First Edition November 2015 Second Edition : September 2016 Third Edition =: August 2017 CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS has taken due care in collecting the data ‘and providing the solutions, before publishing this book. Inspite of his, if any inaccuracy or printing errors are tnere, CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS owes ‘no responsibil. CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS will be grateful if you could point out any such error, Your suggestions will be highly appreciated, © All right reserved by CAREER ENDEAVOUR PUBLICATIONS. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form without the written permission from the publisher. Regd. Office: 28-A/11, Jia Sarai, New Delhi-16, Ph: 011-26851008, 26861009: E: [email protected], W: www.careerendeavour.inPREFACE, The present booklet on Oscillations, Waves & Optics section of the Physics-PH deals with the syllabi mentioned in the IIT-JAM & other M.Sc. Entrance Exams in their respective notificaions. The Booklet has been de- signed and organised in a manner so that the aspirants can make full use of it for their immaculate preparation. The panel of experts and faculties in the R&D team of Career Endeavour have done lots of hardwork and that too with immense care in formulating the booklet into its present form. A brief discussion is given on every topic mentioned in syllabus alongwith ample of solved examples on the concepts discussed. The idea is not only to.bring out the basic concepts clearly but also to help the students in developing the analytical approach for solving any problem. This booklet contains Previous Year Questions of IIT-JEE, IIT-JAM, IIT-JAM(GP), JNU, TIFR, JEST and IISc as solved examples relevant to the topic. It is expected that the booklet will form an integral part of the Classroom/ Corresspondence program which the student would join for his/her success at Career Endeavour. Even though due care has been taken while preparing the booklet, the booklet may contain errors/mistakes here and there, we sincerely apologize for the same.We would be also thankful to those readers who point out the errors. Finally, we from the R&D team of Career Endeavour, wish all the aspirants ‘GOOD LUCK’ and will always be available to help them out so that they come up with ‘flying colors’.Chapter Page Nos. CHAPTER-1 Simple Harmonic Motion ..... . (1-23) CHAPTER-2 Damped & Force Vibrations CHAPTER-3 Acoustic Wave Motion. CHAPTER-4 Phase & Group Velocity CHAPTER-5 Doppler Effect ..... CHAPTER-6 Fermat's Principle. CHAPTER-7 Refraction at Spherical Surfaces .... CHAPTER-8 Thick Lens & Lens combinations .. CHAPTER-9 Interference of Light .... (110-143) CHAPTER-10 Diffraction of Light. CHAPTER-11 Polarisation of ligh Reference Books...Chapter Simple Harmonic Motion 1.1 DESCRIPTION OF SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION (SHM): 1.1.1 Equation of motion: ‘Suppose a particle of mass m is undergoing SHM along a line. If be its displacement at any instant from the position of stable equilibrium, then restoring force F under small oscillation approximation may be written as 1) where sis the restoring force per unit displacement, called force constant, ‘The negative sign indicates that F and x are oppositely directed. For spring restoring force follows Hooke's law of elasticity. FromNewton’s law, the equation of motion is F=~sx Px &x agrk = qe tex =0 o (2) where @* = s/m_ Equation (2) is the differential equation of motion of simple harmonic oscillator. Its general solution is given by the principle of superposition as x=cel™ + cI" 3) => x= (coset + jsin wt) + ¢, CEBECES = Acosat Beltran © @ where, A =(c, +¢,) and B=j(c, -¢,). Again, introducing two other constants a and bythe relations 4 =a sin ¢ andB =a cos €, suchthat [4 + B® and tans=A/B , solution (4) can be put in the form, sin(wt +6) O} x Putting e = 3 + 8, the solution (5) can also be expressed as x = acos(wr +8) ~O 1.1.2 Characteristics of SHM: Let us choose the solution, x = acos(«t + 8) Here ‘a’ represents the maximum value of displacement from the position of stable equilibrium. Its called the amplitude of SHM, The time period 7's the time interval in which the motion repeats itselfand is given byEx.1. Simple Harmonic Motion x(t) = x(t+7) > acos(at + 8) = acos[w(t +) +8] = acos[ar +8 + oF] cos[(at + 8) + aT] > acos[(or + 8)+2n] im For equality we must have, @T = 2 on 7 = aslo= 20% =) ‘The quantity © is called the angular frequency. The usual frequency v which gives the number of 1 1 fs oscillations per unit time is givenby ¥ = 7. => - 8) The quantity (ot + 8) in equation (6) is called the phase of motion and 8 is called the initial phase or epoch. Effective acceleration due to gravity (¢’) ‘When simple pendulum is kept in inertial frame its time period is given by naan fe g eS ‘When simple penduluin is kept in non-inertal frame its time periodis given by T=2nf4, 8 where g' iscalled efféctive gravity andis given by e=8-a 9) where @ is acceleration of the frame. ‘period 2 seconds. When the cart A simple pendulum, susp accelerates in thehor time period of the pendulumis (g =10m/s%) (@ 2" seconds ——(b) 2" seconds. -——() 2" seconds (d) 2 seconds [JAM-GP: 2007] @ Forces on bob 1, Gravity downward: mg 2. Tension force: 7 3, Psuedo force :—ma ‘Now, at equilibrium condition, sum of gravitational force and pseudo force will be balanced by tension force,simple Harmonic Motion When a= 0 4 8] r ma: mg mg mg. Mean position Mean position o=0° 0=0, : 7 7 z Z Time period = 20, [4 = 20 | 4 = 29) | |=20, 8 \gr+a? a g gylt oe & Ex. 2. Two springs of force constant k, and k, are arranged in a parallel arrangement and a mass ‘m’ is suspended fromit. The arrangement is equivalent to a single spring of constant given by (DU 2015) @ h-k ) ky +h, © Kika (+h) @ blk 3oln, (b) Ifan elongation of xis given to the system, then restoring force Fs-khx-kyx=~(k, +h) x=-kx hy ig where, k =k; +, = equivalent spring constant 8x. 3, Find the time period for the arrangement of the spring mass system having constant k, and k,.. ky by LAREE 3oln, Let x be the displacement of mass m from its equil yi FUR 1m position at an instant and x, and x, are the extension in the springs &, and 4, respectively. {+m @ Tension force at each points in a spring is equal to the external force applied at one of its end, ky ky rp NNO > F Fisk FaF oi) where &' is equivalent spring constant, From equation (i)Ex.4, Simple Harmonic Motion ice, if there is same tension force in all connected springs, equivalent spring constant is given by equation @w. A solid cylinder of mass m, radius a and height also a and a solid sphere ofthe same mass and the same radius are connected to the two ends ofa thin rod ofmass m/5 and length 4a. The line joining the centres of mass of the cylinder and the sphere coincides with the axis of the rod: The vertical cross-section ofthe assembly is shown in the figure below. The whole assembly is suspended vertically by a massless wire passing through its centre of mass. The torsional constant of the wire is 76 ma®/sec*, Calculate the frequency of the torsional oscillation about the suspension in the horizontal plane. ‘sphere el Ja [JAM-GP: 2010] Letus calculate the moment of inertia about of cylinder and sphere, and the rod about vertical wire. Cylinder: 7, =/, 41, = t ‘ma* (Perpendicular Axes Theotem) a1 mat 4 Applying Parallel Axes Theorem, moment of inertia about vertical wire of vertical wire Cylinder: Toy + (3a)? = dma? +9ma® Sphere: J, =/,, + ma)? = Fma’ +9ma' lypelm 12 ‘Moment ofinertia of system about the vertical wire, 1 =sumof moment of inertia of individual bodies about vertical wire Rod: Now, ifthe rod along with the cylinder and sphere is twisted by an angle of 8, a restoring torsional torque, 1 =~KO acts and tends to brings the system back to its original position.itmple Harmonic Motion Angular frequency of torsional oseialtion « 1.1.3 Energy in SHM: ‘a : L (ay Kinetic energy at any instant is given by E, = 2" ae a B= pro? sin? (we + 8) (10) Total potential energy acquired by the particle for the displacement x is E,=~[Fede= oar = Se a > E, = mots? = Lmo’e? cos (ot +6) w(t) 1 Total instantaneous energy, B= By +B, => mo?a? =constant ... (12) and itis equal to the maximum value of the kinetic energy or the potential energy, Thus in SHM energy oscillates between the kinetic and potential forms but total energy remains constant. Energy position graph; KE= PE PE : Graph is parabola with vertex at x= 0. KE: The KE curve is