motion Causing Edge Tones,"
Proceedings of the Physical Society, London, Vol. 49, 1937, p. 493.
7
Curie, N., "The Mechanics of Edge Tones," Proceedings of the
Physical Society, London Ser. A, Vol. 216, 1953, p. 245.
8
Powell, A., "On the Edge Tone," Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America, Vol. 33, No. 4, April 1961, p. 395.
9
Miles, J. W., "On the Disturbed Motion of a Plane Vortex
Sheet," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 4, Pt. 5, Sept. 1958, p. 538.
10
Tarn, C. W., "Directional Acoustic Radiation from a Supersonic
Jet by Shear Layer Instability," Journal of Fluid Mechanics, Vol. 46,
Pt. 4, April 1971, p. 757.
11
Carrier, G. F., Krook, M., and Pearson, C., Functions of a
Complex Variable, McGraw-Hill, New York, 1966, p. 347.
12
Briggs, R. J., Electron-Stream Interaction with Plasmas, MIT
Press, Cambridge, Mass., 1964.
13
Morse, P. M. and Ingard, V., Theoretical Acoustics, McGraw-
0.6 Hill, New York, 1968, pp. 356-357.
14
Abramowitz, M. and Stegun, I. A., Handbook of Mathematical
Functions, U. S. Government Printing Office, Washington, 1968,
Fig. 8 Comparison of possible excitation frequencies with data. p. 321.
This article has been cited by:

1. Farzin Ghanadi, Maziar Arjomandi, Ben Cazzolato, Anthony Zander. 2014. Interaction of a flow-excited Helmholtz
resonator with a grazing turbulent boundary layer. Experimental Thermal and Fluid Science 58, 80-92. [CrossRef]
2. Ryan F. Schmit, James E. Grove, Frank Semmelmayer, Mitchell Haverkamp. Nonlinear Feedback Mechanisms Inside a
Rectangular Cavity. AIAA Journal, ahead of print1-16. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
3. Taro Handa, Hiroaki Miyachi, Hatsuki Kakuno, Takaya Ozaki, Shinji Maruyama. Modeling of a Feedback Mechanism
in Supersonic Deep-Cavity Flows. AIAA Journal, ahead of print1-6. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
4. Rajarshi Das, Heuy-Dong Kim, Job Kurian. Experimental Study of Supersonic Entrainment Using a Cavity. Journal of
Propulsion and Power, ahead of print1-9. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
5. Daming Sun, Ya Xu, Haijun Chen, Qie Shen, Xuejun Zhang, Limin Qiu. 2013. Acoustic characteristics of a mean flow
acoustic engine capable of wind energy harvesting: Effect of resonator tube length. Energy 55, 361-368. [CrossRef]
6. Sami Yamouni, Denis Sipp, Laurent Jacquin. 2013. Interaction between feedback aeroacoustic and acoustic resonance
mechanisms in a cavity flow: a global stability analysis. Journal of Fluid Mechanics 717, 134-165. [CrossRef]
7. Weipeng Li, Taku Nonomura, Kozo Fujii. 2013. On the feedback mechanism in supersonic cavity flows. Physics of Fluids
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

25:5, 056101. [CrossRef]

