MODULE 4: TRANSFORMERS

INTRODUCTION :

Transformer is a static electrical device . It transfers electrical power from one circuit to other
circuit which are magnetically coupled and with no change in frequency and power. Basically
transformers are employed to increase or to decrease the A.C. voltage in a Power Transmission System

The Transformer used to increase the A.C. voltage is known as Step – Up Transformer ,
Transformer used to decrease the A.C. voltage is known as Step – Down Transformer and if the
transformer voltage is not changed it is known One – to – One Transformer .

NECESSITY OF TRANSFORMER:

The power that is generated at the power stations need to be transported to the electrical grids and
from there to our homes. This process needs to be done so that there is minimal loss of energy and also the
process is as cheap as possible. For that purpose, transformers are used.
At the power generation centers the transformers used are type of step up, which increases the voltage
and the transformers that are used near our homes are step down which decreases the voltage and as such
the electricity is transported from generation centers to our home efficiently and the model is viable and
economic.
PRINCIPLE OF OPERATION

Transformer operates on the principal of mutual induction between two coils. The horizontal portion
of steel core i.e, the top and bottom bars are called as Yoke. The vertical portion of the steel core is
known as Limbs.

N1 N2

Fig:4.1.1: Transformer[Referred from DSI ppt]

The two coils of primary and secondary are termed as N1 and N2 as shown in the above figure
these coils are wound on the two limbs of the Transformer . They are magnetically coupled via
magnetic flux in the core . The coil N1 connected to the supply and the coil N2 connected to the
load. The principle involved in the operation of transformer are , an electric current produces a
magnetic field i.e., electro magnetism and changing magnetic field with in the coil induces an
EMF in the coil i.e. electromagnetic induction .
Due to A.C. in the primary coil , it creates a changing magnetic field ,in turn this magnetic
field induces a voltage in the secondary circuit . Thus , the electrical energy is transferred from one
circuit to other circuit .

SYMBOLIC REPRESENTATION OF TRANSFORMER

N1
N1 N2 N2

Fig 4.1.2(a): Laminated core Fig 4.1.2(b): Non-laminated core.

Figure 4.1.2(a) & 4.1.2 (b) shows the transformer symbol ,the line in between the coils indicates
the lamination of the core. By designing number of turns of N1 and N2 the electrical power at low
or high voltage can be obtained .

If the turns of the coil N1 is greater than the turns of the coil N2 then it is Step down transformer,
if the turns of the coil N1 is less than the turns of the coil N2 then it is Step up transformer and if
the turns of the coils N 1and N 2 are equal then it is one toone transformer .
TYPES & CONSTRUCTION OF SINGLE PHASE TRANSFORMER

In a single phase transformer shown in the figure above mentioned consists of mainly two parts
they are (a) Windings,(b) Core
The winding wound on the limbs of the transformer are insulated from each other and also
from the limbs of the core . The windings are made of copper in order to posses low resistance .
The windings connected to supply are termed as primary windings (with N 1 number of turns) and
the windings connected to load are termed as secondary windings (with N2 number of turns) .

The core is made up of silicon steel laminations to reduce eddy current losses with high relative
permeability and low hysteresis co-efficient . Transformers of small size are made up of single
piece of lamination and that of large size transformers are made of two or more sections of
laminations like E,L,I or T .The joints of such sectioned laminations are staggered while forming
the core in order to minimize the reluctance of the joints.

Based on the type of winding transformers are classified as ,

(a) Core Type Transformer

(b) Shell Type Transformer

(a) Core Type Transformer :

In this type of transformer the primary windings and the secondary windings are wound on the two limbs of
the core and while making the symbolic representation the two windings are shown to be wound on the two different
limbs of the core but in actual practice apart of primary winding and apart of secondary winding are wound on both
the limbs of the core as shown in the figure below in order to reduce the leakage flux

Fig: 4.1.3(a). Core type transformer [Referred from DSI ppt]

Transformer of small size is made of rectangular core and that of large sized transformers
cruciform core is employed .The oval or cylindrical shaped coils are wound in helical layers with
insulation from each other . The core is laminated to reduce eddy current loss. Core type
transformers are employed for low and medium voltage transmission system .

