Topics III:

Fluid Machinery
ME 429 Topics 3
Mechanical Engineering Department
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Pumps

It is a machine used to add energy to a liquid order to The turbine performs a function opposite to that of the
transfer the liquid from one elevation to another. pump. Here, the fluid flows in the opposite direction and
energy is abstracted from it.
Non-positive displacement (NPDP)

Also known as rotodynamic pump, here the fluid is at no

time confined by moving boundaries in its passage through
the pump; increase in energy of the fluid is achieved by
passing the fluid through fixed vanes in a shaft; the vanes
add momentum to the fluid after which this momentum is
transformed into pressure energy to streamlined passages
at the casing of the pump.
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Energy Equation for Pumps

𝑊𝑝 where:
𝐸𝐿 1
𝑃𝐸 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧 𝐾𝐸 = 𝑚𝑣 2 𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐𝑣 𝑇1
2
𝐸1 𝐸2
where: (T = C, 𝜌 = 𝐶)

𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 + 𝐸𝐿

1 1
𝑚𝑔𝑧1 + 𝑚𝑣2 2 + 𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑚𝑣2 2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 + 𝐸𝐿
Energy Equation 2 2
1 1 1 1
𝐸𝑖𝑛 = 𝐸𝑜𝑢𝑡 𝑚𝑔𝑧1 + 𝑚𝑣2 2 + 𝑃1 𝑉1 + 𝑊𝑝 = 𝑚𝑔𝑧2 + 𝑚𝑣2 2 + + 𝑃2 𝑉2 + 𝐸𝐿
𝑚𝑔 2 2 𝑚𝑔
𝐸1 + 𝑊𝑝 = 𝐸2 + 𝐸𝐿 𝑣1 2 𝑃1 𝑊𝑝 𝑣2 2 𝑃2 𝐸𝐿
𝑧1 + + + = 𝑧2 + + +
where: 2𝑔 𝛾 𝑚𝑔 2𝑔 𝛾 𝑚𝑔
𝐸1 = 𝑃𝐸1 + 𝐾𝐸1 + 𝑈1 + 𝑃1 𝑉1
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
𝐸2 = 𝑃𝐸2 + 𝐾𝐸2 + 𝑈2 + 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑇𝐷𝐻 𝐻 = + + (𝑧2 −𝑧2 ) + 𝐻𝐿
𝛾 2𝑔
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Frictional Losses
Friction head is the head lost by the flow in a stream or
conduit due to frictional disturbances set up by the moving
liquid and its containing conduit and by intermolecular
friction.

Darcy’s Equation:

𝑓𝐿𝑉ത 2 where:
ℎ𝑓 =
2𝑔𝐷 ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑙𝑜𝑠𝑠
𝐿 = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
Morse Equation:
𝑉 = 𝑉𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐷 = 𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑑𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑎𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟
2𝑓𝐿𝑉ത 2
ℎ𝑓 = 𝑓 = 𝑐𝑜𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑟𝑖𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑔𝐷
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Efficiency
Pump Efficiency
Motor Efficiency
It is the ratio of the hydraulic power or water power to the
brake power. 𝑃𝑏
𝑒𝑚 =
𝑃𝑖
𝑖𝑛𝑝𝑢𝑡 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑤 Pump Efficiency
𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝
𝑃𝑤
𝑒𝑝 =
𝑃𝑏

𝑚𝑜𝑡𝑜𝑟 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑝𝑢𝑚𝑝 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦

Overall Efficiency

𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑤 𝑃𝑤
𝑒𝑜 = 𝑒𝑚 𝑒𝑝 𝑒𝑜 = × 𝑒𝑜 =
𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑃𝑖 𝑃𝑏 𝑃𝑏
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Reciprocating Characteristics
Piston Displacement Slip Percent Slip
Is the volume which a piston in a cylinder displaces in 𝑆
𝑆 = 𝑉𝐷 − 𝑄
single stroke, equal to the distance the piston travels %𝑆 = × 100
𝑉𝐷
times the internal cross section of the cylinder
Volumetric Eff.
Piston Displacement if piston rod is neglected:
𝑄
𝑒𝑣 =
𝜋𝐷2 𝐿𝑁 𝜋𝐷2 𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝐷 𝑁 𝑄
𝑉𝐷 = 2 𝑉𝐷 = 𝑁𝑠 = 3
4 2 ℎ4
Specific Speed
Piston Displacement if piston rod is neglected: is a number used to predict the 𝑁𝑠 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑟𝑝𝑚
performance of centrifugal pumps. It is a 𝑁 = 𝑟𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑟𝑝𝑚
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋 speed at which a geometrically similar
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐿𝑁 + 𝐷2 − 𝑑 2 𝐿𝑁 𝑄 = 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒. 𝑔𝑝𝑚
4 4 impeller of a pump would run to discharge h
1 GPM at 1 ft. head = ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 𝑝𝑒𝑟 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒, 𝑓𝑡
𝑛
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Affinity Laws for Pumps

Affinity Law Table For Discharge:

𝑄1 𝑄2
=
N D 𝑁1 𝐷1 3 𝑁2 𝐷2 3

For Discharge:
Q 1 3 𝐻1 𝐻2
=
𝑁1 2 𝐷1 2 𝑁2 2 𝐷2 2
H 2 2
For Pressure:
P 3 5 𝑃1
=
𝑃2
𝑁1 3 𝐷1 5 𝑁2 3 𝐷2 5
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Compressors
It is a machine used to increase the pressure P
of a gas by decreasing its volume.
𝑃𝑉 𝑛 = 𝐶
Reciprocating Air Compressors 3 2
Pressure, Volume & Temperature relations:

𝑛 𝑛 where: 𝑃𝑉 𝑘 = 𝐶
𝑃1 𝑉1 = 𝑃2 𝑉2 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑖𝑠 𝑎 𝑝𝑜𝑙𝑦𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑒𝑥𝑝𝑜𝑛𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝑇2 𝑃2 𝑛 𝑛 = 1.4, 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
= 𝑛 = 1 𝑖𝑓 𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑚𝑎𝑙 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝑇1 𝑃1 4 1
V’
𝑛−1
𝑇2 𝑉1
= cVD VD
𝑇1 𝑉2
V
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Compressors
Piston Displacement
It is the volume displaced by the piston as it moves
from top dead center to bottom dead center. If Number of Cylinders & Piston Action are given:

𝜋𝐷2 𝜋𝐷2
𝑉𝐷 = 𝐿𝑁 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐿𝑁 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝐶𝑦𝑙𝑖𝑛𝑑𝑒𝑟𝑠 × 𝑁𝑜. 𝑜𝑓 𝑃𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
4 4

where:
If piston rod is considered:
𝑉𝐷 = 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
𝐷 = 𝑏𝑜𝑟𝑒, 𝑚
𝜋𝐷2 𝜋 2
𝐿 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒, 𝑚 𝑉𝐷 = 𝐿𝑁 + 𝐷 − 𝑑 2 𝐿𝑁
4 4
𝑁 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Compressors
Volumetric Efficiency Capacity of Compressor
Is the ratio of the actual gas drawn-in at intake Is the actual volume of has delivered as measured
condition to the displacement volume. (piston at intake pressure and temperature
displacement).
𝑚𝑅𝑇1
where: 𝑉1 ′ =
𝑉1′ 𝑃1
𝑒𝑉 = 𝑉𝐶
𝑉𝐷 𝑐=
𝑉𝐷

1/𝑛
𝑃2
𝑒𝑉 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐
𝑃1
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Compressors
Actual Volumetric Efficiency Compressor Efficiency
It is usually less than the clearance volumetric Is the ratio of the compressor power to the brake
efficiency because of the number of factors such power.
as pressure drop at the valves, heat transfer
𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑟 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
between surroundings and device, and the 𝑒𝑐 =
presence of residual gas in the cylinder at the end
𝐵𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 𝑃𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
of the delivery stroke.