8. Nathan E. Murray, Bernard J. Jansen. 2012. Effect of Door Configuration on Cavity Flow Modulation Process. AIAA
Journal 50:12, 2932-2937. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
9. Taro Handa, Hiroaki Miyachi, Hatsuki Kakuno, Takaya Ozaki. 2012. Generation and propagation of pressure waves in
supersonic deep-cavity flows. Experiments in Fluids 53:6, 1855-1866. [CrossRef]
10. O. Marsden, C. Bailly, C. Bogey, E. Jondeau. 2012. Investigation of flow features and acoustic radiation of a round cavity.
Journal of Sound and Vibration 331:15, 3521-3543. [CrossRef]
11. Francisco Rodriguez Verdugo, Antoine Guitton, Roberto Camussi. 2012. Experimental investigation of a cylindrical cavity
in a low Mach number flow. Journal of Fluids and Structures 28, 1-19. [CrossRef]
12. B. Farkas, G. Paál, K. G. Szabó. 2012. Descriptive analysis of a mode transition of the flow over an open cavity. Physics
of Fluids 24:2, 027102. [CrossRef]
13. Nathan Murray, Bernard Jansen, David RichEffect of Door Configuration on Cavity Flow Modulation Process . [Citation]
[PDF] [PDF Plus]
14. D. J. Wittich, Alan B. Cain, Eric J. Jumper. 2011. Strong flow-acoustic resonances of rectangular cavities. International
Journal of Aeroacoustics 10:2, 277-294. [CrossRef]
15. Sally Moon, Sudhir Gai, Harald Kleine, Andrew NeelySupersonic Flow Over Straight Shallow Cavities Including Leading
and Trailing Edge Modifications . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
16. Francisco Rodriguez Verdugo, Antoine Guitton, Roberto Camussi, Alessandro Di Marco, Marco GrottadaureaInvestigation
of the Flow and the Acoustics Generated by a Cylindrical Cavity . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
17. B. H. K. Lee. 2010. Pressure Waves Generated at the Downstream Corner of a Rectangular Cavity. Journal of Aircraft
47:3, 1064-1066. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
18. B. H. K. Lee. 2010. Effect of Captive Stores on Internal Weapons Bay Floor Pressure Distributions. Journal of Aircraft
47:2, 732-736. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
19. B. H. K. Lee. 2010. Effect of a Perturbed Shear Layer on Cavity Resonance. Journal of Aircraft 47:1, 343-345. [Citation]
[PDF] [PDF Plus]
20. Shekhar Sarpotdar, Praveen Panickar, Ganesh Raman. 2010. Stability of a hybrid mean velocity profile and its relevance
to cavity resonance suppression. Physics of Fluids 22:7, 076101. [CrossRef]
21. B. H. K. Lee, D. M. Orchard, F. C. Tang. 2009. Flow past a Yawed Rectangular Cavity in Transonic and Low Supersonic
Flows. Journal of Aircraft 46:5, 1577-1583. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
22. Kannan N. Premnath, Martin J. Pattison, Sanjoy Banerjee. 2009. Large Eddy Simulation of Self-Sustained Flow
Instabilities in Cavities Using the Lattice-Boltzmann Method. AIAA Journal 47:1, 229-243. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
23. Taro Handa, Mitsuharu Masuda. 2009. On the jump in the frequency of acoustic oscillations in supersonic flows over
rectangular cavity. Physics of Fluids 21:2, 026102. [CrossRef]
24. Benedict Lee, David Orchard, Norman TangFlow Past a Yawed Rectangular Cavity at Transonic and Low Supersonic
Flows . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
25. Alexandre Barbagallo, Denis Sipp, Laurent Jacquin, Peter SchmidControl of an Incompressible Cavity Flow using a
Reduced Model Based on Global Modes . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
26. Michel Massenzio, Alain Blaise, Claude Lesueur. 2008. Mechanisms of Self-Sustained Oscillations Induced by a Flow
Over a Cavity. Journal of Vibration and Acoustics 130:5, 051001. [CrossRef]
27. C. Haigermoser, L. Vesely, M. Novara, M. Onorato. 2008. A time-resolved particle image velocimetry investigation of a
cavity flow with a thick incoming turbulent boundary layer. Physics of Fluids 20:10, 105101. [CrossRef]
28. David G. MacManus, Diane S. Doran. 2008. Passive Control of Transonic Cavity Flow. Journal of Fluids Engineering
130:6, 064501. [CrossRef]
29. Alexander Kolb, Peter Faulhaber, Roger Drobietz, Michael GrünewaldAeroacoustic Wind Tunnel Measurements on a 2D
High-Lift Configuration . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
30. Thierry M. Faure, Panayotis Adrianos, François Lusseyran, Luc Pastur. 2007. Visualizations of the flow inside an open
cavity at medium range Reynolds numbers. Experiments in Fluids 42:2, 169-184. [CrossRef]
31. Henry Y.W. Wong, Jos Meijer, Richard Schwane. 2007. Experimental and Theoretical Investigation of Base-Flow
Buffeting on Ariane5 Launch Vehicles. Journal of Propulsion and Power 23:1, 116-122. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
32. Hiroshi Yokoyama, Yuichi Tsukamoto, Chisachi Kato, Akiyoshi Iida. 2007. Self-sustained oscillations with acoustic
feedback in flows over a backward-facing step with a small upstream step. Physics of Fluids 19:10, 106104. [CrossRef]
33. Nathan Murray, Lawrence UkeileyFlow Field Dynamics in Open Cavity Flows . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