inverted parabola, ‘x. 5. Find the position in terms of amplitude when kinetic energy is equal to potential energy ofa particle is SHM. ms. Hf x=dsinot o@ = Aw cos wtSimple Harmonic Motion . =o[4#—]” Gi) Kinetic energy, KE afm? = jmo* [a -] Gi) Potential energy, PE a when, PE= KE rma? = mo? [A 2] Ex. 6. Frequency of energy change © from KE to PE in SHM is related with the frequency «, of SHM by : @ o=20, @o=0 @ o=a, Soln. Potential energy PE = jmads? If.x= Asinayt then PE= jm a sin? @yt = praia [=e] = J mo} dA mapa? cos2ans =e-ccos2ayt, where ¢ =: CARC => frequency of energy change [o, = 20}. mazA* = constant Force Constant in terms of potential energy: If U(x) is potential energy of the oscillating system in SHM, then at equilibrium point x=, ane) . oe ny Solving this, we get mean position x,. The force constant ofthe oscillating system can be given bySimple Harmonic Motion Ue): Stable equilibrium Ex. 7. A particle ofmass ‘m’ is moving : a potential v(x)=4 (8)=Lmoge? +2 where @, anda’ are positive constants. The angular frequency of small oscillations for the simple harmonic motion of the particle about a stable minimum of the potential V(x) is: @ V20, (b) 20, © 40, (@) 4V20, (T-JAM : 2011) wn Soln. (b) V(x) =F mojx? +t Fe mR ‘At minimum potential 5 WM no(etx=x) ue a ma;x, = = -(33) . €quilibrium position 1.1.4 Equation of motion from principle of conservation of energy: 1 y a Total energy ote osetorisn() + Lex? = B constant). (13) 2 2 ax dx dx Om gy |e =a th a? ~ [sae & - ‘Since dx/dt cannot be zero for all values of t, m- +sx=0 we (14), rolSimple Harmonic Motion which is the equation of motion. 1. 2REPRESENTATION OF SHM BY ROTATING VECTOR: OB isa vector of constant magnitude a which rotates with constant angular ve- locity @ in anticlockwise sense. At time t =0 the vector coincides with the line OA which makes an angle 6 with x - axis. ‘The x-component ofthe rotating vector is x =a cos (wt +8) Figure 1 which represents a SHM. The y-component of the rotating vector is y = asin (wt + 8) which also rep- resents a SHM. From the above treatment itis clear that SHM can be viewed as a projection of circular ‘motion on any fixed diameter ofthe circle. 1.3 SUPERPOSITION OF COLLINEAR SHMs: ‘The principle of superposition according to which resultant displacement due to a number of sourcesis given by the algebraic sum of the displacements caused by the individual sources. 1.3.1 SHMs of same frequency acting along the same direction but having different amplitudes and phases: Let two SHMs be represented by x, =a, cos(at + 8,) w (15) x, =a, cos(at + 3,) + (16) where a, and 2, are the amplitudes, 6, and 8, are the initial phase angles of the two SHMs of same angular frequency ©. By the superposition pris ple the resiltant displacement is given! Xx = X,+Xx, =a, cos(at +8,) + a,c0s(at + 8,) = (2,c0s8, + a, e088; coset ~(a, sin8, + 2, sind, sinat Putting a, cos, + a, cos, = Acosd a,sind, +a,sin8, = Asing weget x = Acos(at +4) (16) Ti shows that the resultant motion is also simple harmonic, amplitude of which is given by A? = ai +a} + 2a,a, cos(8,-3,) (17) sing, +a, sind, And tand "5, coed, +a, 0058, (18) 1.3.2 Two SHM$ of slightly different frequencies acting along the same direction: Let us consider two SHMs having slightly different angular frequencies «, and @,, x, =AysinoytSimple Harmonic Motion x, =A,sina,t ee ~20, sn( 222) sco 5%) ] Lt 2222, and =P 0,4 k=2A, sino, 605 Gast 2A, COS ,9t) Sin oot x=Acosogt where A=(2A, COSOsqt), if 0, ~o,, @,, 90 amplitude A =2A, —> nearly constant ‘Then the result oscillation is nearly SHM with frequency o,,, and amplitude 2A, For maximum amplitude Agu =? CO8 Ont = o,t=2on 2on 2nn @,-@) -2nv,-v) time difference between subsequent maxima, At Similarly, time difference between subsequent minima, At = Beat : One maximum amplitude followed by aminimum, is called a Beat. Beat time : Beat frequency Ex. 8, ‘The superposition of two harmonic oscillator oscillating in same direction result motion ofa point given by x=acos 2.1t cos 50t Caleulate (i) individual frequency, (i) Beat frequency Son. () Ifx, = Acos@s and x, = Acos a,t, then X= HHH =2.1 => @,-@=4.2 and By comparing, =50.0 => @, +0, =100.0 %, a-a 2 O40, 2 => 2, =10044.2 => @, =52.1Hzaa Simple Harmonic Motion . Gi) Since, @, —@, = 2n(v, -' = 82 <0.66 He 2a Ex, 9. Ata given point in space the total light wave is composed of three phasors Beat frequency, v, ~ R=a,P, =fe and P, =e" The intensity of ight at this point is 2 (@) 4a? cos? (3) (©) da? oos'(2) © a cos?(9) (a) 4acos? (28) 2. a [T-JAM : 2006] Soln, (b) Resultant phasors, penshsRaartet ste P,=0+=sin-Ssin0=0 * 2 2 aces @ SAS P, =a+4cos0+2cos0 2 2 =a+acos@=2acos* % ‘The intensity of light at this point is 1 = P? = 4a” cos* 9% 1.4 SUPERPOSITION OF TWO SHMS ACTINGAT RIGHT ANGLES TO EACH OTHER: 1.4.1 Oscillations having same frequencies: Let two simple harmonic motions acting at right angles be represented by the equations x = acos(ot + 5,) and (23) y = beos(at +) wa 24) > . = cos(at +3) cos(ot# 8/88) where § = 8, — 6, isthe phase difference between the two SHMs. ‘Therefore, a cos(ct + 8,).cos5 ~ sin (ct + 8).sinS xcosd — Jl-x?/a” sind a = x yy x) = (tmz) (1-8 Juwe > YY 0968 = sin? (25) ab It represents the general equation of an ellipse bounded within a rectangle of sides 2a and 2b. The major axis of the ellipse makes an angle @ with the x-axis, which is given by tan 26 (26)iimple Harmonic Motion a= Gy Case-I: If 5 = 8, —5, = 0 ie, thetwo SHMsare in phase, then the Equation (25) reduces to =(2-4) Itrepresents a pair of coincident straight lines y = ee, passing through the origin and inclined to the x- axis at an angle tan” (b/a) Case-II: When § = 1, Equation, (25) becomes This also represents a pair of coincident straight lines passing through the origin inclined to thex-axis at an angle @ givenby tan@ = (—b/a) 2 Case-III: When § = 1/2, Equation (25) reduces to 7 x. & It represents an ellipse with semi-axes a and b along the coordinate axes. If, in addition, a= b ellipse degenerates into a cirele, x? + y? = a? 7 3R/2 7/8 Figure 1.3: Resultant pattern due to superposition of two _.Fectangular SHMs 1.4.2 Oscillations having slightly different frequencies: Let two rectangular SHMs having slightly different frequencies be represented by x = acos(ct +5,) (27) y = beos[(w + Aw)t +8, ]= beos(wt +3, +5) ... (28) where 5 = Awt + 5, ~ 6, isthe phase difference between the two SHMs. As 6 changes from 0 to 2r the resultant pattern goes through all the phases shown in Figure1.3. As 8 goes on changing with time the whole pattern will be repeated in a cyclic fashion. The pattern goesthrough acycle of changes in time T given by 8(t + T) =8(t) +20 > AT = 2x +29)Note: Simple Harmonic Motion 1.43 Frequency ratio 1 : 2: Let two rectangular SHMSs of frequencies in the ratio I: 2 differing in phase by 8 be represented by x= acosot +30) y = beos(2at + 3) Gl) => zt cos 2ot.cosé ~ sin 2ot.sind = (2cos? wt ~ 1)cos8 - 2sin wtcos at-sind y x = 1 \eos8 — 6s cee > [2+ sos6- 25°08] =* b a a This is an equation of fourth degree in x and , in general, represents closed curve having two loops. For a given value of § the exact nature of the curve can be traced. For example, if’ = 0 then Equation (32) reduces to = (33) @ © ‘Figure 1.4: Resultant pattern of two rectangular SHMs having frequency ratio 122 It represents two coincident parabolas (Figure 1.4 (a)) given by 34) ax? If3 = x/2 equation (32) reduces to 35) This equation represents a curve containing two loops as shown in Figure 1.4(c). Ifparticle displacement are of following form x=asin(2ot+6), y=bsin (ct) the general equation ofresultant curve is given by Ca ‘And resultant Lissajous figures loops areSe Simple Harmonic Motion Gy "te te “fe "te =a - la * a TL =a ae b-F 3 1.5 LISSAJOUS FIGURES: ‘The figures or curves formed by the superposition oftwo simple harmonic motions at right angles toeach other are known as Lissajous figures. The shape of these curves depend on the ratio of frequencies as well as onthe initial phase relationship of the component simple harmonic motions. 