(b) Shell Type Transformer :

In this type of transformer the core has three limbs , the primary windings and the secondary
windings are wound on the same middle limb of the core as shown in the figure below . Here the
core surrounds the portion of the both high voltage (HV) and low voltage (LV) windings on the
central limb. The windings are insulated from each other and the core . The rectangular core is
used with lamination to reduce eddy current losses .

Fig 4.1.3(b) Shell type transformer [Referred from DSI ppt]

Unlike core type , in shell type transformer the total flux from primary side to secondary
side divides half the times and returns through the outer limbs.
The selection made between core type and shell type is based on voltage rating , KVA rating
insulation stress , heat distribution and so on . As there is absence of space in shell type for
insulation it is preferred for economical low voltage construction but in core type the availability
of space is more for insulation hence preferred for high voltage application.

WORKING PRINCIPLE

Transformer works on the principle of mutual inductance . when a primary coil is connected toan
A.C. voltage V1 an alternating current (I1) flows through the coil and induces an A.C. flux (Ø ) in
the core of the transformer . Due to magnetic coupling , the flux induced by primary coil links the
secondary coil of the transformer . By the principle of electromagnetism a statically induced EMF
e1 and e2 are induced in the primary and secondary windings respectively .
From Faraday’s Laws e1 and e2 are ,

e1 = -N1 / dt & e2 = -N2 / dt

e 2/e 1 = N2/N1 = E1/E2 = K

where K = Transformation ratio of Transformer

When the secondary windings are connected to load due to E 2 an A.C. (I2) flows through the
winding and a voltage drop of V2 is obtained across the load terminal hence the voltage is termed
terminal voltage. The power transferred from one circuit to another circuit is same for a
transformer , hence

E1 I1 = E2 I2

E2 / E1 = I1 / I2 = N2 / N1 = K

( Note : The direction of E1 and E2 opposes the primary voltage V1 )

EMF EQUATION OF TRANSFORMER

Considering single phase core type transformer , by applying A.C. voltage to the primary winding
with RMS value , A.C. flows through the winding ,inducing alternating flux in both primary and
secondary windings . By Faraday’s Laws , an EMFs e1 and e2 are induced in the primary and
secondary windings

V1 = Vm sin (ωt)

e1 = -N1 / dt --------- (1)

As the applied voltage is A.C. , the flux produced is also alternating in nature hence the equation
for flux is given by ,

Ф = Фm sin (ωt)---------- (2)

Substituting equation 2 in 1 , e1 = -N1 (Фm sin(ωt))/ dt

= -N1 Фm cos(ωt)

= 2πf N1 Фm sin(ωt - 90°)

(Note : sin(90°-Ɵ) = cos Ɵ , sin(Ɵ-90°) = -cos Ɵ , from the equation it is evident that the induced
EMF lags the flux by 90°)
Fig 4.1.4 Sinusoidal waveform

The maximum value of the magnitude of the EMF in the primary coil is given by
Em1 = 2πfФm N1

The Effective Value (RMS value ) of the EMF induced in the primary winding is given by ,

E1 = Em1 / √ 2 = 2πfФm N1 / √ 2 = 4.44fФmN1

E1 = 4.44f ФmN1

The above is the equation for the effective value of the EMF of the primary winding, similarly
the effective value of the EMF of the secondary winding is ,

E2 = 4.44fФmN2

The EMF induced in each coils of both primary and secondary windings is of same value .
LOSSES IN A TRANSFORMER

Transformer is a static device hence it does not contain any moving parts , it has no frictional
losses but has windage losses and core losses . The types of loses that occur in the
transformer are , (1) Core losses, (2) Copper losses

