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Office: 28-A/11, Jia Sarai, New Delhi-16, Phi 011-26851008; 26861009 E: info@careerendéevourin, W: viww.careetendeavour.inCONTENTS CHAPTER 1: Vector Calculus la 12 13 14 15 16 1? 18 19 Basic Review of Vectors Product of Vectors Gradient, Divergence and Curl Line Integration of vectors Orthogonal Curvilinear Co-ordinates Surface Integration of Vectors Volume Integration of Vectors Vector Related Theorems Linear Dependency of Vectors Previous Years Questions with Solutions CHAPTER 2: Matrices 24 22 23 24 25 26 Basic Review of Matrices Eigenvalues and Eigenvectors Cayley-Hamilton Theorem Rank of a Matrix Diagonalization ofa Matrix Applications Previous Years Questions with Solutions CHAPTER 3: Differential Equations 34 32 33 34 Basic Review of Differential Equation Differential Equation of First Order and First Degree Linear Second Order Differential Equations Special Functions(Only for BHU Entrance Examination) Previous Years Questions with Solutions CHAPTER 4: Fourier Series 44 42 43 44 45 Periodic Function Fourier Series Expansion Half Range Series Perseval’s Formula Fourier series in complex form Previous Years Questions with Solutions 01-58 15 21 28 33 34 41 42 59-113 59 68 81 83 85 90 93 114-164 4 115 130 145 150 165-191 165 165 183 193 185, 187| | CHAPTER 5: Complex Analysis 5.1 Basic Review of Complex Numbers 52 Function ofa Complex Variable 53 Complex Analytic Function 5.4 Power Series Expansion of Complex Function 5S Singularity of Complex Function 56 Residue ofa Complex Function 57 Cauchy Residue Theorem Previous Years Questions with Solutions CHAPTER 6: Fourier Transform (Only for TIFR, JEST & DU Entrance Examinations) 61 Basic Formula 62 Properties of Fourier Transform CHAPTER 7: Laplace Transform (Only for TIFR, JEST & DU Entrance Examinations) 7A Basic formula of Laplace Transform 72 Properties of Laplace Transform CHAPTER 8: Probability (Only for TIFR, JEST, JNU, BHU& DU Entrance Examinations) 81 Basic Review of Probability 82 — Baye’s Theorem 83 Random Variable 84 Probability Distribution 85 Binomial Distribution 86 Poisson Distribution 87 — Gaussian Distributjon 88 — Exponential Distribution Previous Years Questions with Solutions CHAPTER 9: Calculus of Single and Multiple Variables 91 Monotonic Functions 2.2 Test for increasing and decreasing nature of a Function at any point 9.3. Steps to find the intervals for increasing and decreasing behaviour of function 9.4 Steps to find points of maxima and minima of function containing single variable 95 Steps to find points of maxima and minima of a function containing, multiple variables 9.6. Multiple Integrals 192-231 192 196 198 199 205 208 209 247 232-236 232 233 237-242 237 237 243-262 243 246 247 247 249 250 251 283 253 263-273 263 264, 264 265 267 269CHAPTER 10: Partial Differentiation 10.1 Partial derivatives of f(x, y) 10.2 Homogeneous Functions CHAPTER 11: Jacobian CHAPTER 12: Dirac Delta, Beta and Gamma Function 274-280 274 207 281-287 288-291Chapter 1. VECTOR ALGEBRA 1.1 Basic Review of Vectors Definition: Physical quantities having both magnitude and a definite direction in space. It should follow the kaw of vector addition. Example: Velocity, Acceleration, Momentum; Foree, Electtic Bield;"Torque, ete. Note: Current isa physical quantity that Has both magnitude and direction but it does not follow the law of vector addition. So, current is a'scalar quar Various type of vectors: AS (1) Equal vectors: Vectors having same magnitude and same dire (2) Null Vectors: Vectors having. colnclis, inital and termi any arbitrary direction, as the negative vector of a . Negative vector as @ is Orthogonal Resolution of Vectors: Any vector / in the 3-D right- handed rectangular cartesian coordinate system can be represented as Pu dnajrajrak, f where, 7,7 and é are the unit vectors in direction of x, y and z axis respectively and 4,, 4,, A_are the rectangular components of vector A along. y, z axis. Al + AP + AP =(Ai+4 7+ Ad) A+ A+ Magnitude of vector A is Unit vector along A is 4 = A/7 VECTOR ALGEBRA. P(A Ay Ad Direction cosines of vector 4: If A makes angkes oy with x, y and z axes respectively, then direction cosines of 4 are defined as Scalar Product or Dot Product Dot product of two vectors:@ and 5 are defined as i be@d Note: @ Dot product is commutativein nature Le. @ (9) Projection of A on B= A.B Vector Product or Cross Product : ail sino Cross product of two vectors @ and are defined as G xb where fi isunit vector normal to the plane containing @ and b Note: ixb~bxa) (ii) For two collinear vectors (parallel or anti-parallel vectors) gx = 0- i) Cross product is not commutative i ii kx k=0,ixjok jxéaikximjVECTORALGEBRA igGe ita,jtah and b=b,i+b,j+b,k, then Gxb=|* % b, by b, Example 4: The range of x for which the angle between the vectors Ax2xi + 4xj +h and B=7i-2j+xk is obtuse, is equal to @z<0 (x>12 (0x(2x-1) <0 Case: > Oand (2x1) <0 ¥ <>. Thrive, 0<3 <3 1 Case If; ¥ 0=> x>-. Both of them cannot be satisfied sinulteneously. Correct option is (c) oe i 2] +8b Example 2: Given: [4 Shand é = 27+ j= 4k are the sides of (2) an isosceles triangle 3(b) aright angled triangle “~~ (©anequilateral triangle © @none of these Soln: Forthe given set of vectors, @Z = 0 => is perpendicalif 10 & and Pr will correspond to base and height respectively and j” will correspond to hypotenus ic. the laf +P 14421 238= Therefore, @, given set of vectors are sides ofa right-angled triangle. Correct option is (b) 3 & ‘orthogonal to Pand Gand having unit scalar product with R cai be estiniated to be (@ (32427458) (by (36+27-Sk)/4 (@ (3F-27+5k)/4 (@ (37-27-Sk)/4 Soln: Correct option is (a) Example 4: Forany vector @, the valueot|ixi]’ +fax jf + “a lax i isequalto @ la? () 2 Or @ 2 Soln: Let d=aftajrajk (Here, a,, a a, are not constants)VECTOR ALGEBRA Similarly, lax j jaxif lax af +a Correct option is (b) =2(a? +a} +03) =2| Example 5: If #=/+3j—-& acts at the point (1, 1, 1), then the torque of F about the line F=304 2k (QF-2j+A)r is, Soln; We first find the vector torque about a point on the line, say the point (3, 0,2). Thisis # x F*, where 7 is the vector from the point about ‘which we want the torque, to the point at which Facts, that is, from (3, 0, 2) to (1,11). Pe (i+}+k)-(3f428)=-249-£ jk aL FxReal2 1 -1|=2°437-76 ta 3 4 ‘Therefore, torque about the ling, i (rk, Correct answer is (1) Example 6: Which ofthe following vectors is orthogonal to the vector (af +87), wherea and b («1 #5) ave constants, and 7 and 7 are unit orthogonal vectors? @ -bi+aqf (b) -af +57 (©) -ai -oy @ -bi-a Sotn: (ai+5j).(-bi +qj)=-ab+ab=0 - Correct option is (a) Scalar Triple Product: Scalar triple product of three vectors @,b and é are defined asVECTORALGEBRA - Soln: Soln: we 8 G-(bxe)= |?* = [abe] (i) If @, 5,2 are coplanar vectors, then, a-(bx&) (@x@) = -(Gxd) =0 Vector Triple Product: ‘Vector triple product of three vectors G,b and @ are defined as Note: 7 () ax (bx2)+b x (Exa)+éx(Gx5)=0. Example 7: The value of m for which the vectors A be co-planar is @ 132 () 72 @ue 745) +6k, C =i +4 jemk will Since, 4, B,C are co-planas Correct option is (a) Example 8: If 5 =ix(dxi)+jx(axf)+he(axk), then 5 can be simplified to (ao (ba © 2@ (d) None of these Correct option is (c)@O it VECTORALGEBRA Example 9: Three unit vectors d,5,é (6 and é are not parallel) are such that ax (bx 2) B; ‘The angles which @ makes with 5 and @ , respectively are @) 30°,90° (&) 150°,90° ©) 60°,90° @ 90°,30° Soln: ‘Comparing coefficients of 5 and Z on both sides. 42-0 > 412 55-3 3B B 4-5 =*> = abeos) =-~ = cos0 = = 6 =150° ‘The angle which @ makes with § and Z are 150°, 90° respectively. Correct option is (b) between @and 6 is x @z Soln: Since, ax (6 x2) ‘Therefore, 6 = %. Correct option is (d) 1.3. Gradient, Divergence and Curl Gradient of a Scalar Field: bt Gradient of a continuously differentiable scalar fiction ¢ (x, yz) is mathematically defined as: grad $= 99 = (Zi Zin2ely oj Se Ga 24 254 2k = det or grad’ or abla! operator ax aye where,VECTORALGEBRA Soln: Soin: Physical interpretation: Gradient of scalar function at any point P(x, y, 2) is @ vector quantity, whose magnitude is equal to the rate of change of scalar function ¢ with distance along the normal to level surface and its direction is along the normal to the level surface at that point. The direction of ¥¢ is that along which the rate ofchange of is maximum. Level surface: At each point of the level surafee, the value of scalar function willbe same. Example: Equipotential surface on which value of electrostatic potential is same at all points Note: ()) Normal vector to the level surface: 9 Gi Unit normal vector to the level surface: Directional Derivative: Directional derivative of ¢ in the direction of A is defined as rate of change of 4 with distance along the direction of A _. It is mathematically defined as the component of W¢ inthe direction of vector A ie. Vg: Tangent Plane and Normal to the level surface: Consider (x,y,z) =e be'the équatidn ofa level Surface! andr xf + yf + zk be the position vector of any point P (x2) on this surface. ‘Tangent plane at P: ¥¢:is'a vector nortial-to the surface j.