1.5.1 Uses of Lissajous figures: 1. Ratio of frequencies ‘These figures may be used to find the ratio of two exactly commensurate frequencies of the component vibrations. For this purpose draw a horizontal and a vertical line such that it intersect curve at maximum point and find the number of intersections each line makes with the curve. Now the ratio of the number of cut of the vertical line to that on the horizontal line will give the ratio of the horizontal to the vertical frequency ie., Number of eutson verticalline Number of cutsonhorizontalline N, +» (36) lp Wy Ex. 10, Superposition of two sinusoidal waves x(¢) = A sin (af) and y(t) = B sin (@,t) produces the following Lissajous figure. The ratio @,/ay is (a) 12 @1 : (e)2 (4 Son. (6) ‘Number of times figure cuts y-axis ‘Number of times figure cuts x-axis {UT-JAM GP : 2010] 42a 2-0, 0, =20,G Simple Harmonic Motion 2. ‘Beat frequency Lissajous figure can be used to compare two nearly equal frequencies. If the frequencies differ slightly Lissajous figures change gradually and pass through a complete cycle of changes in a time T given by pelb av 3. Phase difference Lissajous figure can also be used to measure the phase difference between two signals of same fre quency. 37) Figure 1.5: Measurement of phase difference 8 =sin"(A/B) - 38) Ex. 11. When two simple harmonic oscillations represented by = Aycos(at-+<) and y = By cos(at+B) are superposed at right angle, the result is an ellipse with its major axis along the y-axis as shown in the figure ‘The conditions which corresponds to this are (a) B= a+ 5; A =2By 2 (©) B=a+3s 24) =B, (@)BratZs Ao=By [11-JAM : 2007] Soln. (c) The lissajous figure is ellipse only when phase difference is 7 and from given figure, amplitude of y- vibration is twice of amplitude ofa x-vibration.Simple Harmonic Motion 1. Show that a SHM can be considered as the superposition of two equal and opposite circular motions. Soln. Circular motions can be represented by x ys Adding these equations we get x = 2a cost, y = 0 . Itrepresents a SHM. coset x, = acosat sin ot } Anticlockwise } Clockwise Y2 = ~asinot 2. A Particle of mass mis under a unidimensional potential V(x) = V,(1—cosKx) where V, and K are constants. Find the time period of small oscillations about the equilibrium position. Soln. For equilibrium, x =0 = sinkx => x=0 Now ifx be the displacement from equiisrium at ay instant then equation of mation s It represents a SHM. Its: Alternate solution : &v| 5 Spring constant =| the other end caries a mass MDetermine the natural Ha lcbe Soln. Let 6 bethe small angular displacement at any instant as shown in figure. Now the kinetic energy ofthesystem gt Toga? + Fas 8° at + > Ta =A (Emr) +e 2\3 2 Potential energy of the system is PE ~ Mgi(l ~ c080) + mg £(1 ~ cos0) (™ + 0 ~ 0080)Se = Simple Harmonic Motion * d al Since total energy (KE+PE) is constant, (KE + PE) =0 Ps (™ + =r + ( + 7 tein =0 For small oscillation sin @ = @ and the equation of motion becomes, M+mi2g M+mi3T oF, where @? = ‘Therefore, the time period ofoscillationis T = 2 4, Asphere of mass M capable of producing SHM under a restoring force sx is atrest. Another sphere of mass mmoving with velocity v, along x-axis makes a head-on elastic collision with the first sphere. Find the subse quent motion of the first sphere. Soin. Applying the principles of co m(vo—v)= m(vi - v?) = Dividing Equation (4) b wtv=V Now from Equation (1) Ge MY pee: = v- 2% CAREER ENDEAVOU Mi=-sx => ¥+07x =0 where @ = Vs/M ‘The general solutions x = Acosat + Bsinat ‘To find the constants A and B we apply the initial conditions, x= 0 and dx /dt=V at t=0. Thus we get A=0 and B= V/o v ‘Therefore, the subsequent motion of M will be described by the equation X = [sinat where o = VS7M and V =—2™_y,, m+M 5, Lissajous figure obtained by using two tuning two forks and B having slightly different frequencies undergoes complete cycle of changes in 20 sec. When B is loaded with a little wax, the time reduces to 10 sec. Ifthe frequency ofA is 288, calculate the frequency of B before loading it with wax. Soln, The frequency difference before loading is Av = 1/20, v, ~ Vp = 0.05Hze Simple Harmonic Motion Soln. After loading v, decreases to v, and the difference v, ~ V, = 1/10 = 0.1 Hz increases. This indicates that v, > Vy. Thus, v, = 0.05Hz or, vy = v4 ~ 0.05Hz = (288—-0.05) Hz = 287.95Hz ‘Suppose a particle is simultaneously subjected to three collinear SHMs all of the same frequeney andhaving amplitudes 1 om, 0.5 em and 0.25 cmrespectively. The phase of the second relative to the first is 30° and that of the third relative to the second is 60°, Find the resultant motion, The resultantis X = cosat + 0.5c08(wt + 30°) + 0.25cos(ct + 90°) =cosat +0. some -snat£]-o25snet = (: + lcos cat ~ 4 = Acos(at +4) 0s (1.433)" + (0.8)" 52cm and the phase relative to the firstis $ = tan’ Alternate solition: Resultant displacement s given’by x =a, coset +a, cos (ot +30°)-Ha, cos (ot +90), where a, =1em, a, =0.5cm, a,=0.25cm. i ‘Taking amplitude as a vector and phase difference as a angle between two vectors resultant amplitudeis given by vector sumof a,,a3, 85: SARCERENDEAVO: -_ a, 2 From above figure 433 x-component ofamplitude A, =2, +a, c0s30°=1+0: y-component ofamplitude A, =a, +a, sin30°=0.25+ osz= 0s Therefore, resultant amplitude is givenby A = /A? +A} = (0.5)* +(1.433)' =1.52.0m, and A ith: is, tang=2v = 05 phase with he Sst SHMs, ten = 2 = 7 348. => $= tan™"(0.348) =19,23°,Soln. es Simple Harmonic Motion - =152. ‘The resultant motion is x = A cos(at +6), where A. A particle of mass 0.2 kg oscillates according to the law x = 0.08cos(20nt + n/4) ‘where x is in metre and t is in second. Find expressions for the instantaneous velocity and acceleration of the particle, What i the instantaneous force acting on it? Determine the amplitudes of velocity, acceleration and force. What is the frequency of oscillation? What is the frequency of variation ofits kinetic energy? Let x= Acos (ot +3) Instantaneous velocity v = = ‘Aaosin (ot +8) = v, sin (ot +8) = —5.02sin(20nt + /4)m/s where A@= —5.02 ms. Acceleration a =—> =-o'Acos(ot +5) =a, cos (wt +8) =-315.5cos(20nt + n/4) m/s". Force F = mass x acceleration = —0.2 x (20n)' x 0,08cos(20nt + 1/4) = 63.1c0s(20mt + /4)N ‘Therfore, Amplitudes of velocity, acceleration and force are 5.02 m/s, 315.5m./s? and 63.1 N respectively. 200 _ one : " 2 le Frequency ofoscillation Vv 2 Bet Py ) 3 0.2 x (5.02) sin? (20nt +n /4) bp, SHE x [1 - oos2(20mt + 0/4)] 35 .26[1 = cos(40mt + n/2)]3 Therefore, the frequency of vatiation of kinetic energy is = = 2012; which is twice the frequency of particle's motion, Find the resultant ofthe fo X, = 0.03cos10zt, x, = 0,03cos12nt Hence find the beat frequency and beat amplitude. ‘The resultant is given by x = x, + x, = 0.03[cos10nt + cos(10nt + 2xt)] = 0,03(1 + cos 2nt)cos10nt - 0.03sin 2ntsin 10nt = Acos(10nt + 4) where we have put 0.03(1 + cos2mt) = Acosd and 0.03sin2at = Asing Ths, A =0,03\(1 + cos2nt)’ + sin’ 2nt = 0.03 (2 + 2eos2nt ‘Therefore, the required amplitude is A = 0.03,/2 + 2x1 = 0.06unit. ‘The beat frequency = difference of the two frequencies y= Xe, = a) = (6-5) = 1 oyclepersee. Aparticle vibrates harmonically with a frequency 0.5 Hz,. Assuming that the motion is started fromits equilibrium position witha speed of 0.2 m/s, towards negative x-axis write down its equation of vibration.Simple Harmonic Motion Soln. 10. Soln. UL. Let the motion be represented by x(t) = asin(ct + @,) = asin(2nvt + 0,) =asin(mt+0,) [-. v=0.5 Hz] where a and 6, are two arbitrary constants to be fixed by the initial conditions. Att=0, x=0, x()=0 in@, => 8, =0, x, 2n,... Now * = ancos(nt +0) dx * dt and an=0.2 > a=(0.2/n)m ADoot 0.2m/s. So, -0.2=awcos®, => 0, = ‘Therefore, the required equation of vibration is x(t) = (0.2/n)sin (rit +) ‘Two mutually perpendicular oscillations are represented by x(t) =asinot and.y(t)=bsin(2ot + >) Sketch the Lissajous figufe resulting ftom these oscillations with 4 =:=n.. Find the value of x for which the Lissajous figure touches thelline y = +b. " x(t) =asinot,y(t) = bsin(2ot - Using, sin wt = x/a,cosmst =4/1 — 7a! we get, 7 y= ~2b.2 vf =x Tat = ‘This equation represents a Ke 1.4(¢). Putting y = +b weget ne i 4x$ 4x? a wwe = a a + 0 => x * ‘These are the required vahues of x. ‘A.mass is attached to a solid support with an ideal spring constant k:The natural frequency of the system is Ifthe mass now carries a charge+ Q and external electric feld £ along the axis ofthe spring isturned on, the frequency for small oscillations (a) becomes zero —_() increases (©) decreases (@)remains unchanged (@) This is because the force due to the electric field is a constant one and does not depend on the displace- ‘ment of the mass ftom the mean position. Hence, the force due to the electric field will not be ableto change the frequency ofthe SHM. Restoring force, which is present here is only spring force. Therefore, equation of ‘motion of SHM do not changes, Thus frequency remain