Core losses [Wi or Pi]: It occurs in the iron core of the transformer it is also called as Iron
Losses it occurs due to presence of A.C. and frequency in the core . It is also known as Constant
Loss due the fact that the supply voltage and frequency are kept constant . It is of two types
(a) Eddy current losses & (b) Hysteresis losses

Eddy current losses [We or Pe]: It occurs in the transformer due to the the flow of A.C. Eddy
Current in the laminated core of the transformer . It heats up the core and causes power losses in
the core . It is given by Steinmetz empirical formula ,

We or Pe = β *B2m * f2 *t2 * v Watts

To minimize eddy current losses the core of transformer is made of thin insulated laminations from
vanish or an oxide layer with high permeability magnetic material .

Hysteresis losses [Wh or Ph] : It occurs in the core due to the fact that the it under goes number
of cycles of magnetization . The Hysteresis losses of the transformer is given by ,

Wh or Ph = Ș * B1.6m * f *v Watts

To minimize the hysteresis losses of transformer a proper magnetic material must be used for core
material of the transformer .

Copper Losses [Wcu or Pcu ]: Copper losses in the transformer is due to the copper windings
wound on the limbs of the transformer core . It occurs in the both primary (R1) and secondary (R2)
turn resistances. It is known as variable losses as the secondary current I2 varies as per the load on
transformer.

Wcu or Pcu = copper losses in primary coil + copper losses in secondary coil

Wcu or Pcu = I12 * R1 + I22 * R2 Watts

In terms of equivalent resistance , Wcu = I12 * [R1 + R'] = I 22 * [R2 + R']

= I12 * [R01] = I22 * [R02]

Where , R01 = R1 + R2 / k2
R02 = R2 + R1 * k2

Copper losses are minimized by designing coils with low resistance value .

Total Losses of the transformer = Iron losses + Copper losses

Losses = Wi +Wcu Watts

EFFICIENCY OF THE TRANSFORMER

Because of the losses in the transformer the output power [Pout] is not equal to the power input
[Pin] of the transformer . Hence ,

Power Output = Power Input – Power Losses

Power Input = Power Output + Power Losses = Pout + Pi +Pcu

Efficiency of the transformer is given by ,

Ș = Power output / Power input = Pout / Pin

Ș = V2 I2 cos Ф2 / V2 I2 cos Ф2 + Pi + R02 I22

where , V2 I2 = VA rating of transformer

Ș = ( VA rating ) * cos Ф / ( VA rating ) * cos Ф + Pi + [Pcu]F.L.

% Ș = ( VA rating ) * cos Ф*100 / ( VA rating ) * cos Ф + Pi + [Pcu]F.L.

The above equation given the formula for FULL LOAD efficiency of the transformer . But on
the transformer will not be a full load condition every time , so the equation for fractional loads on
the transformer id given below . Accordingly the copper losses also will vary as the current I2
varies .

Let n or x = fraction load on the transformer

If the load is 50% of Full load then n = Half load / Full load = 50 /100 =0.5

When the load varies on the transformer the load current or the secondary current I2 varies as per
the fraction of the load , I2 α Fraction Load

Therefore , new I2 = n(I2) F.L. and hence , new Pcu = R02 (n I2)2
New Pcu = n2 [Pcu] F.L.
Therefore , efficiency of the transformer for fractional load is given by ,

% Ș =n* ( VA rating ) * cos Ф*100 / n* ( VA rating ) * cos Ф + Pi + n2[Pcu]F.L.

Where , n or x = fractional load on the transformer

CONDITION FOR MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY: (No derivation)

Efficiency of transformer is maximum when Iron loss = Copper loss.

Load Current I2m at Maximum Efficiency

I2m = (I2)F.L (Wi/Wcu)

OUTPUT KVA CORRESPONDING TO MAXIMUM EFFICIENCY:

% n max = V2 I2m cos Ф * 100 as PCu = Pi

V2 I2m cos Ф +2Pi

Expression of Voltage Regulation of Transformer

Where , E2= No load voltage , V2=Full load Voltage

PROBLEMS:

1. A 40 kVA transformer has a core loss of 450 watt, and full load copper loss of 850 watt.
If the power factor of the load is 0.8, calculate (i) the full load efficiency (ii) maximum
efficiency.