¢. it is perpendicular to the tangent plane at P.Let, & = Xi +¥7-+ Zk bé the position vector of any point én the-tangent plane at P to the surface. Therefore, R (X-x)i+(¥—y)7+(Z—2) & lies in the tangent plane at P and it will be perpendicular to Vg Example 11: Find the unit vector perpendicular to the surface x? + y? +2) __2xi + 2yf 422k lau V2 +437 +42" ayy Example 12: Find the angle between the two surfaces 5x+y+z=1 and 3x+3y+3z=5. v6 ra Unit normal to the surface Given, 4, :5x+y42= land g :3x+3y432=5 ‘Therefore, cos = VAVA [it i+8)i+3i+38) 21g Vala] 27 27 7Gd 7 VECTOR ALGEBRA Example 13: Find the directional derivative of f(x,y) =x°y*- y* at @,1) in the direction given by the angle 6 ore Soln: Unit vector along which the directioan! derivative is to be calculated is 4 coe Bi pein E As cos ti +sin ‘Therefore, directional derivative will be lay’ [e')+7-4) i], Wr Example 14: If grad ¢= & §(r)=Oatr =I, then find r Soln: x 7 pF ind the magnitude ofthe directional derivative longa Tine making an angle 30° with the positive x-axis at (0,2) Example 15: Forthe function #(%.») x(2x)_|_;_#(2y) Soln: VW at the point (0, 2) 20)2)_i (o+ay 4 4-0 (0+4)" Direction along which Directional derivative isto be calculated is Giecess0rF +sins0r 7B tj Directional derivative at the point (0,2) in the direction 74VECTORALGEBRA @ Soln: Soin: Soin: Example 16: Find the directional derivative of 7?, where 7 the direction ofthe outward normalto the sphere x? + y? +2? =14 atthe point (3,2, 1) yi + ay?) +.x27 . at the point (2, 0,3) in gira fexth) (of ray") rratl)a xy ecty! tate! oj Pe kE (cyte ety eat’) ae ay ae EY = (2ay! + 2m0")ia(asty? 4) \js(aytevaste?)é 3)= (0+2x2x81)i+(0+0)7+(0+4x4%27)k = 3241 +4328 =108(37 +42) ‘Dv? at (2, Normalto x?+y?+2?-14=V9 (79.459 ¢ 2 (Py 427~14) ox Gy ae =(294 +23) +204) Normal vector at (3, 2, 1) =6/+4 74265 Ustronmalvesce « 624228 _ 2Cls2)+4) | si-2}ak Vaerie+4 = ayia v4. on derivath a) 34 274k _108x(944) 1404 Direction derivative along the normal =108(3 +4) == 22" * - A ) : J ) Via via Via Example 17: The plane tangent to 7 +y* +z" = 4 atthe point (1,1, V2) is @ = L 1 FOV OD aN2 © tt v2 Henne Re Let pix? +y?+27-4=0 28 a=8 Example 25: If # =.xi + yj, then @) V-7=0 and V/7| (b) V-7 =2 and V|F| © V-F=2 and V @ 9-7 =3 and ¥fF| Fi Correct option is (c) Curl of a vector field Curl ofa continuous differentiable vector poitit fnetion:y7. spécified in a vector field is given by, POPE ana 8 888) rye [2 Bride )lnionie Van" By 28 ae Voy Bay Itis the measurement of rotation of vector-field and the direction of cur! of vector is along axis of rotation. Note: (IF GF =O, then 7 is known ds ai inrotatidnal veotor dnd we'can Write 7’ = 7g Gi) If VP # 0. then 7 is known as rotational vector. (il) Vx G+ V)= VG +90 (iv) Vx(ul) =u xP + (Vu) xP Example 26: The curlofthe vector 4 = zi +xj + yk isgiven by @isjeé (yi-jsk @isj-i ppeé acjl2 2 8 wie 2 2 *ARle @ e pox y Correct option is (a)VECTOR ALGEBRA = Example 27: Ifa vector field # = xf +2yj-+3zk, then Vx(VxF) is @o wi © 27 (@) 3k Soin: F = xi +2yj-+32k VxP=0 = Vx(¥xF)=0 Correct option is (a) Example 28: Ifa force F is derivable froma potential function V (r), origin ofthe coordinate system, it follows that @ ¥xF=0 (b) =0 © 9v=0 @ vv =0 Soln: Ifforce j* isderivable from a potential function V(r), Correct option is (a) Example 29: fluid motion is given by. Fo (ysing—sin a) (sin 2+ 2y2)]+(mieoses yh is the motion irrotational? Ifso, find the velocity potential Soin: Curl 3 = 9x7 : See i i 0 8) & ® ysinz-sinx “xsin2+2y2--xyoos7 + y"| é @ ae =(xcosz+2y—xc0s2~2y)i-[yeosz - ycosz]j +(sin'z—sinz)k Hence, the motion isinrotational,. _— Vo where ¢ is calléd Velo = (2-32 42) ae Jay & a ‘Comparing both sides we get, SB (ysinz-sins) > 9= 2951 cosx+ f,(y42) ie o sinz+2y2) = §=aysing + y2+ fi(%2) % 3 (xycosz4 y?) => 9 = xysinz+ yz 4 f(x,y) ‘Therefore, the velocity potential will be ¢ = aysin z+cosx+y"z+eSoln: Soln: ke . _ VECTORALGEBRA Important Vector Identities: IF, ware scalar point functions and 4, B are vector point functions in certain region then. DdG+y)=T9+y QDI Gy) = Hy +yWd @)9-(A+B)= A+B (4) Gx (A+ B= Tx A4VxB (5) WA-B) = Ax (7x B) + (AWB + Bx (Vx A+ B-V)A © ¥-GA)=09-A+9(¥-A) (D) Vx (GA) = 60x A+ (V8) A @V-(9xA)=0 O)Vx(V9)=0 (10) P(x) = B. (Wx A)- 40x) (ID) ¥x(AxB)=(B-V)A-(A-)B + AW -B)- BOA (2) 9x(Wx A) = 10 -A-VA > * ee ee For’) - a) ‘Now choose correct statement(s ld cis conservative in nature zs +. 