constant,simple Harmonic Motion . [Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)] ‘A uniform spring whose unstressed length is/, has.a constant X. The spring is cut into two pieces of unstressed length /, and J, , where J, = nl,,n being an integer. Now amass m is made to oscillate with first spring, The time period ofits oscillation would be =2n Jom = 20, @ T=2n, kod () P=20) - m og mae) () T=2n, Kash (@ T=22 ‘Ifthe displacement (x) and velocity v of particle executing simple harmonic motion are related through the expression 4y? = 25— x’, then ts time period is @r b) 20 © 4 @ 6 The mass fhm in the gue orl nsnpleharnne motn wide A Teampide ofthe point Pis A k by gO kA gd kA : A oe or One Chars A point mass is subjected to two simultaneous sinusoidal displacements inx-direction, x,(#)= Asin wt and x(Q= asin( 00 422), ‘Adding a third sinusoidal displacement x; (f) = B sin (aot +) brings the mass to a complete rest, The values of B-and ¢-are ER ENERO A particle of mass m is executing oscillation about the origin on the x-axis. Its potential energy is U(x) = k|x/ where kis a positive constant. If the amplitude of oscillation is a, then its time period T'is @ 45% CAR (© proportionate r () independent ofa a (© proportionalto Ja (@) proportional to a”? ‘The period of oscillation of simple pendulum oflength suspended from the roof of the vehicle which moves without friction, down an inclined plane of inclination a, is given by : L L 2 2n, goosa gsina © ©) Vana ‘The function x= A sin? ot +B cos? ot + C sin @ cos wt represents SHM @ for every value of 4, B and C (except C =0) (© if A=-B, C= B, amplitude |BV3| @imple Harmonic Motion © if4=B,C=0 @ if A= B,C =38, amplitude =|B| 1 Aparticleoscillatessimple harmonically along x-axis, At times ¢, 2¢ and 31 itis located at adistance a, b and ¢ respectively from the equilibrium position. The period of oscillation is @ 1-2 re re cos #2 cor 7 cos #2 2b 2b, 2b+e 2b A patticle of mass m is located in a potential u(x) @) 77 vam () T= Fem © T= 0. Asystem with potential energy V(x) will perform SHM if) a _, a ev_, av a ay © Fro BrP oO) F-% Sz<0 (0) only =0 (only <0 1. Aparticle is subjected to two SHM’s represented by the following equations x=asin(ot), y=bsin(2at+d). The Lissajous figure for 5 = as ” @ o) A simple pendulum consisting ofa ball of mass m tied to a string of length lis made to swing ona circular are ofangle 8 inavertical plane, At the end of this arc, another ball of mass m is placed at rest. The momentum translated to this ball at rest by the swinging ball is @ a0 © mig © moJ2ig © Fi@@ ‘ A particle ofmass m moves in two dimensions under the following potential energy function: v@) = k(x? +4y?) ‘The possible Lissajous figure formed isSimple Harmonic Motion- 14. 15. m ” x @ : &) H ” (©) @ simple pendulum with a solid metal hasa period 7. The metal bob is now immersed ina liquid with a density one-tenth that of the metal of the bob. The liquid is non-viscous. Now the period of the same pendulum with its bob remaining all the time in the Hiquid will be @ (2)r © r{8), © ae fa @ r, (2) The coordinates ofa particle moving in a planeare given by x(¢) = acos pt; y(t) =bsin pt where a,b(< a) andp are positive constants of appropriate dimensions. Then. (a) the path ofthe particle is a straight line (b) the velocity and acceleration of the particle are normal to each other at t= —7— @p) [Numerical Answer Type (NAT)] simple pendulum hasa time period 7 =2sec whenit swings frely. The pendulum is hung as shown in igure, so that only one-fourth ofits total length is free to swing to the let of obstacle. Itis displaced to position 4 and released. How long does it take to swing to extreme displacement B and return to A? Assume that displacement angle is always small, 2 i a A An object of mass 0.2 kg executes simple harmonic oscillational along thex-axis witha frequency of (25/7), Hz. At the position x= 0.04, the object has kinetic energy of 0.5 J and potential energy 0.4 J. The amplitude ofoscillationsis__m.Simple Harmonic Motion 3. (e23) ‘A. mass mis undergoing SHM in the vertical direction about the mean position y, withamplitude A and angular fiequency @ =1 rad/sec. Ata distance y fromthe mean position, the mass detaches from the spring. Assume that the spring contracts and does not obstruct the motion ofm. y The distance y____(measured from the mean position) such that the height h attained by the block is maxi- mum, (40? > g). ‘The frequency of the combined motion of the following displacement sin( 2 ~£) cos(ant Fe Inan experiment to obtain Lissajous’ figures, one tuning fork of higher frequency 250 Hz and a circular figure occurs after five seconds. The frequency of the other tuning forks {Multiple Choice Questions (MCQ)] 1 © 2 © 3. @ 4. (b) 5. (a) 6. (a) 7 @ 8. (a) %» © 10. (a) I. (@) 12.@) 13. (a) 14. (b) 15. (b) [Numerical Answer Type (NAT)] 1. (1.5 sec) 2. (0.06) 3. (9.8) 4, (1 Hz) 5. (249.8 to 250.2 Hz) PareChapter Damped And Force Vibrations 2.1 DAMPED SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION: Let us consider the motion ofa simple harmonic oscillator in the presence of damping force. The damping, force arises due to frictional, viscous and other effects and acts in opposition to the motion. Inthe simplest situation the damping force may be taken to be proportional to the instantaneous velocity. 2.1.1 Mathematical Analysis of Damped SHM: Suppose a particle of mass mis oscillating along x-akis tinder the action of a restoring force propor- tional to the displacement (x) from the position of equilibriutn and a damping force proportional to the instantaneous velocity (da/dt). The equation of motion of such an oscillator is 2, moh = -R, (1) ‘where sis the restorinig force per unit displacement and R,, isthe damping force per unit velocity. ax | 5. dx > Ge tba taro ; ww (2) where 2b = R,,/m and @, = Vs/m. ©, may be identified as the angular frequency of vibration in the absence of damping. 7 Tosolve theequation etx = fe belt go Pri fc age abitrary constants. Differentiating we get > (a? + 2ba + aw) ce™ = 0? + 2ba + 0} Ithas two roots, b+ yb? - a} and a, =-b -/b? - @ x, = qe and x, = ce" So, its general solution is given by the principle of superposition as x= cet" + cet =e" [ae# + oe] wQ) Large damping: b>, = Inthis case b* - @? ispositive quantity and hence the solution is non-oscillatory. However, the actual behaviour depends upon the initial conditions.‘amped & Forced Vibrations = G5) Initial condition: Case-I: At , Position x = x, and, Velocity dx /dt = v,, Putting these conditions in Equation (3) we get Xoo, +, Vo = 240, + a0, @ ‘Solving these equation we get and Thus from Equation (3) we get b+ vy /X> ) oa b+ vel | a ea) 1-2 Nelo fe ne} | ee 6) As b? ~ aj is apositive quantity the motion is obviously non-oseillatory, aperiodic or dead beat. Ifthe ‘motion is started with an initial displacement but no initial velocity the displacement gradually falls offto zero with time and the body retums to the equilibrium position without any oscillation about the equilibrium position. ‘Overdamped 1 Cuitically demped po o 7) > ° Sy 7 Figure 2.2: Non-oscillatory behaviour of overdamped] Figure 2.1: Now-oscillatory bebaviout and critically damped osciliator(' measured from ofa heavily damped oscillator ‘the instant of maximum displacement) Case-II: Att =0,x =0 and dx/dt ‘Then (6)Damped & Forced Vibrations Describes the behaviour of a heavily damped system which is disturbed from equilibrium by a sudden impulse at t= 0. The motion is illustrated in figure (2.2). For small ‘t’ the term every nearly equal to unity. Displacement increases with time as sinh ,/b* —a t increases with ‘t”. The displacement reaches a ‘maximum value and thereafter the term e~* dominates and the displacement decays exponentially with time. This type of motionis found in a dead beat galvanometer or a pendulum immersed ina highly viscous liquid. Ex. 1. Among the following displacement versus time plots, which ones may represent an overdamped oscillator? © (P) QO (RB) (Ss) ¢ bc 1 x0) ‘ (a) Only (P)and (Q) (b)Only(Pyand(R) (©) Only(P)and(S)_ (A) Only P),(R).