Solution: = efficiency at 0.8 power factor and at full load.

output = 40 x 0.8 x 103 W

input = 40 x 0.8 x 103 + (0.45 +0.85 ) x 103 W

= Output/input

= 96.1 %

(ii) Let x be the x times full load

Total losses = (0.45 + 0.85 x2) kW

Iron loss = Full load copper loss (at maximum efficiency)

0.45 = 0.85 x2

x = 0.7276

Output at maximum efficiency = = 0.7276 x 40 x 0.8 = 23.28 kW

Input = 24.18 kW
23.28
Maximum efficiency 100 96.3%
24.18
2.A 25 kVA, single-phase transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 40 turns on the
secondary winding. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz supply. Calculate (i)
Primary and Secondary currents on full-load (ii) The secondary emf (iii) The maximum
flux in the core.

Solution:

Given rating = 25 kVA

Primary applied voltage V1 =

3000 VoltsNumber of primary

turns, N1 = 500 Number of

secondary turns, N2 = 40

i) Full load primary current I1 = kVA rating x 1000 / Rated primary voltage, V1

I1 = 25 x 1000 / 3000 = 8.33 A

Turns ratio, K = N2 / N1 = 40 / 500

= 0.08We have, I1 / I2 = N2 / N1

Full load secondary current, I2 = 8.33 {1/0.08} = 104.125 A

3. A 40 kVA single phase transformer has 500 turns on the primary and 100 turns on the
secondary windings. The primary is connected to 3000 V, 50 Hz a.c. supply. Determine i)
secondary voltage on open circuit (ii) Current flowing through the two windings on full
load. (iii)Maximum value of flux.

Solution:

i) We know that(V2 / V1) = (N2 / N1) (V2/3000) = (100/500)

V2 = 600 V

ii) V2I2 = 40,000 V

I2 = 66.7 A

iii) E1 = V1 = 4.44 f N1 m
3000 = 4.44 x 50 x 500 x m
= 0.027 Wb

INDUCTION MOTOR

Introduction:
A three-phase induction motor is a three phase ac motor. These motors are widely used for many
industrial applications. The advantages of induction motor are:

(1) Construction is simple, rugged, and unbreakable.

(2) Low cost and highly reliable.
(3) It has high efficiency.
(4) It works with good power factor at rated load.
(5) Less maintenance
(6) Small IM are self-starting and large motors starting arrangement is simple.

Disadvantages:

1. It‟s a constant speed motor, hence speed cannot be varied easily.

2. Its starting torque is less, compared to dc shunt motor.

Construction: A 3Ф IM has mainly two parts. Stator and Rotor.

Stator:

Fig. Stator of three phase IM

1. The stator is enclosed in steel frame w h i c h has hallow cylindrical core made up of
thin laminations of silicon steel to reduce eddy current loss and hysteresis loss.
2. The stator conductors are placed in the slots which are insulated from one another and
from the slots.
3. Conductors are connected as a balanced three phase star or delta winding.
4. Windings are wound for a definite number of poles and speed.
Ns=120f/P
Ns= Synchronous speed
f=frequency
P=number of poles.
5. When 3Ф supply is applied to stator winding a magnetic field of constant magnitude
rotating at synchronous speed is produced.
6. Rotating magnetic field is responsible for producing torque in the rotor.

Rotor: It is the rotating part of IM, which is mounted on the shaft to which the mechanical load is
connected. There are two types are rotor: Squirrel cage rotor and Phase wound rotor.