7 iy x. (© vector field F isnot solenoi 4d) Vector field’ B is conservative in nature ‘The length ofthe vector J is notchanging ina direction either parallel or perpendicular to the vector. So, vA , Vx d= 0, Hence, / is solenoidal and conservative in nature, and the length of the vector B is Jhanging ina direction both parallel and perpendicular to the vector. So, 9-340, Vx B40, Hence, B isneither solenoidal nor conservative in nature. Correct options are (a), (b) and (c) Example 34:1f 4 =x8, +96, +28.,then 924 @l (b) 3, (0 @3VECTORALGEBRA Correct option is (c) Example 32: For ascalar function ¢ satisfying the laplace equation, V9 has (a) zero curl and non-zero divergence (b) non-zero curl and zero divergence (©) zero curland zero divergence (@) mon-zero curland non-zero divergence Soln: ¥x ¥p=0. From Laplacian equation Vg=0 > V-(V6)=0 Correct option is (c) Example 33: Show that, Vr" =m(n-+l)r’*, (or (nr'F) = 9 (nr =n(n=2)r"8.7 +3nr™? = n(n=2)r""? + 3nr" Soln: )-F +nr™*(¥.7) n(n+l)r" 1.4 Line Integration of Vectors ‘The integration of a vector along a curve is known as line integration of vectors. Let F(x, y,z) bea vector functiori and a a Curve AB oF (¢ is a unit vector along tangent P’ ") ds\ ds Line integral of # from A to B along the curve C will be =i(* Plu dF Note: (IF # represents the variable force acting on a particle along arc AB, then the total work done Way = [Pea (i) If 7 represents the velocity of a liquid then 7’ ci is called the circulation of 7 round closed curve i 7 (iid) When the path of integration is a closed curve then notation of integration is in place of [Ee VECTORALGEBRA (iv) Work done by a conservative field in moving a particle fiom point P 10 © will be 9 @. [Ped =[Vb-dr = jas = do ~ bp = independent of path. > > > (¥) Work done by a conservative field J in moving a particle around a closed path Cis fF-dr=0 Example 34: If F = (Sxy—6x")? + (2y—4x) j, then evaluate the line integral $ F.d? along the curve z Cin the x-y plane given by y = x° from the point (1,1) to (2,8) Soln: i] Example 35: Ifa force field: 4 37. i8 applied to a particle, theri the. work done by the force field in traversing the particle around a cifele C inx-y plane, with center at the origin and radius 1 units is equal to ( Cis traversed in the counter-clockwise direction ) (@ 20 (b) 20 © 8 @ 8 Soin: $ A.ar = h[ydr—xey] Putting x= cos@ and y= sin @ we get; te 5 Bek oh BD Be 5 a = | [sin (-sin6da) -cos0( sin? 0 +cos?@) dQ.="20 Correct option is (b) Example 36: Evaluate [, Fdr, where F x'j+y'j and curveC is the are of parabola y = plane from (0, 0)to (I, 1) Soln: Along thecurveC, y=x° = dy = 2xdv;So, F=xF +47} > a? i+ Qxdxj ‘Therefore, J. Fai =f [ae +x°(2x)ar] =[iQre2rVECTORALGEBRA, ~ Example 37: 1f F 2+ y)i-+(3y+x) }, evaluate | Fah where Cis the curve inthe xy-plane consisting of the straight lines from (0, 0) to (2, 0) and thento (3,2), Soln: The path ofintegration C has been shown in the figure below: y B G2 eH AAD Wehave, [. Fa¥ = { [(2x+y)i+(Gy-x)j}(aei +a j) =[[0x+y)de+(3y-x)ay] Path I: Along the straight line OA; y= 0 dy=Oand x varies from 0 to 2. ‘ 2-0 Path 2: Equation of the straight line AB is y—- 0 = | c= 2)ie, y= 28-4 Therefore, along AB, y= 2k-4=5 dy 2d and x varies from 2 to 3. [Far =f [ax+0)de+0]+['[(2r422~4) de (6x—12=2)2ar] =[? +f (4e-28)ae= 414) Ge-2)ae = 11 Example 38: Find the total work done in moving a particle in a force field given by F =3xyi -52j +10xé along thecurve x=? +1, y= 20, from.t=1' to 7=2. Soln: The total work done. =f Far =|. (sy/- sgt owt). (as? ¥ ayy + de [a(e+ (oA \(20)-(5P IGN) + io(e ¥1)(37 Example 39: Evaluate {_ {(2xy°—y" cosx)qx +(I-2ysinx-+3x"y*) dy} Where Cis the are of the parabola 2 -y* from (0, 0)t0 (= ') Soln: The given integral in the question is the line integral of the following vector field: . F=(2xy°—y? cosx)? +(1-2ysinx+3x7y?)j ‘This vector field is conservative innature as 7 x F = 0 anditcan be writtenas P= 9p a6 RB eases gery yr Seo (t-aysinxs 3’) == y-yYsinxtaty+ f(x) inx+ f(y)Soln: Soin: . — VECTOR ALGEBRA Therefore, g= y— -xty Since, work done bya conservative field ie value ofthe giver to the difference of scalar potential ¢ at inital and final point 1-4(5.1}-60.0 Example 40: Suppose an object moves from (—1, 1) to (2, 4) along the path FQ) =(1,17) subjectto the Kooy 4 D-vsins+s297] force F =(xsin y, y), then the work done by F is cos(I)—c0s(4) py 152080) H608(4) 2 OF 2 sin (I) -sin (4) 15 _sin(1)+sin(4) 2 Oy 2 Pa} > xatyaP and F=xsinyi+yj > Persin? i477} Work done W = [F-dF, Here, dF fe2ej)de ‘Therefore, W = j (esine® peat [iia [20a eae A Assuming ° = 2, 20d¢ = dz inthe first integration, we get’. eee oe : fesiné a= [sine dog 2) 1 (eost=cos4) 4 1 2 2 “ Therefore, W = ieost-o0s8) 4] Feas1-cos)+ xa 5) Correct option is (a) Example 41: Value of the circulation of the field # =—x*yi +.xy?j + (y?