(S) 7 [IIT-JAM : 2009] Soln. (d) Over damped oscillator does riot have oscillatory motion, Therefore any of the (P),(R) and (S) can represent its motion. Critical damping b=0,: It isa limiting case ofheavy damping when the motion changes from non-oscllatoryto oscillatory mture, Putting b= ©, in equation (2) we find that a, = a, =—o, . As the two roots are equal to the general solution of equation (2) in this ease would be given by o+e,t)e™ a) Initial condition: Case-l: Att=0,x=x,and dxdt=v,, then =x, =¢, and Vg =OYey Cy PCY = VW +OKy ‘Thus, xse'[x,+(v,+0,%))t] (8) ‘The motion represented by the equation (8)is also non-oscillatory. But here the rate of decay is much faster than the overdamped case. The motion is now said to be critically damped. Case-I: Att=0,x=x, and dx/dt=0 then x=x,(1+o,t)e, v=xo7te™ =) Maximum velocity at t=1/ a ‘The displacement decreases from, with time. This is illustrated by the curve Il in figure (2.2). In fact in this case particle returns most quickly to the position of equilibrium. Case-III : Att=0,x=0 and dx/dt =v, then we have x= y,te™" and Raver (1-e,¢) (10)amped & Forced Vibrations In this case initially the displacement increases almost linearly with time and becomes maximum ie, dx/dt=0 at t= 1/a,. Therefore, the displacement decays exponentially with time and ultimately be- comes zero (figure (2.3)). Note that the time t =1/«), is independent of initial velocity. The maximum displacement is (dD ‘The critically damped condition is useful ifwe desire most quick decay without oscillation, In a pointer-type galva~ nometer we want the pointer to move smoothly and quickly to anew equilibrium position when current is sent through it. This helps us to take the reading immediately after the meter is connected to a circuit, Figure 3: Critically draped motion 2. Aspring - mass system has undamped natural angular frequency c = 100 rad s~!. The solution x(t) at critial damping is given by x(t) = x9 (1+@yt)exp(-agt), where x, is constant, The system experiences the maximum damping force at time @)0.01s (O18 (©) 0.01 ns @ O.1ns [UIT-JAM : 2006] In, (a) Damping force is maximum when speed is maximum, ; (ax oa J, 1c pisee. w, * 100 Alternate Solution: Let displacement be 0} exp (—wet) + wxtexp (—wet)=0 X=Xp (I+ apt) exp(—oyt) a dt Damping force F = P[X9(0+ «exp (—cet) + X9(1 + ost) (-o,) exp (—ogt)] =~ PX ee [exp (~ gt) exp (2,1) — Ost exp(-0yt)] = pxywitexp(—a,t) oF Let Fis maximum when t = t, then dtjt, Px} [exp (apt) — at exp (~agt,)] =0 => @ytp=1 > thaat Damped & Forced Vibrations Small damping b < @,: ‘The most important kind of behaviour in acousties isobtained when b < ap. Inthis case b? — 3 isnega- tiveand we an write Yo —af = [-(0} 6°) = jo where o= Ja} 6. ‘The solution (3 ) now takes the form nee [q eh tee] =e [B, costs B, snot] where B,=c, +c, and B, = j(e,-e) Putting B, = Acosd and B, = Asin, we can write x =Ae™ cos(at—$) (12) where A and 6 are real constants to be evaluated from the given initial conditions. Equation (12) repre- sents a damped oscillatory motion with an angular frequency «=a, —b* whose amplitude, Ac™™, diminishes exponentially with time. Obviously the presence of damping reduces the frequency slightlyand ‘causes the amplitude to decay exponentially with time. To evaluate the constants A and we are to apply initial conditions. Letat t = 0, x = x, and dx/dt = ‘Therefore, from equation (12) x, =Acos => vp =—Abcos$+ Asin g vy tbo > sing ‘Combining these two equations, we get Gie(tbxJ lor and tang=2etP¥e 3) Oy Case-I: Att = 0, x=x, and dx/dt 0, then Figure 24: Damped oscillatory motion Hee eee ee eee a al b and tang= 2 (14) ‘Therefore, fromequation (12) be ab Tar col Mab t-tan’ sea }09Se damped & Forced Vibrations = Case-Hi: Att=0, x=x,=0 and dildt= vy then A= “E= re Grand = 90" In this case, which is common, the motion s given by equation (12) as e* sin fo bt : (16) To discuss the motion of a weakly damped oscillator we plot the solution (16) as shown in figure (2.4). Obviously the motion is oscillatory whose amplitude decays exponentially with time. 3x3. ‘The instantaneous position x(t) of a small block performing one-dimensional damped oscillation is ‘oln, x(t)=Ae™ cos(wt +0). Here, @ is the angular frequency, y the damping coefficient, A the initial ampli- tude and @ the initial phase. If {eo =0 and | eo 4 » the values of A and (y A=2 a= co @A= a 2n+1)r @A= (2n41)x o 2 2 [0T-JAM : 2008] © =0 = Acos(a)=0-5 | a=(2n+1)7 |; eee : = Be-vcMosin(ot+a) yer" cos(ot+a) A oe i Gea 2.1.2 Amplitude decay constant (+) Itis defined as the time in which the amplitude decays to I/e of its initial value. As the amplitude at any instants Ae“, the amplitude decay constant + is given by At) yb 1 == t= (17) Ae 2 > b a7) + is also called relaxation time or modulus of decay. 2.1.3 Logarithmic decrement: ‘Another method of measuring damping effect on the motionis in terms of logarithmic deerement. et at time t= amplitude A, = Ae“. If T = 2/ isthe time period ofoscillation, then halftime period later the amplitude A, isgiven byDamped & Forced Vibrations = d(say) or, log,(d) =~ = 2.(say). The quantity d which is the ratio of two successive anise (on opposite sides of the mean posi- tion) is called the decrement and log, 4 = 2. is called logarithmic decrement of the damped oscilla- tion. The logarithmic decrement may be defined as the natural jogarithm of the ratio of two successive amplitudes of damped oscillations that are separated by half the time period. If A, and A,,, are the amplitudes forthe first and (ny) aositation then A A, A, ALLA AL AL A (gy? Ea Aya . wt A, = Re log d = eB. ws (18) Zing 4 Note : Some Text book define logarithmic decrement as, 4= log 7—= bT 2.1.4 Energy of a damped simple harmonic oscillator: The P.E. of the particle for a displacement x is x 1 B, = [?s-xdx = (19) The KE. at that instant is 1 dx, B, =2m(% 7 ia(2 «= 20) Therefore, total energy E = B, +E, da (SARE Beane I Now from equation (12) x = Ae™ cos(at - a& at (21) Abe cos(«t - ¢)-Awe™ sin («wt ~ 4) mA%e™[b? cos? (at - ¢) + o sin? (wt - 6) + basin 2(ot - 6) + of cos? (wt = 6)] w= (22) Therefore, time averaged energy of the oscillator is at ‘The energy loss is due to work done against damping force. So this must be equal to the average rateof work done against damping force. The rate of work done against damping force is = 2bE,e™ = 2b (25) oe x ay "at dt i Fs 4 rl = Ry Ae Pbtcar(ai Bosin2(at-6)] —... 26) As before, the average rate of work done against damping force is = Rare [vit +0? 40] =2bm. rem h(b? + af - ’) at 27°32 2 = 2b} maoje* = 2b +27) Thus we prove that the rate ofloss of energy is equal to the rate of work done against damping force. 2.1.6 Quality factor or Q-value of the damped oscillator: The effect of damping on the motion ofthe oscillator can be expressed in terms ofa quality factordefined as Q = 2n x Averagecnergystoredina system 4. ‘Average energy lost per cycle 2b.T nT w= (28)Damped & Forced Vibrations “Thus smaller is the damping in the system, higher is the value of the quality factor and the energy decay time constant ¢'. Ex. 4, The motion of one-dimensional damped oscillator is described by the differential equation % + 2% + ojx = 0, where ©, is the natural angular frequency of the oscillator and B is the damping parameter. The oscillator is given an initial velocity V, at time :=0. (@) Find an expression for the displacement.x(t) ofthe oscillator. () If V, = 0.13 m/sec, @, = 13sec" and B = 5 sec”, (@ _ find the value ofthe ‘amplitude’ 4, of the damped oscillatory motion at ¢= 0, (@_caloulate the time ¢, at which the displacement first reaches its maximum X,, i) compute the maximum displacement X, [Use data: tan-'(2.4) = 1.176, €% = 0.613 and sin (1.176) = 0.923] [T-JAM GP: 2012] Soln. Differential equation ofone dimensional damped harmonic oscillation is described by the differential equation ¥=2Ps+ajx=0 (D + 2BD+@j)x=0 +48? —40" 2 Beil PP =— tio where of =o? —p* So, x= [C, sin ot + C, cos ot] Ae" sin(w't +5) At t=0,V=%, => Alo! cos 5 ~ B sin 5]=%, A,[a cos 5 — B sin 5]=%, At £=0,x=0 => Asind=0 So, 5=0 So, x= de*sin ot = Ae [a' cos oft - B sin ot] Att=0,¥=%, y=40 foe — B* = 169-25 = 12amped & Forced Vibrations =0.13 = 213, =1.08em 12 Atdisplacement maximum, & = not, =2-B 24 BIS tan'2.4 1.176 D2 ).098 sec Maximnurn displacement nue = Ae sin oot 2.2 FORCED VIBRATION AND. RESONANCE: ‘The natural vibration $f system dies out with time due to damping force. However, the system can be ‘maintained in a condition of vibration by applying external periodie foice. When an external periodic forwe acts on a vibrating system the system tends to vibrate with its own natural frequency, while the external driving force tries to impress its own frequency on the vibrating system. Initially the system vibrates with both the frequencies. However, in course oftime the natural vibration dies out due to the damping forces that operate on the system and finally in the steady