Squirrel cage rotor:

Fig : Squirrel cage induction motor

Almost 90% of IM are squirrel cage type, as their construction is simple and rugged. Its consists
of cylindrical laminated core with slots for carrying rotor windings. The rotor windings are
heavy bars of copper or aluminum. Each slot has one bar of copper placed in it. All the bars are
welded at both the ends of the end rings, thereby short circuiting both ends of the rotor. Slots are
skewed to reduce the noise due to magnetic hum and to make the rotor run quietly. It also
reduces the locking tendency between rotor and stator.

Advantages:

1.Simple and rugged construction and can withstand rough handling. 2.Low

cost of maintenance and repair.

3.Good efficiency and power factor.

4.Simple star-delta starter is sufficient for starting.

Disadvantages:

1. Size of slip ring IM of same capacity is more than squirrel cage IM.

2. Costlier as the construction is complicated.

3. High maintenance cost and repair.

Applications:

Used for loads which require high starting torque such hoists, cranes, etc
Phase wound rotor:

Fig : Phase wound rotor

The rotor is laminated, cylindrical having uniform slots on its outer periphery. A 3 phase which is
star connected is placed in these slots. The open end of star winding is brought out and
connected to 3 insulated slip rings, mounted on the shaft with carbon brushes resting on them.
Three brushes are externally connected to 3 phase star connected rheostat which is used as
starter. When running under normal conditions the slip rings are automatically short circuited by
means of metal collar, which is pushed along the shaft that connects all the rings. Brushes are
lifted from slip rings to reduce frictional losses and wear and tear.

Advantages:

1.Has external resistance in the rotor circuit which is used to start.

2.Has high starting torque and low starting current.

3.Smooth running motor

4.Slip ring IM of very high capacity can be built.

5. Explosion proof due to absence of slip ring and brush.

Disadvantages:

1.Low starting torque, hence pf is also low.

2.Starting current is high, no smooth running.

Applications.

Used for loads which require normal starting torque such as lathes,etc.

Concept of rotating magnetic field:

Fig: (a) Stator Fig: (b) Rotor.

Fig: (c) Three phase waveform

a) At = 0o

This corresponds to point O in the figure of waveforms of phases R,Y and B.

3 3
R 0, Y m, B m
2 2

b) At = 60 , corresponding to point 1 in the figure of waveforms of phases R,Y and B.

3
R m
2

3
Y m B
2

3 3
T 2 m cos 30 m
2 2
The resultant flux is again 3/ 2 Фm , but has rotated clockwise through an angle of 60 .

c) At =120 i.e. corresponds to point 2 in the figure of waveforms of phases R,Y and B.

3 3
R m, Y 0, B m
2 2

3
T m
2
Thus, once again the resultant has the same value, but has further rotated clockwise
through an angle of 60 .

d) At = 180 , i.e. relating to point 3 in the figure of waveforms of phases R,Y and B.

3 3
R 0, Y m, B m
2 2

The resultant is 3/ 2 Фm , and has rotated clockwise through an additional angle of 60 ,

or through

an angle of 180 from the beginning. Thus, we come to the following conclusions:

1. The resultant flux is of constant value = 3/ 2 Фm , i.e. 1.5 times the maximum value of
the flux due to any phase.
120f
2. The resultant flux rotates around the stator at synchronous speN
edS given by
p
where P = number of stator poles and f = supply frequency in Hz.

Working principle:

Fig: Working principle of Induction motor

• When the stator of a 3-phase induction motor is connected to a 3-phase a.c supply, a
rotating magnetic field is established which rotates at synchronous speed.

• The magnetic flux of constant amplitude, rotating at synchronous speed, passes through
the air-gap and cuts the rotor conductors which are stationary.

• Due to the relative speed between the rotating flux and the stationary conductors an e.m.f
is induced in the latter as per Faraday‟s Laws of Electromagnetic Induction.

• The frequency of the induced e.m.f is the same as the supply frequency. Its magnitude is
proportional to the relative velocity between the flux and the conductors, and its direction
is given by Fleming‟s Right-Hand Rule.