-x°)& around the curve C, where C isthe intersection of the sphere x? + y? +27 = 25 and the plane 2 =4 and is oriented counterclock- wise, is Bia Bla (a) 81a (b) -812 © Ha @ Hae Here, C:x? +’ pia = fx pdt y2dy+(y? =?) de é c =9 (curve ofintersection of sphere and plane z =4) Let x=3c0s@ = dx=-3sinede y= 3sin8 => dy=3c0s0d0 GF at = | (-9c05* @x3sin@x—3sin 8d0 +3c050x9sin* @ x3c0s 846) onVECTORALGEBRA cai Correct option is (c) 2 Example 42: Ifthe value of line integral 7 =fa dF ,where G=(xy? + z)i+(x’y+2)j4+ek, Aisthe a point (¢,c, A) and B is the point (2 > 4) along the path c,, given by x= cw, y=", 2=h is J, and u along the path ¢, given by 2y=3c~ 2eth-D an . oa aes pds = his [,. Then, theratio [,/I, is equalto (w isa parameter) @ @1 Soln: ay? +a)Fs (ty +2) jak . and I, would have same value.~ Therefore, Ae 1 b Correct option is (d) xdy—yde vty rect about the value of /along each of the two paths indicated in figure Example 43: Consider the integral 1 Then which ofthe following statement(s) isare cor 0) wo (b) For the path-1, J, =7 (@) Forthe path-2, J, = (@) Forthe path-1, J (©) Forthe path-2, 1e . VECTORALGEBRA FFE} e66 only on initial and final point, Here, Path 1 & Path 2 are two different paths taken between the same points (-1, 0) and (1, 0). Hence, the line integrals! and I, would have same value. Along path I: (Semi cirele of radius 1 unit) Put x=cos6 => dv =—sin 8d@ and y= sin @ = dy =cosOd0 { (cos@xcos@—sin@x—sind) do n=f on sin? +cos" 6 ® |= |d0--2=1, Correct options are (a) and (c). : yi. Example 44: Which one of the following isvare CORRECT? ages (a) Value of the line integral ofthis vector around any’losed curve is zero: * - (b) This vector can be written 4s the gradient of some scalar function: (©) This isa conservative vector field. (@ This vector can represent the magnetic field of some current distribution. Soln: Here, o{ Therefore, So, the value of the line integral of this vector around any closed curve C is zero ic. $7 cr ‘Vector can be written as the gradient of some scalar function’ = 9 . Since, magnetic field B isnot conservative, therefore this vector cannot represent the magnetic field of some current distribution. Correct option is (a,b,c) Example 45: The value of the integral J Pdf, where F ¢ is xa Soin: Given curve Cis ahalfcircle above x-axis Hence, 6 Fa = f BBVECTORALGEBRA, Soin: a0) 0,9) (a0) Put x= acos6 = dr =—asin@d@ and y=asin@ => dy =acosdd0 jP-d= i (@? sin? 9x-asin@) d0 -(a? cos? 0x acos0)do =~a" | {sin?O+00s'0)d9 0 (sind ~sin30) 40+ 2 (c0s30 ~2)| 3 Correct answer is (1.33) rps e Example 46: The value of contour integral sF xa} y fora birele Cofradius with centre at the origin ; d (a) 2ar wy Oar @s » [[7, In spherical polar co-ordinates, t+ y z eos 8 radial distance of the point P from the origin 9 = tan" = angle which OP makes with z-axis gato" @) = angle which OO (projection of OP in x-y plane) makes with positive x-axis Corresponding limits: 0 6 =cosOcos¢i +cosAsingj—sindk The unit vector along ¢ is given by é dF /0§ __=rsinOsingi +rsin@ cose} |or/e9| in? O sin? $+" sin? Ocos’ @VECTORALGEBRA > g=—singi +cosé7 Note: The unit vector 7, 6, g are orthogonal vectors and it thus follows, Line elements: Line element between r to r+dr : di, = dr P (along r curve) Line element between 0 106 +d@ : diy = rd@ 6 (along @ curve) Line element between gtog+dg : di, =rsindd g (along ¢ curve) Surface elements: Constant r surface : di, = diy x ‘sin Oa0d¢ ? (surface ofa sphere) Constant ¢ surafte: diy rsindrd gd: Constant § surface : di =a, xa, =rdrdo p Volume element: a = di, (dig xl) =? sin6drd0dg. a, KO 1 Og 0! rind ag? F 8 rsinod len pere el 00 (a8 la, ray rsinBay eeatare" Gael OF art see Wee pr 2 Vs S| —| = Laplacian re 253 Conversion of a vector from Cartesian to Spherical polar co-ordiantes: F=sinBcosgi+sinOsing j +cosok 6 =cosOcosgi +cosOsing j sinkVECTORALGEBRA sinOcosé sin@sing cos cos@cos cosOsing sind | 7 -sing cog o jlé =e Suppose the vector is given in cartesian coordinates ie. * =a,7 +a,j+a.k and we have to convert it in sphereical polar coordinates i.e = a,P-+a96+ a9 , the components are related by the following equation, a,] [sindoos sindsing cosé Ta, aq |=|cosAcos cosdsin —sind |) a, ag] | -sin@ — cosp 0 Limits for various types of integrations: Z on Fig. (a) Upper hemisphere Fig. (0) ‘First Octant of sphere Case-I: Full sphere x2 by? 42 Limit of volume integration: .00 a Limit of surface integration: 7 Case-Hil: ower hemisphere x? + y?