𝑃2 𝑃1 𝑇𝑎𝑡𝑚
𝑒𝑣 = 1 + 𝑐 − 𝑐 × ×
𝑃2 𝑃𝑎𝑡𝑚 𝑇1
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Work of Compressors
Work for Polytropic Compression

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃2 𝑛
𝑊= × 𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ −1
𝑛−1 𝑃1
Work for Isentropic Compression

𝑃2
Work for Isentropic Compression 𝑊 = 𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ 𝑙𝑛
𝑃1

𝑘−1
𝑘 𝑃2 𝑘
𝑊= × 𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ −1
𝑘−1 𝑃1
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Work of Compressors
Piston Speed Ideal Indicated Power
Is the total distance a piston travels in a given Is the product of the indicated mean indicated
time. It is dependent on the length of stroke and pressure and displacement volume
the angular speed.
𝑃𝑖 = 𝑃𝑚𝑖 𝑉𝐷
𝑉 = 2𝐿𝑁
Adiabatic Compressor Efficiency
where:
Is the ratio of the isentropic work to the actual
𝑉 = 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑚/𝑠 fluid work
𝐿 = 𝑠𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑘𝑒, 𝑚
𝑁 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑, 𝑟𝑒𝑣/𝑠 𝐼𝑠𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑟𝑜𝑝𝑖𝑐 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
𝑒𝑐 =
𝐴𝑐𝑡𝑢𝑎𝑙 𝐹𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑊𝑜𝑟𝑘
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Two Stage Compressor

Compressor Work P

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑥 𝑛
𝑊= × 2𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ −1 4
𝑛−1 𝑃1 𝑃4

HP
Stage 𝑃𝑋 = 𝑃1 𝑃4
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃4
𝑃𝑥 3
2
LP
𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻2 0 Stage
𝑃1 1

V
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Two Stage Compressor

𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3
Heat Rejected in the Intercooler 𝑃4

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇1
𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻2 0

where:
𝑛−1
𝑃𝑥 𝑛
𝑇𝑥 = 𝑇1
𝑃1
Heat absolute by Cooling Water

𝑄 = 𝑚𝑤 𝑐𝑝 ∆𝑇𝑤
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Three Stage Compressor

Compressor Work 𝑃𝑋 =
3
𝑃1 2 𝑃6
P
𝑃6 6 3 2
𝑃𝑦 = 𝑃1 𝑃6
𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑥 𝑛
HP
𝑊= × 3𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ −1 𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑦 𝑃6
𝑛−1 𝑃1 Stage
𝑃𝑦 = =
54 𝑃1 𝑃𝑥 𝑃𝑦

IP
𝑃1 𝑃2 𝑃3 𝑃4 𝑃5 𝑃6 Stage
𝑃𝑥 3
2
LP
𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻2 0 𝑖𝑛 𝐻2 0 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝐻2 0 Stage
𝑃1
1
V
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Three Stage Compressor

Heat Rejected in the Intercooler

𝑄 = 2𝑚𝑐𝑝 𝑇𝑥 − 𝑇1

Multi-stage Compressor (General Formula)

𝑛−1
𝑛 𝑃𝑥 𝑛
𝑊= × 𝑠𝑃1 𝑉1 ′ −1
𝑛−1 𝑃1

Multi-stage Compressor (General Formula)

𝑠
𝑃𝑋 = 𝑃𝑖 𝑠−1 𝑃
𝑓
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Fans & Blowers

Fan & Blower
is a machine used to apply power to a gas to
increase its energy content thereby causing it to
flow or move.

is a fan used to force air under pressure, that is,

the resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily
upon the discharge.

Exhauster
is a fan used to withdraw air under suction, that is,
the resistance to gas flow is imposed primarily
upon the inlet
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Fans & Blowers

Propeller Fan
consists of a propeller or disk type wheel within a
mounting ring or plate and including driving
mechanism supports either for belt drive or direct
connections.