• Since the rotor conductors form a closed circuit, rotor current is produced, whose
direction in terms of Lenz‟s Law is such as to oppose the very cause producing it.

• Here, the cause which produces the rotor current is the relative velocity between the
rotating field and the stationary rotor.

• Hence, to reduce this relative speed, the rotor starts running in the same direction as the
stator field in an effort to catch up with it.

• In figure, the stator field is shown as rotating in an anticlockwise direction.

• The relative motion of the rotor with respect to the stator is clockwise.

• By applying the Right-hand Rule, the direction of the induced e.m.f in the rotor is
outwards.

• So, the direction of the flux because of the rotor current alone is as shown in figure.

• Considering the effect of both rotor and stator fields, the rotor conductors are subjected to
a force tending to rotate them in the anticlockwise direction.

• Thus the rotor is made to rotate in the same direction as the stator field.

• As discussed earlier the rotor follows the stator field.

• In actual practice, the rotor can never reach the speed of the stator field.

• If it does so, there would be no relative movement between the stator field and rotor
conductors, no induced rotor current, and therefore, no torque to drive the rotor.

• Hence, the rotor speed is always less than the speed of the stator field.
• The difference in the speed between stator field and rotor depends on the load.

Slip:

• The difference between the synchronous speed NS and the actual speed N of the rotor is
called slip speed. (The quantity NS N is sometimes called the slip-speed.)

• It is usually expressed as a percentage of synchronous speed.

• It is apparent that the rotor (or motor) speed is N = NS (1 S).

• In an induction motor, the change in slip from no-load to full-load is hardly 3 - 6%, so
that the induction motor is essentially a constant speed motor

Frequency of Rotor Current:

• When the rotor is at standstill, the frequency of rotor current is the same as the supply
frequency.

• When there is relative speed between the rotor and the stator field, the frequency of the
induced voltage, and hence the current, in the rotor varies with the rotor speed i.e., slip

• Let at any speed N of the rotor, the frequency of the rotor current be f‟.

• Hence, the frequency of rotor current (or e.m.f) may be obtained by multiplying the
supply frequency by fractional slip.

Rotor Torque:

The torque T on the rotor is directly proportional to

Rotor current at standstill, I2

Magnitude of the rotating flux per stator pole,

cos 2 (p.f. of the rotor circuit)

2 = angle between rotor e.m.f. and rotor current

T F I2 cos 2

or T E2 I2 cos 2
Torque-Slip Characteristics:

Fig: . Torque –slip characteristics.

• This maximum torque is known as pull-out or breakdown torque.

• When the slip increases beyond that corresponding to maximum torque, the term (sX2)2
increases very rapidly R22 may be neglected as compared to (sX2)2.

• Thus, the torque is now inversely proportional to slip, and the torque-slip curve is a
rectangular hyperbola.

• We see that any further increase in motor load beyond the point of maximum torque,
results in decrease of torque developed by the motor.

• As a result, the motor slows down and ultimately stops.

• So, stable running of the motor lies between the values of s = 0 and that corresponding to
maximum torque.

SLIP AND ITS SIGNIFICANCE

Slip in Induction Motor is the relative speed between the rotating magnetic flux and rotor expressed in
terms of per unit synchronous speed. It is a dimensionless quantity. The value of slip in induction
motor is can never be zero.
f Ns and Nr being the synchronous speed of rotating magnetic flux and rotor speed respectively, then
the relative speed between them is equal to (Ns – Nr). Therefore, slip is defined as
Slip (s) = (Ns – Nr) / Ns
As we know that, the speed of rotor cannot be equal to synchronous speed i.e. Nr < Ns, the value of
slip s is always less than one. For induction motor, 0<s<1.
When a three phase power supply is connected to the three phase stator winding of induction motor, a
rotating magnetic field is produced in the air gap. The speed of this rotating magnetic field is called
the synchronous speed. Synchronous speed is determined by the number of poles (P) and frequency
(f) of power supply. Synchronous speed is equal to N = 2f / P rps (revolution per second).