+. x Limit of volume integration: OS Sa; <0 Limit of volume integration: OS'S; o ~sin gi +cosoj ‘The unit vector along zis given by Line elements: Line element between ptop+dp: di, =dp p (along p curve) ad § (along dcx) de 2 (along Zeurve) Line element between 4 to std: al Line element between z to 24 de Surface elements: Constant p surface : di, Constant ¢ surface : di, = dh, ¥dl, = dpdz ¢ Constant z surafce + i, xdl, = pd pd’ (plane surface of a circular cyllinder parallel tox ~ y plane) Volume element : ay =di, (di, xdi,) = pdpdbet Gradient: 7-2 5,195, ap” pad Divergence: Gg -12 pa eae 3 oa F5(00,)+ mi d pb 2 Cur: Yxa=t{2@ 2 2 ple a &| Ip Pay aVECTORALGEBRA Soln: Conversion of a vector from Cartesian to Cylindrical co-ordiantes: p=cospi+sing j é - ing i +cosp 7 Suppose the vector is given in cartesian coordinates ie. 7 =a,/-+a,j-+a,& and we have to convert it in sphereical polar coordinates ic # = a,-+a,6-+a,2 , the components are related by the following equation. ay] [cose sing Ola, cosé 0|/a, 0 ile Example 47: Four forces are given below in Cartesian and spherical polar coordinates. i WR K(e3—y'2) Gi) R=K(P8+y°9) oiaa(§) where K isa constant. Identify the correct option. (@) (ii) and (jv) are conservative but (i) and (fi) are not (b) (and Ci) are conservative but (ii and (iv) are not (©) ii) and Gii) are conservative but (i) and (iv) are not @ @and (ii are conservative but (il) and (iv) are not. - 76 ¥sino4l a Gee 2 ar 38 ap k.exp(=77/R?) 0. 0 Zelou © glo = Correct option is (d)VECTORALGEBRA Soln: Example 48: Consider two vector functions A=r"F and B = (wheres isa spherical co-ordinate) Which of the following statements is/are CORRECT? (a) Vector function 4 can be written as A = grad (#) (where ¢ is any scalar function) (b) V? (A) =(0+1)(n+2)r"", where Vy? isa laplacian operator (©) curlof Bis equalto zero @ vector function B is conservative in nature Aar'F = als 7 and A can be written‘as grad (¢) i-c. = grad(¢) Hence, Bis conservative in natire Correct options are (a),.(b),-(c).and (d) 1.6 Surface Integration’ of. Vectors ‘The integration of vector on an open or closed surface is known as surface integration of vectors, Let 4 beavector fiction and S be the given surface. Surface integral ofa vector function A over the surface Sis defined as the integral of the components of 4 along the normal to the surge, o Components of 4 along the normal = Aj, where j; is the unit normal vector to an element ds ‘Surface integral of A over S =i =[f, (4A) a0VECTORALGEBRA Soin: Soln: Soin: Physical Interpetation: Example 49: Evaluate {f Fd, where F = yzi-+2x j-+sy & and S isthat part of the surface of the sphere x? + y? +27 =] which lies in the first octant. For the surface ofa sphere (r= radius =| unit), di (r?sing dodg)=F (sind dodgy) =(sind cos i +sind sin gj +c0s 0k) (sin 9 ded) Hence, ff, Fads [Fas = aff sin? Ocos@ sin pcos @ dO dp = G3) =3 ears) Example 50: Evaluate [J Fids, where f= z/-+3}-3ytek and S is the surface of the cylinder 2 x? +y? = 16 included inthe first octant between z= 0 andz=$ For the curved surface of the eylinder (p= base radius-=4 units) ; d= (Adi de) = A (Adds) =(sosoF sin 4 do dz) a s ‘J [ Gop semosinoe p= «(2 ))-(3)() 90 Example 51: Calculate the surfice integral of ¥ = 2xz 3+ (x+2)5 + p(2?+3)2 over five sides (excluding the bottom) of the cubical box shown in figure. (For the surface x=2, df = dy de 8° Vali = 2x2dy dz = dz dy dz, So, [V5 = 0 (ii) Forthe surface x = 0, dy de =0, 30 [vids = 0 a rye fm, 12 (iil For the surface y=2,d5 = de dz §, Hd =(x+2) a dz, so [ids =f (x+2) def (iv) Forthe surface y= 0,di =—de de 3, di =—(x+2)ebede,s0 [ids =) (+2) ef’ ae =—12 (©) Forthesurfice 2=2, ai =dsdy 2, dl = yeedy,s0 [vids = [de ” y= 4 Total fhix= [VF =16+0412-12+4=20 sheeSoln: Soln: VECTORALGEBRA Example 52: The valueofintegral [J yds dy , where 4 is the area as shown in figure : a (a, 4) 0,2) id mt @a (b) 2 (©) 4x @) Sx Let us divide the given area into two parts {joey = [i ff ts , 4 4 4 (ar) aap ae = J [vardy+ J J vavay 0.2) pono pen 4 2 7 Sod ee t : " = [oat | Naw i oe no 0 3 Correct option is (d) Example 53: Consider the vector function = p(2 + sin? 4) 6+ psing'cos $$ +322 (p, 4, 2 arecylin- Grical co-ordinates), which of the following statement(s) is'are CORRECT: ?. @ ¥x7| isequaliozera~ (b) Flux of V through the curved'surface of cylinder x7 + y? = 4, 0< 25 infirst quadrant is 2577 © WxP pega ® 3p+2p+d (@ Flux of 7 through the curved surface ofeylinder 3 4, 0S 25 in first quadrant is zero ¥=p(2 tsin® 4) 6+ psing cosgg +328 pb é i tral 2 ROE a p| ap 6 a lo(2+sin?