state the system vibrates with the frequency ofthe driving foree, Such vibrations aré called forced vibration. The driven system extracts energy from the driving system. Resonance is a special tign the reas ing force agrees with the natural frequency of the: ena Senda ares plitude or velocity. This is knownas reromnc or sympathies atin Esther case the driving force communicates maximum power to the system, 2.2.1 Mathematical analysis of forced vibration: ‘Suppose we consider the motion ofa mechanical oscillator of mass m under the action ofa restoring force proportional to displacement, a damping force proportional o its instantaneous velocity and an extemal periodic force represented by F = F, cost . The equation of motion of such an oseillator is mo 3 ae "at ‘where x isthe displacement fiom equilibrium position at any instant oftime t sis the stiffness and R,, is the damping constant. The equation may be rewritten as, @x ae F, coset — sx — R, (29) + >t + @5x = f, coset = Re. fei el... 30) where 2b = R,, /m, @, = V&/m, f, = F, /m and ‘Re’ stands for the real part of the complex quantity on ts right hand side. To solve the Equation (30) we note that for small damping the complementaryfunction (Le, the solution with R.FLS zero) represents a damped oscillatory motion which dies out after some time. It is called transient. The particular integral represents the forced vibration. Since utimately in the steady state the system vibrate with the frequency of the driving force i ‘We may trya solution of the form x=Re Ae") Here 6 is defined as the phase by which displacement leads force. Substituting it in equation (30), we get Re(-07 + j2ba+0;)A & 9 =Re fel -e* This is true for allt’ and hence A willbe given by Damped & Forced Vibrations, fy xe f Aa kt neh (e)-0*)+j2b0~ : (ei-0?)+j2bo “BD ‘Simplifying, we get. A = f = and tang = 20°. 2) (o} - @) + 4b70" @ - > x= ae 5. ek = Acos(ot 75) (33) Forsmall damping é function whichisttie solution of the equation u! ? pe Nae “— From Equation (32) it is clear that for dA /de = 0 wemust have, Af(g-of sare }-0 > 2(0}-o*)(-20) +860 <0 > o =o) — 2b? = ©, (say) GA Itiseasyto show that €<0 at «= «Thus o, isthe fequency at which amplitude resonance occurs Obviously this frequency ©, is slightly smaller than both the natural frequency «, and the frequency food = b* of damped oscillation. The maximum displacement amplitude at resonance is obtained by putting @ = fa — 2b° in Equation (32). ;ea Damped & Forced Vibrations f, f, Thus, Ape, = 7B = — fe 2bVb* +07 2b Jos — 6 x5. + BS) Figure 2.5: Variation of displacement amplitude with driving force frequency ‘a’ for various values of b(damping facior) @ Tewill be maximum for certain valie of « and we SAVOUR ‘or energy resonance between the crverand drvensysork, AREER Ratan VOU cat (2 -9) =00r,o=0, @ ‘Thus the velocity resonant frequency i equal to the natural frequency ofthe system for fre oscillation. It does not depend upon the damping in the system. The maximum velocity amplitude at resonance is ob- tained by putting « = «, in Equation (37). Thus = 38) As the kinetic energy E, = —mv?, itwill be maximum at velocity resonance. Consider the following forced oscillator equation: 2 Sy 429% + 161=9 0051), where the damping coetScien isa constant As b> 0, the general solution(s) is given by x(¢) = cos(St + 9) + 4 cos(4t-+y). The phase, 9, tends to @z O)-* 0 (@) niaDamped & Forced Vibrations _ [E-JAM GP: 2010] @ As B->0 (D? +16)x = 9 cos St PI= cos St 9 D? +16 Peg 25 +16 =~ 00s 5¢ = cos (5t-+ x) Phase g = 2.2.3 Phase relations in forced vibration: Equation 33) shows thatthe displacement gs behind the diving ore, F =F, coset, bya angle (@ when w < «,, tan6 is+ve. This indicates that 0 < 6 < n/2. (i) when @ = @5, tang =‘ and hence 6 = x/2. (i) when @ > @, tan 4.is~ve, which indicates that n/2 <6 0, tang -»=0 which indicates that @ > m. From equation (39), sohd : > (1+ tan?) <2 > pa : To? oat) + Oh?a? doy, 7 (wi -o) (08 -o')' + 2b%0* a. At velocityresomance @ = o andthen 5 = 5 (40) = So smaller is the damping factor b greater is a rate of change of phase angle near resonance.amped & Forced Vibrations ° =a, ° Figare2.6 (a): Pose eatonsip beoween |_| Figure 2.6 (b): Peascscainshipberweea Aipacement and diving force and cvig fore (= $n), 2.2.4 Energy in forced vibration: The instantaneous rate of work done by the driving force ie., the instantaneous power supplied to the oscillator by the driving force is P= K eee. ~F Amcosat:sin (at - 6) 6) sing] ww (41) ‘The average power over a complete period is FAS sing [- ff sin(20t — @)it = oj _RAo 2 2 [led = 0%) + ata? = mbarAt + (42) Now the rate of work done against damping force is aw “a” Averaging over acompleté period we get Ler ab

of) P.dt = (oa) [1 - cos2(ot - 6)] aW\ 1 gta? Ar (%) = ZRaaiAa? = mborA\ wn (43) ‘Thus, we prove that in the steady state the average power supplied to the oscillator by the driving force is just equal to that being dissipated by the damping forces. 2.2.5 Sharpness of resonance and quality factor: ‘The time average power, from Equation (43), is mbo'f? (a5 -e') mbf? °) + ab? (P)= mbo*A? = + 4b2o*a Damped_& Forced Vibrations =

ismaximum when (G-e Putting « = ow, inEquation (44) we get the maximum average power at resonance as mbf?

me = (45) 4b%o*

=

,,-———>———_ 2-8) + ab a? (46) ‘Therefore,

a mbo’f, J mbf > Ga + 40" 2 4b = (0-07 +4070? = 807" > o}-0? =42b0 CAR eR ENDEAVOUR = oo} + 2b0 > o=sbt ora, = @D) These are the two quadratic equation o* — a5 +2ba=0 and a +a; +2ba=0 ‘Since negative frequency are not allowed, we take the position roots only o, =-b + yb"+ of and o, = b+ Vb? +03 +» (48) ‘Thus bandwidth, Aw =o, -«, = 26Damped & Forced Vibrations 3oln, Figure 2.8: Dependence of sharpness of resonance on damping ‘Quantitatively the sharpness ofresonance is measured in terms of quality factor Q whichis defined as * _ Resonant frequency _% _ om Oo Ao Bandwidth > 27 3p R, ee Asmall value of damping constant R,, makes Q large. Again a large Q indicates a small value of bandwidth ie., a sharp resonance: In case of sharp resonance if the system is driven by a force consisting ofa large numberof harmonic components then it will give significant response only to the components having freqiléncies lose to the resonant frequent The system thus possesses selective A mass 0f0.01 kg is acted tipon by a restoring fofe 0.01 Nii anda resisting force of 2 x 10 N.s.n” Find out whether the motion Seeilatory ornon-osclatory. Also, find the value of resistive force forthe motion to be critically damped. = psa : Here m = 0.01 kg, s = 0.01 Nan” and Ry = 2x 10° Nam! 2x10? s bois eam TAREE ENDEAVOUR As b < 09, vb?-a? <1 or iva? —b? the motions oscillatory, For the motion to be critically damped. b = «, R, So 2 57 => 3 sim > R,, = 2Vsm = 20.01 x 0.01 = 0.02N.s.m" A mass m= 0.2 kg is suspended bya light spring of stifiness constant 20N.m”!. The energy associated with the vertical oscillation of the system is observed to decay to 1/e of initial value in 50 s. Assuming the damping, force(R,,v) proportional to the velocity (v), find the damping force constant R,,. Also, find the Q-value of the oscillator and the percentage change in frequency due to damping. ‘The energy decays according to the law, E = E,e"™ E, At t=50seo, E=. pe => e=e™Soin. Damped & Forced Vibrations 3 1-2 > bat 2t =x 02=4%10°N.s.m" t 50 ‘The undamped natural frequency ‘Thus, R,, = 2bm 3p 7 pV & = 50, por = 500 ye Now, @= 22 =o, % a -@ 1 8 : Therefore the percentage change neque sto dings > A body of mass m= 10 kg is subjected to'a restoring force of stiffness constant s = 10N.m”*. The system is subjected to a damping force proportional to its velocity with the constant of proportionality as ~ R,, = 1ON.s.m". The mass is given an initial impulse of 0.68 kg.m.s™ when at rest. Find the subsequent displacement of the mass as a fiction of time. 7 ‘The equation of motion of the mass is m& and its solution is ofthe form RX -8x xae ™ (acoga it Being). where b= a 2O= ia “5/m ‘Aand B are constanisto be determined from given inital conditons. At t=0,x re This indicates that A= 0. = x = Be™ sinat ‘Now the impulse is equal to change of momentum, Therefore mk — 0 = 0.68 , _ 0.68 4 ‘Therefore, Initial velocity Xo = 1) = 0.068ms Ba =) 058", 0, 2m 2x10 s/m =I rad.s", @ = Ja, —b? = —bBe™ sin ot + wBe™ costDamped & Forced Vibrations ioln. ‘oln, ex — a 168 => = 0.078m 0.866 Thus x = 0.078e' sin0.866¢ ‘This equation describes the subsequent motion. Ina damped harmonic oscillator the amplitude of vibration decreases from! 0cmto 1 cmafter 100 complete cycles of oscillation. The time period of oscillation is 2.3 secs. Estimate the first undamped amplitude. AL 1 10 Jog, 12 2x 100 °°] Log decrement = Log, .01 15 , where nis the number of the half cycles. a 0.0115 ‘Therefore, Undamped amplitude A = A, (I+ 2/2) = roft + )- 10.06cm 2 ‘Show that in case of a forced vibration under a simple harmonic force the half power frequencies comespond to the phase angle range given by tan = ++1 where ¢ is the phase difference between the displacement and the driving force, mbf? Faecal (2 - °) + 4b? ° 4b? or, @ — Average power