This rotating magnetic field cuts the stationary rotor conductors to generate emf. As rotor circuit is
short circuited, this generated emf gives rise to rotor current. The interaction of this rotor current with
rotating magnetic flux produces a torque and hence the rotor begins to rotate in the direction of
rotating magnetic field as per lenz’s law. Consequently a relative speed equal to (Ns – Nr) is set up
between them and gives rise to slip in induction motor.
Why Slip is Never Zero in an Induction Motor?
Zero slip means that rotor speed is equal to synchronous speed. If rotor is rotating at synchronous
speed in the direction of rotating magnetic field the, there will be no flux cutting action, no emf in the
rotor conductors, no current in rotor bar conductor and hence no development of electromagnetic
torque. Thus rotor of 3 phase Induction Motor can never attain synchronous speed. Therefore, slip is
never zero in induction motor.
Different Values of Slip and Significance:
The significance of slip in induction machine is tabulated below. The behavior of induction machine
is quite dependent on the value of slip.
Value of Slip (s) Significance

Zero slip means that rotor speed is equal to

synchronously rotating magnetic flux. Under this
s = 0 (Zero Slip)
condition, there will not be any relative motion
between the rotor coils and rotating magnetic flux.
Therefore, there will not be any flux cutting action of
rotor coils. Hence, no emf will be generated in rotor
coils to produce rotor current. This means no
electromagnetic torque will be produced. Induction
motor will not work. Therefore, it very important for
induction motor to have a positive value of slip. This
is the reason; slip is never zero in an induction
motor.

s = 1 (Slip equal to 1) Slip = 1, means that rotor is stationary.

Negative value of slip in induction motor can be

achieved when the rotor speed is more than the
synchronously rotating magnetic flux. This is only
possible, when the rotor is rotated in the direction of
s = Negative (Negative Slip)
rotating magnetic flux by some prime mover. Under
this condition, the machine operates as an Induction
Generator. Read Torque Slip Characteristics for
detail.

Slip more than 1 implies that, rotor is rotating in a

direction opposite to the direction of rotation of
magnetic flux. This means if magnetic flux is
rotating in clockwise direction, then rotor is rotating
s > 1 (Slip greater than 1)
in anticlockwise direction or vice versa. Therefore,
the relative speed between them will be (Ns + Nr). In
Plugging or Braking of Induction motor, slip more
than 1 is achieved to quickly bring the rotor at rest.
Problems:

1. A 3-phase, 4-pole, 400 V, 50 Hz induction motor runs with a speed of 1440 rpm.
Calculate its slip.

Solution:
120f 120 50
Synchronous speed, Ns
P

Rotor speed N Ns 1 s

1500 s 60 or 0.04 or

2. The frequency of the emf in the stator of a 4-pole induction motor is 50 Hz and in the rotor
is 1.5 Hz. What is the slip and at what speed is the motor running?

Solution:

Synchronous speed, f sf or 1.5 s 50

s 0.03 or 3%
Ns

Rotor speed, N Ns 1 s
=1500(1-0.03)

=1455RPM

3.A 3-phase 6 pole 50Hz IM has a slip of 1% at No load and 3% at full load . Determine the following
a. Synchronous speed b. No load speed c. Full load speed d. frequency of rotor current at stand still
e. frequency of rotor current at full load .

Solution :

P=6 f=50Hz S(NL)=1%=0.01 S(FL)=3%=0.03

a. Synchronous speed

Ns= (120*f)/P = 1000 RPM

b. No load speeds
N(NL)=Ns(1-S(NL)) =990 RPM
c. Full load speed
N(FL)=Ns(1-S(FL)) =970 RPM

d. frequency of rotor current at stand still

At stand still S=1, fr=S*f=1*50 =50Hz

e. frequency of rotor current at full load

fr=S(FL)*f=0.03*50 =1.5Hz