#) p-psingcosp 32] (0-0)—p6(0—0)+2(2psin dcos¢ — px2sing cos¢)] = 0Flux of 7 through the curved surface of cylinder x? + y= 4, 0<2<5(ie. dS, = pdgdz/) in first quad VECTORALGEBRA rant, is [rs 1 f o(z+sinty)x pag (Here, p=2) $ of sm =4f [ (2dp-sin? gag) dems (20% 2a ope wot 2 4 24x52 x52 250 4 Correct options are (a), (b) xi + yj+zk, then the value of surface integral {[?-d3', 5 Example 54: If isthe position vector field where Sis the surface z =12, x? +y?.< 25 is. xa Soln: Here, dS = dedyk rty=25 z=i2 Jf -48 = [f zaxdy = 12{] dsay = Correct answer is (300) 7 : Example 55: The area of the part ofthe cone'z” ay s27=16 is KR. Soln: Inspherical polar co-ordinates, ori isthe surface ‘Therefore, area of cone, = J dS, = Wr sin Odrdp % Forthecone, 27=3(s?+)2), @= tan (= z ni : ‘Therefore, steam (sin 2) fra J ae 6) 5 #=0 y a ©) (an)=beloxon=a0 2), 2 ! Correct answer is (8)Gy € VECTORALGEBRA Example 56: Value ofthe integral (rs where F = xy? py hek ‘and the surface consists of the three surfaces 2 =4 — 3x —3y", 1< z<4onthetop, x?+y? =1, 0< zs! onthesides and z=0 onthe bottom, is. “mt. Soin: {[F-d5=[f{(¥- Fav (ince, surface enclosed the volume, shown in the figure below) $ 7 v Ba(y-fearei)-1 z=43x-3y 1<2e4 1 Oszs1 YF d= i jue yaa an( Sa) he B=0r=0 7 cue answer is (2.5) Example 57: The flux of vector field 7° (rsin #40 “ épherical bowl ofradiusone, base onx-y plane and the origin at the centre of the base is. xx Soln: Flux = ff V-d5. Here, * sinadode? _ is the curved surface of hemipsherical bowland d&, ap 22 J (rsina)r? sinadodg 2 or [set oof [24 ay i eect 40 (2n) Correct answer is (0.5)VECTOR ALGEBRA Soin: Soln: Soln, 1.7 Volume Integration of Vectors Volume integral ofa vector field 4 within the volume V can be written as, [lJ 4av. where, a is the infinitesimal volume element ¥ Physical Interpetation: Example 58: Calculate the volume integral of T = xyz” over the prism in igure. frov=p2 {ol faa |aylae Example 59: The volumeofthe portion ofthe cylinder x+y? = 4 ‘inthe first octant between the planes z = Oand 3x-2=0is 4 ao @2 (b)4 OBS @16 es j dedydz =8 Volume ofthe portion ofthe cylinder inthe frst octant = = f Example 60: Let ‘wv’ bé the ‘ice’ cream. cone’: bow ot hy? +27 = 4. Then the vohin Volurne of ice-cream’ cone = fffa Using spherical co-ordinates ior ae ib 2 J | Psineardeag 00-000 i (5) (-c0s0)°" (27) : Correct answer is (0.715)VECTOR ALGEBRA Example 61: The volume integral ofthe function A(r,0,@) =r? cosO cos@ over the region 0 [ddl = [tee woh a eect ar an Gi) x=0,2=1, Add =3y"dy > [Add [3 foo ts T Gs) x=0,y20,da=0 = [Ad =[ oe 1s So, Adi = Example 67: Evaluate 6, (xy+y")dr + xdy ‘where C is the closed curve of the region bounded by y=x and lov’ )erton§[lo)+27 <7 |-a8 (Stokes theorem) Forany regioninx-y plane, di = day & = [fe 2v)dedy= ff a (e-2y) dee dsVECTORALGEBRA Soin: Soln: Soin: Soln: Example 68: Calculate the flux ofthe vector field =0,2=3. = 4xi~2y*j+2h through the surface bounded by the region x? 4? = Flux of the vector field = {PF.ai = {[](9-F)dv (according to divergence theorem) = Sf (4-49-+22) acca = i i j (4-4psing +22) pdpdédz = 842 Example 69: Evalaute 4. (x ~cosh y)dx+(y-+sin x) dy where Cis the rectangle with vertices (0,0), (7, 0), (7,1), (0,1) g,(x° cosh ya + (y+ sin x) dy = G[(x* -cosh yi +(y+sinx)j]} oF = [J {© coon y) 7+ (sin 2) 7]. a8 usin EN net For any region in x-y plane, d§-= dedy & = [f,(cosx-tsinh y)axdy =f" f° (cosx+sinh y)axdy = [pcos cosh yf ae =f [oosx + cosh I}dv [sine +axcoshl— xf = x (cosh 1-1) Example 70: Evaluate, = | [f:(Paade 4 ydede + x°2 ds dy) where S is the closed surface bounded by the planes z=0, z= arid the cylinder x+y? =a”. By divergence theorem, the required surface integral | sequal to the Volume integral, [Ze = [Jf 5x°dedyde = 5{[f p* cos" ¢ (pdpdddz) =sf prdp { cos te | a= 5S! mg Example 74: Evaluate, [J (9°27 +e jreyh)ids Where S is the part ofthe sphere x* + y* +2? =| above the xy-plane are bounded by this plane By divergence theorem, we have Ire itt ty’ *B) fds = [Jf div(ysia2ej+2° yh -{f,29' <#) dS where Sis the surface ofthe sphere x? + y? +2? =16 above the xy-plane. Sis the hemispherical surafee x? + y? +z? =16 bounded by the circle C given by x? + y? Using Stokes theorem, Jf (WF) Aas = G Fa = G(x? + y—4)de+ 3xydy $ é é Putting x = 4cos0 and y =4sin@, weget 6,2 =0. = J (16c0s? +asing =4)(—Asinigtaa) +3(40080) (45:88) (4cosd0) _ _ 16, 0 e = Example 73: Evaluate by Stokes theofem Gears 2nd a where Cisthecurve x7 +y?