= +2bo Athalfpower points, { = 2? ‘Therefore the phase angle @ isgivenby tan = 20 = 4 a=) oa? ao ‘Two equal masses m are attached with two identical massless springs of stiff iss a as indicated in Fig, below. Find the normal frequencies and the ratios of amplitudes of the normal modes. Let x, and x, be the instantaneous isplapemrents of the masses:ftpptheirequilivium postions. If, > x, 1. then the spring 2 is extended and fension §(x, —x,) in the spring willact in favour of acceleration X, but against the acceleration x, . Thus the equations of motion are mk, = ~8(x; — x1) Putting s/m = «2 and rearranging we get &, + 2apx, — wGx, nee (1) and Ky + wx, — wx, = 0 ww 2) Ina normalmode both the masses oscillate with the same frequency. To find the normal frequencies we let x, = Ave" and x, = A,e™ ‘Substituting these solution in Equation (1) and (2) we get (205 - ?)A, 3A, = 0 w= 8)Damped & Forced Vibrations (4) It isthe ratio of amplitudes for the normal mode of frequency @ = ©, A, _V5+1 Putting « = , in Equations (3) and (4) we get 2 2 Itis the ratio of amplitudes for the normal mode of frequency @ = @,.Chapter Acoustic Wave Motion 3.1 WAVES: A wave is a disturbance which propagate in space, transport energy from one place to another without transport of matter, Example: Ripples ona pond, sound we hear etc. 3.1.1 Classification of wave: Mechanical waves (@) Based on medium Electro magietic wave. Longitudinal wave by Based on motion of particles of medium ‘Transverse wave Progressive/Travelling wave Based on energy (© propagation Stitfonary. wave { ID wave S (@) Based on direction, 2D wave of propagation 3D wave 3.1.2 Wave Equation: ‘Let us consider the equation representing a plane progressive harmonic wave y(x,t) = asin(wt - kx) (ly o*asin(ot — kx) = @) --@) a (4) where ¢ = «/k isthe velocity of the wave. Equation (4) is the well-known one dimensional differential wave equation,Acoustic Wave Motion | Ex. 1. Which of the following CANNOT be a solution of the one dimensional wave equation: u(x,t) _ 1 Fulx,t) ae ar (@) Acco k(x + ct) (b) A explik (x - ¢t)] 2 A © Aexp[-ax-c)*] Os [E-JAM GP: 2010] Soln, (a) The solution must satisfy the given partial differential equation and only (d) does not satisfy. Also, only those expression which contain (ax + bt) termonly satisfy wave equation. Ex.2, Two waves described by y, = Asin (t+ Ax) and y, = Asin (ar ~ kx) are travelling along a string. Let A =0,001m, k= 3.142 mr! and @= 157.1 s' (Take 7 = 3.142) (@) Find the magnitude and direction of velocity of these waves. (b) What shall be the amplitude of resultant wave onthe string at r= 0.57. [1T-JAM GP: 2006] Soln, Waves is described by following equations (@) », = Asin (ot + kx) and y, = Asin (ot - ke) @_ 1571 ke 3442 First wave is going towards negative axis and second towards positive x-axis. Velocity of each waves are y= =50m/s Thus, ¥, =-50/ mis, and ¥, =e 502 mis. (b) The resultant waves is described by YENtV, = Asin (ot + kx) + Asin (ct ~ ke) =2 Asin at cos kx = 2(A cos Ad) sin’ ot The amplitude of resultant wave='24 cos kx Atx=0.5 m Amplitude = 2 x 0.001.cos (3.142 x 0.5) = 0.002. cos 5 0. Ex.3. Aplane wave of frequency « propagates so that planes of constant phase move with speeds vj,¥, and v, () Ke offs J+e)\ ra © K=o(yi+yJ+nk)/ (oF +4 +¥) @K favj+ye)/o [JNU : 2010} Son. ()7 ‘Wave vector has magnitude equal to @/v and direction is along the direction of the propagation. ftyjoykAcoustic Wave Motion o _(viryiryé) fivien Juve Feudeod) +t 3.2 TRAVELLING WAVES: It progresses with fixed velocity ina medium, Example: Waves on liquid surface. 3.2.1 Equation of travelling waves: (i) In+ X direction: y=ssino(«—¥) (5) (ii) In-X direction: y=asina( +2) (6) ‘Aplane harmonic light wave travelling through a medium is represented (in S1 system) by =E,si Ys a0, Esnt= Basin 24| 5 Pes 5x10! ‘) ‘The reffactive index of the medium at this frequency will be @13 (by 15 (2.0 (25 [IIT-JAM GP: 2009] oln, (¢) Applane wave travelling along y-axisis given by E,(y, 1) = Ey sin (ky ~@t) ‘Comparing with given equation in problem, we get Qn —* anc 3107 angular frequency « = 2n x 5 x10! = 5x10" x3x107 Wavevector k = Velocity v k =1.5x10° Refractive index © ra v x5. Ifa finction of distance x and time tis given by f(x ~ vt), then it represents g (a) a wave travelling along + x-direction and satisfies the wave equation. £ + (©) awave traveling along + x-direction and satisfies the wave equation 2 F 1 (c) awave travelling along —x-direction and satisfies the wave equation ‘eat pion 0Acoustic Wave Motion _ Ans. Ex. 6, Soln. Ex. 7. Soln. Ex. 8. ey le (@ awave travelling along —x-diection and satisfies the wave equation =~ 2° = 0 [NIT-JAM GP: 2008] @) Given wave function f(x— vt) Few) = fx F envy =-v jx Now, 2x Fev) and S(e~v) =v Few) Fmt FL ew = few) -X few) = So, E(x) +2 Sw) = Hew) Frwy) =0 Also, for travelling wave, phase = x— vr = constant & & = Sy20 > Se a at i.e., wave travel along positive x-axis. So, option (a) is correct. Ww A traveling pulse is given by f (x,t) = Aexp (eee), where A, a, band are positive con- stants of appropriate dimensions, The speed of the pulse is b 2b cb b @ oF OT Ox {LT-JAM : 2013] (a) A travelling pulse is given by 7 , i" seal -(2--8) | ~ ae ill — 2 _ coeff of t ble b k coeffof x| ~ are @ . Consider the solution to the one-dimensional wave equation: ‘¥(x,1) = Y, expi(3x + 1471) , where x is in meters and ¢ in seconds. The velocity of the wave is (a) 7 m/s (b)-1/7 m/s ()-7 mis (d) 1/7 ws 111Se : 2009] None v(x, 0) = wo expli (3x +1472)] Given wave trave! in negative x-axis became coefficient of and ¢, bothare positive. 147 Velocity of wave vefe -49 mis Consider the following four functions each representing a plane wave @ f(x y,21) =sin( 222t-2x-Ty +132)Se scoustic Wave Motion an, In, () f(x.ys241) = sin Vidt—2x~3y-2) (il) F(X, y.25t) = sin ( f89t—4x -3y +82) (Iv) £,(x.y.2st)=sin{ 125 t+ 5x ~6y +82) Which ofthe following pairs represents waves moving in mutually perpendicular directions ? (a) land TL (b) land IV. (c) and U1 (d) and IV {JNU : 2011] (@) Comparing with standard equation f=Asin(ot-k?), weget i+ 7)-13k; Ry =2+3}+K; K =4143}-8k; k, =-si+6j-sk Clearly, k,.k,=0 Therefore, wave Il and IV are perpendicular to each other. ‘Two vibrating strings of lengths L and 31 and radii 3R and R, respectively, are stretched under the same tension. Both the strings vibrate in their fundamental modes, the one of length L with frequency v, and the other with frequency v, . Ifthe two strings are made of same material then the ratio v, /v, is given by @il (b) 32 (3 @o (DU 2015] (a) Since both the strings are made of same material, the density of the material is same for both. Let p be the density. Nov, , = mass unit length of string BR) L = PORE Logo (Since, length, = L and radius, = 3R) pxR*(3L) 3L (Since, length, = 3L and radius, = R) = mpR* Tr 1 = vel [fF Now, frequency ¥= 37 Where, v = frequency of wave length of string T= Tension jn string 4 = mass per unit length of string)Acoustic Wave Motion. Ex. 10, A transverse wave is described by the equation y = y, sin 2a (ft— a . The maximum particle velocity is Soin. equal to four times the wave velocity if @a=n (b) A=ny,/2 (a= (@ A=2ny, [IT-JEE : 1984] o Wave velocity » =: at ocfficient of ¢ was coeflicient ofx 2n/A Maximum particle velocity v,,, =A = 2 fy), [w= 22/] Given, v,, =4v or 20 fy, =44f a= Fe 2 Ex. 11. A transverse sinusoidal wave moves along a string in the positive x-direction at a speed of 10 cm/s. The Soln. ‘wavelength of the wave is 0,5 mandits amplitude is-10 cm. Ata particular time, the snap-shot of the wave is, shown in figure. The velocity of point P when its displacement is 5 cms 2 ‘ Bn, Ba: 3a; @ Sims © ims 755 ims - [IIT-JEE : 2008] @ Consider awave p(x, o= ORG Ze axe.) Slope = Ak cos(lec— af) = Ak(1-sin® (kon) |” “(eT At y=Sem 2a Slope=10em| ——2#_ sai 0 202-20 373. 