Tubeaxial Fan
consists of a propeller or disk type wheel within a
cylinder and including driving mechanism supports
either for belt drive or direct connection.
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Fans & Blowers

Vaneaxial Fan
consists of a disk type wheel within cylinder, a set
of air guide vanes located either before or after
the wheel and including driving mechanism
supports either for belt drive or direct connection

Centrifugal Fan
consists of a fan rotor or wheel within a scroll type
of housing and including driving mechanism
supports either for belt drive or direct connection
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Performance of Fans
Static Head Velocity Head
is the height of the surface of the fluid above the the head required to to produce the flow of fluid
gauge.
𝑣𝑜2
ℎ𝑣 =
𝜌𝑤 ℎ𝑤 2𝑔
ℎ𝑠 =
𝜌𝑎
where:
where:
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑣𝑜 = 𝑜𝑢𝑡𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
ℎ𝑤 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑜𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝑟𝑒𝑎𝑑𝑖𝑛𝑔, 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑔 = 𝑔𝑟𝑎𝑣𝑖𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
𝜌𝑤 = 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝑔 = 9.8066 𝑚/𝑠 2
𝜌𝑤 = 1000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚3
𝑘𝑔
𝜌𝑎 = 1.2 3 𝑎𝑡 101.325 𝑘𝑃𝑎 𝑎𝑛𝑑 21.11 ℃
𝑚
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Performance of Fans
Total Head Power Output
is the sum of the static head and velocity head Air power is based on fan volume and fan total
pressure.
ℎ = ℎ𝑠 + ℎ𝑣
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝛾𝑄ℎ
where:
ℎ𝑣 = 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑, 𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟
ℎ𝑠 = 𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑 Power input or Brake Power
Power input of a fan or brake power is the power
Capacity of Fan
delivered to the fan shaft.
it is the volume flow rate measured at fan outlet.
where:
𝑃𝑎𝑖𝑟
𝑄 = 𝐴𝑣 𝑃𝑏𝑟𝑎𝑘𝑒 = 𝑒𝑚
𝑒𝑚
= 𝑚𝑒𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑖𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑒𝑓𝑓𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑎𝑛
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Performance of Fans
Bernoulli’s equation applied to a fan Static Efficiency
Total Head = Static Pressure Head + Velocity head The static efficiency of a fan is the mechanical
efficiency multiplied by the ratio of static pressure
to the total pressure
𝑃2 − 𝑃1 𝑣2 2 − 𝑣1 2
ℎ= +
𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 2𝑔
ℎ𝑠
𝑒𝑠 = 𝑒𝑚 ( )
ℎ
where:

𝛾𝑎𝑖𝑟 = 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑎𝑖𝑟

ℎ = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑑
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Affinity Laws for Fans

Fan Speed Variation

N D 𝝆
Q 1 3 0
H 2 2 1
P 3 5 1

Fan Speed Variation (Constant Fan Size, Constant Density) Speed of Fan is varied;

2 3
𝑄2 𝑁2 ℎ2 𝑁2 𝑃2 𝑁2
= = =
𝑄1 𝑁1 ℎ1 𝑁1 𝑃1 𝑁1
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Affinity Laws for Fans

Fan Speed Variation

N D 𝝆
Q 1 3 0
H 2 2 1
P 3 5 1

Fan Size Variation (Constant Speed, Constant Density) If fan wheel diameter D is varied;

3 2 5
𝑄2 𝐷2 ℎ2 𝐷2 𝑃2 𝐷2
= = =
𝑄1 𝐷1 ℎ1 𝐷1 𝑃1 𝐷1
ME 429 Topics III
Module Topic: Fluid Machinery

Affinity Laws for Fans

Fan Speed Variation

N D 𝝆
Q 1 3 0
H 2 2 1
P 3 5 1

Gas Density Variation (Constant Fan Size, Constant Speed) If density is varied;

ℎ2 𝜌2 𝑃2 𝜌2
𝑄2 = 𝑄1 = =
ℎ1 𝜌1 𝑃1 𝜌1