34. Clarence W. Rowley, David R. Williams. 2006. DYNAMICS AND CONTROL OF HIGH-REYNOLDS-NUMBER
FLOW OVER OPEN CAVITIES. Annual Review of Fluid Mechanics 38:1, 251-276. [CrossRef]
35. W. Koch. 2005. Acoustic Resonances in Rectangular Open Cavities. AIAA Journal 43:11, 2342-2349. [Citation] [PDF]
[PDF Plus]
36. Lawrence Ukeiley, Nathan Murray. 2005. Velocity and surface pressure measurements in an open cavity. Experiments in
Fluids 38:5, 656-671. [CrossRef]
37. B. Umesh Chandra, S. R. Chakravarthy. 2005. Experimental Investigation of Cavity-Induced Acoustic Oscillations in
Confined Supersonic Flow. Journal of Fluids Engineering 127:4, 761. [CrossRef]
38. K. Takeda, C.M. Shieh. 2004. Cavity Tones by Computational Aeroacoustics. International Journal of Computational
Fluid Dynamics 18:6, 439-454. [CrossRef]
39. Nathan Murray, Lawrence UkeileyLow-Dimensional Estimation of Cavity Flow Dynamics . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
40. Donald P. Rizzetta, Miguel R. Visbal. 2003. Large-Eddy Simulation of Supersonic Cavity Flowfields Including Flow
Control. AIAA Journal 41:8, 1452-1462. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
41. S. Ziada, H. Ng, C.E. Blake. 2003. Flow excited resonance of a confined shallow cavity in low Mach number flow and
its control. Journal of Fluids and Structures 18:1, 79-92. [CrossRef]
42. K. Chung. 2003. Characteristics of Compressible Rectangular Cavity Flows. Journal of Aircraft 40:1, 137-142. [Citation]
[PDF] [PDF Plus]
43. Ganesh Raman, Edmane Envia, Timothy J. Bencic. 2002. Jet-Cavity Interaction Tones. AIAA Journal 40:8, 1503-1511.
[Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
44. Nathan Murray, Lawrence UkeileyEstimating the Shear Layer Velocity Field Above an Open Cavity from Surface Pressure
Measurements . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
45. H. KOOK, L. MONGEAU. 2002. ANALYSIS OF THE PERIODIC PRESSURE FLUCTUATIONS INDUCED BY
FLOW OVER A CAVITY. Journal of Sound and Vibration 251:5, 823-846. [CrossRef]
46. Jianbo Zhang, Etsuo Morishita, Takeo Okunuki, Hiroshi Itoh. 2002. Experimental Investigation on the Mechanism
of Flow-Type Changes in Supersonic Cavity Flows. TRANSACTIONS OF THE JAPAN SOCIETY FOR
AERONAUTICAL AND SPACE SCIENCES 45:149, 170-179. [CrossRef]
47. Kung-Ming Chung. 2000. Characteristics of Transonic Rectangular Cavity Flows. Journal of Aircraft 37:3, 463-468.
[Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
48. C. NOGER, J.C. PATRAT, J. PEUBE, J.L. PEUBE. 2000. AEROACOUSTICAL STUDY OF THE TGV
PANTOGRAPH RECESS. Journal of Sound and Vibration 231:3, 563-575. [CrossRef]
49. Kung-Ming Chung. 1999. Pressure Fluctuations in Rectangular Cavity Flows. Journal of Mechanics 15:03, 97-102.
[CrossRef]
50. Drazen Fabris, David WilliamsExperimental measurements of cavity and shear layer response to unsteady bleed forcing .
[Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
51. Y. Kang, A. R. Karagozian, O. I. Smith. 1998. Transport Enhancement in Acoustically Excited Cavity Flows, Part 1:
Nonreactive Flow Diagnostics. AIAA Journal 36:9, 1562-1567. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
52. A.V. Savin. 1996. On mechanism of self-oscillatory interaction of plane subsonic jet with acoustic resonator. Experimental
Thermal and Fluid Science 12:4, 388-398. [CrossRef]
53. R. A. SMITH, E. GUTMARK, K. C. SCHADOW. 1992. Mitigation of pressure oscillations induced by supersonic flow
over slender cavities. Journal of Aircraft 29:6, 999-1004. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
54. R. SMITH, E. GUTMARK, K. SCHADOWMitigation of pressure oscillations induced by supersonic flow over slender
cavities . [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
55. DONALD P. RIZZETTA. 1988. Numerical simulation of supersonic flow over a three-dimensional cavity. AIAA Journal
26:7, 799-807. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
56. DONALD RIZZETTANumerical simulation of supersonic flow over a three-dimensional cavity . [Citation] [PDF]
[PDF Plus]
57. Shear Layer Instabilities, Flow Tones, and Jet Noise 1, 130-218. [CrossRef]
58. D. ROCKWELL. 1983. Oscillations of impinging shear layers. AIAA Journal 21:5, 645-664. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
59. V. Sarohia, P. F. Massier. 1977. Control of Cavity Noise. Journal of Aircraft 14:9, 833-837. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]
60. Yung H. Yu. 1977. Measurements of Sound Radiation from Cavities at Subsonic Speeds. Journal of Aircraft 14:9, 838-843.
Downloaded by YORK UNIVERSITY LIBRARIES on August 12, 2014 | http://arc.aiaa.org | DOI: 10.2514/3.6747

[Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]

61. Virendra Sarohia. 1977. Experimental Investigation of Oscillations in Flows Over Shallow Cavities. AIAA Journal 15:7,
984-991. [Citation] [PDF] [PDF Plus]