2 5 ‘Velocity of the particle at any positionis given byscoustic Wave Motion ws |v-slope| = 10cm/s x == AS «10x10? m/s 5 Particle velocity v, =—v (slope ofy-x graph) Here, v= positive, as the wave is travelling in positive x-direction Slope at P is negative. Therefore, velocity of particle is in positive y(or j) direction, 3 as along j. 50 x. 12. The speed of sound propagation in air as a function of temperature T is given by v= oT, where ot is a ain, constant of appropriate dimensions. Calculate the time taken for a sound wave to travela distance Lbetween ‘two points A and B, ifthe air temperature between the points varies linearly from T, to T,. Jes given tat air temperature varies linearly: Therefore, we ean assume tat fat a distance ‘x’ from A temperature is given as : T=a+px A A, =a+Px0 >a=T, - ee ee =N+pL = B ranks oo Given, v=o dope. Baa[q+ Bots i Te 2h ana) 87, 3.2.2 aoa iaiost {in Plane Progressive (travelling) Sound Waves: Suppose a plane, harmonic longitudinal wave is moving through a medium along +-ve x-direction. The displacement ofa particle atthe position x at any time t may be represented by &(x,t) = acos(at ~ kx) aD ‘where ‘o "is the angular frequency, kis the propagating constant and a is the amplitude of vibration. Let us now consider an infinitesimally thickness 6x and of unit cross-section. The layer is considered so thin that all the particles within the layer may be assumed to possess the same velocity 2 / at . The mass of this layer is py8x where Pq is the equilibrium density. Therefore, kinetic energy of the layer isies Acoustic Wave Motion, & y AE, éx)| = - F(0488)($ ® ‘Using equation(7) we get the kinetic energy per unit volume as 8, = 2p,a"a sin? (ot kx) ©) ‘Now the time average value of sin” (cot—kx) over a complete time period (or its space average value cover acomplete wavelength A.) is 1/2. Thus average kinetic energy per unit volume becomes 1 E, = pata? (10) ‘During the transmission of the acoustic wave the volume element is periodically compressed and rarefied. So there is change in potential energy associated with this volume change. Suppose an increase of pressure from P, to P, + p compresses unit volume of the medium to a volume (1-s) where s = a&/0x is the condensation, The potential energy associated with this volume is equal to the work done in the process of ‘compression. Thus potential energy per unit volume is given by E, = [;pds (1) Now by definition bulk modulus B= Por, p=Bs (12) Therefore, §, ~Bffsds= tas = $0(-2) 13) » Ey 0 2 2 . + (13) Using equation (7) we get E, fae sin? (@t - kx) (14) Now the time or space avteragévvalue of sin” (cot =Kkx) is 1/2: Therefore the average value of potential! ‘energy per unit volume becotnes ~ fe ¢ = yB/p, = 0/k] (15) pa ni’ Loto! ‘Therefore, energy density is E += (16) + V,,| — Distance: Figure3.1: Energy distribution in space for a sound wave ina fluidAcoustic Wave Motion Ex. 13, The ends ofa stretched wire of length are fixed at x= 0 andx= L. Inone experiment the displacement of the Soin, 3x, 14. Two pulses ina stretched string, whose centres are jon, wire is _y, = Asin{ 2) and energy is £, and in other experiment its displacement is 4 sin 222 in 2oo and energy is E,, Then [IT-JEE : 2001) () E, 2B, OF, © Energy £ & (amplitude) (frequency)? Amplitude (4) is same in both the cases, but frequency 20 in the second case is two times the frequency (0) in the first ease. Therefore, E. iE ially 8 cm apart, are moving towards each other as shown in the figure. The speed of each pulse is 2 om/. After 2s the total energy of the pulses will be Bem (@) zero (b) purely kinetic (©) purely potential (@) partly kinetic and partly potential (T-JEE : 2003] ® After two seconds both the pulses will move 4 cm towards each other. So, by their superposition, theresultant displacement at every point will be zero. Therefore, total energy will be purely in the form of kinetic. Halfof the particles willbe moving upwards and half downwards. AS lll 3.3 STATIONARY WAVES OR STANDING WAVES: 3.3.1 Introduction: When two progressive waves of the same frequency travelling in opposite directions superpose on each other, the resulting wave pattern does not propagate in either direction but remains confined within the region of overlap. Such waves are called stationary waves or standing waves. Suppose we consider two progressive waves of the same amplitude and frequency but propagating along the x-axis in opposite directions. Let these waves be represented by &, = acos(wt — kx) and &, = acos(wt + kx) (17) where &, and E, are the particle displacements associated with the two waves. The resultant displace- ‘ment is given by the principle of superposition as &= 8, +6, = 2acosat.coskx = Acosat (18) where A = 2acoskx 3.3.2 Nodes and Antinodes: Equation (18) represents. simple harmonic motion of the same frequency as the component waves but ofSe @ Acoustic Wave Motion _ amplitude A which is a periodic function of the position x of the particle. Equation (18) does notrepresent a progressive wave because the phase angle does not contain both x and t. At places where x is such that coskx = +] the amplitude becomes maximum and has a value 2a, These points of maximum amplitude are called displacement antinodes. These positions are given by kx =n wheren=0, 1, 2,3, etc. > Gxem 5 x (19) The distance between two successive antinodes is (n + 1) ‘The amplitude A is zero at points where coskx = 0. Such points are given by kx = (2n + nF where n=0, 1, 2, 3, ete. a S x=(2n+1)% += (20) ‘These points where displacement amplitude is zero, are called displacement nodes, The distance between two successive nodesis also’ /2. Figure 3.2: Stationary wave pattem with nodes (N} and aatinodes (A) ‘The distance between, node and its nearest antinode is A / 4. The portion of the stationary wave pattem between two consecutive nodes is called aloop. All the particles within a loop vibrate with same phase but with different amplitudes Fig, 3.2). The particles in two consecutive loops vibrate in opposite phase. Ex. 15. Consider a pipe of length sera whiz9 HO mjodegof oscillations of the air colurm are possible up to a frequency d&2 : fe4i6830 m/s) @2 (3 5 6 (JNU: 2010] Sotn. (6) 2né_ (1250)x2(0.65) v 330 is speed of sound, n isthe frequency. 92 = 5Acoustic Wave Motion Ix. 16.A wave represented by the equation y = a cos (ax ~ a) is superimposed with another waveto forma stationary wave such that point x =0 is a nod. The equation for the other wave is @ asin(ee tet) — (b) -acos(kr-at) (c) -a cos(kx +a) (d) ~asin(e - at) [NT-JEE : 1988] ion. (a) For a stationary wave to form, two identical waves should travel in opposite direction. Further atx = 0, resultant y (from both the waves) should be zero at all instants. ‘x. 17.A vibrating string of certain length ! under a tension T resonates with a mode corresponding to the first overtone (third harmonic) of an air column of length 75 cm inside. tube closed at one end. The string also generates 4 beats/s when excited along with a tuning fork of frequency n. Now when the tension of the string is slightly increased the number of beats reduces to 2 per second, Assuming the velocity of sound in air to be M0 m/s, the frequency n of the tuning fork in Hz is (a) 344 (b) 336 (173 @ 109.3 [WT-JEE : 2008] oln. (a) ‘With increase in tension, frequency of vibrating string will increase, Since number of beats are decreasing. ‘Therefore, frequency of vibrating string or third harmonic frequency of closed pipe should be less than the frequency oftuning fork by 4. .. Frequency of tuning fork third harmonic frequency of closed pipe +4 “2 340 -z)+ 4= ty * ;}+4= 244 3.3.3 Energy density in stationary waves: Ina stationary wave formed by two identical waves propagating in two opposite directions the displace ‘ment at any point x at any time tis given by &(x,t) = 2acoskx coset (21) Let us consider the stationary waves formed withina tube ofthe medium oflength 8x and area of eross- section unity. Tho total fbf Ee Pa gh By the sum ofK.E. and PE. Weotst vy a (3) a Ths, 6B = 8E, +82, = 50.8% (2) + BR) & = 14 dato? cos’ kx sin? @t.8x + $B. sin” kx cos? wt. 5x 2 = 2p,a°a* [cos* kx.sin? wt + sin? kx .cos? ot )8x.... 22) BE = pya’w*dx ow (23) Therefore, Average energy per unit volume, E = p,a’o” w= (24) ‘Thus energy density in a stationary wave is twice that ofa progressive wave. 3.3.4 Energy flowin stationary waves: Particle velocity, u = G8 / at = -2amcoskxsin ot (28) andacoustic pressure, p = -B(@&/dx) = 2aBksinkxcosat —_.., (26) Now the rate of work done per unit area of the wavefront ice. the rate of energy flow through unit area is