=4,;2=2 1 * $(ede+2y dy—de) = (etis 23-8) (aetwageat Fade where F =e" +2yj-k t ; i a curl F=|— Also, ee le’ Hence, GFF = ff (curl F).i dS = 0, since curt FO Example 74: 1f 4=—** then the value of [f(V x 4-8, where S is the surface of paraboloid P 2 pe of = (x? +4") centered at origin, is (0 (b) 4x © 20 @x Ifyou find Vx 4, itis zero, Hence, ff (V> 4)-a8 =0 5VECTOR ALGEBRA Soin: But it is wrong because given vector field J is not defined at the point (0, 0, 4) onthe surface. Hence curl of vector field 4 will not be equal to zero at (0, 0, 4). Given surface S is bounded by the curve Con x-y plane and Cix? +4y! =4 (taken anti-clockwise) According to Stoke’s theorem, SN(*4) B-$4 a4 5 x Put x=2c0s@ => dr=-2singd@ and y=sin = dy=cosod0 2 i Gidvae =f ~Sindx-Bsinbdd + Reon xeondde z in eos? 0 +sin? = f (2sin* e200" 0) aa =2x20=4n a . “ Correct option is (b) ‘i i Example 75: The value of f= dF ,whete'C is the cutye bounded by x74? <16 3x20 ¢ and F=-yi+xj+zk is xa : : Using Stoke’s theorem, 7 E JFeae=[f(OxA)- a8 » Tipe a a0 a 4 i =oh x Be By BOD 10-0) R41) = 2 by x. 2 and d§ = dxdyk {oF} aS =2{] aedy Put, x=rcos0, y= rsin@ and dedy = rdrdO =2 J J rarao= (22)=20x12=240 omnia Correct answer is (24)VECTOR ALGEBRA Soin: Soln: Soln: Example 76: I'S is the closed surface enclosing a volume V and #7 isthe unit normal vector to the surface and isthe positive vector, then the value of the folllowing integral [| -Fd is 3 @vV (o)2v (0 @3v SF fadS = I Fay (using Divergence Theorem) § = sfffer =v Correct option is (d) Example 77: The valueof § 5 origi, is (@)zero Feds Example 78: Consider a cylinder of height hand radius a, closed at both ends, centered at the origin. Let P=ic+ jp + ke bethe positior it Yeetor normal the surface. The surface integral [ #-dS (®) 2na'(a+h) — W) 3xa°h © 28a%h (@zer0 [Peias = J (W-F)d¥ (Using divergence theorem) =3),.dV =3V =3xa°hVECTOR ALGEBRA Ss. Soln: Soin: 1.9 Linear Dependency of Vectors ‘Three vectors @,¥, 8 will be linearly dependent if 0, +01,¥ +0153 = 0, where ot, cl, 0, are not all zero. ‘These three independent vectors do not form the basis of R? space, If o,f +04, +0170 such that o, = a, = ot, =0, thenii, ¥, are said to be linearly independent and they do form the basis of R° space i.e. any vector in IR° space can be written as the linear combination of vectors Gi, ¥,w respectively. How to check: uy yw ln, vp wal leiiiitey eeeeetase Lu, vj wy], [#0 linearly independent vectors Example 79: Consider the set of vectors. 5 (@) the three vectors are orthionouinal:; (b) the three vectors are linearly independent. - (©) the three vectors cannot form a basis ita three dimensional real veetor Space cae 1 0,1 ) and J I I (8) Jy) can be written asthe near combination of So, 4, B,C are linearly independent. Correct option is (b) 1 3 2 3 Example 80: Giventhe fourvectors, "=|? fo =|-5 | =| 4 [4-16 | thetinearly dependent i I 8. -12, pairis @ mu, () my, © m,n, @ 1, 3 = Ft ie. uy.m, are linearly dependent Correct option is (d)Soln: Soln: VECTORALGEBRA Example 81: Consider the set of vectors in three-dimensional real vector space R’ S={(L11) (LL). (44-1) Which of the following statement is true? (a) S is not a linearly independent set (b) $ isa basis for R? (c) The vectors in $ are orthogonal (d) An orthogonal set of vectors cannot be generated from S tort lh -1 1 f=1(I-1)-1(-1-1)+1(1+1)=4 40 ‘siti 2¢+foos3¢ Which of the following graphs best describes the locus of the.tip.of the vector, ast is varied from 0 to 2n? ee & [TIFR 2013] \ ' os| os @ oO La ed os “95 a A Sat Set 1 os| os © 4 @ 9 as 04 5 TF 0 8st aso 0st AW =i sind + joos3t Here, X (1) =sin 2¢ and ¥(1) = cos3¢ i Let us find the number of zeros alongx-axisand y-axis. Along y-axis Along.x-axis X()=0=9 sin2=0 ¥(Q=0 = cos =0 Wn 5 1202220 3 =Qn+E 5 n=0,41. n=0 f=0 n=0 1Soln: Soln: = 1 i ok og of oh ol OF 1 Hence, (A) one period (272). ‘The curve given in option (c) passes thorughx =0 fourtimes andy Correct option is (c) for four times in Hence, ¥(¢) = 0 is zero forsix times in one period (27) six times. Question 2. Consider the surface corresponding to the equation 4x* + y* +2=0. A possible unit tangent to this surface at thé point (1,2, -8) is [TIFR 2013] Given surface is (x, y, 2)=4x? +? + : Hence normal to this surface is 0 @ =8x/-+2y} +. Therefore, V4, pyndi tare Now, the dot product of ve with the tangent vector should be zero. Hére, option (2), (b) and (d) satisties the condition. But only the vector given in option (has unit magnitudes Correct option is (a) 753! : Question 3. Which ofthe following vectors is paalelto the surfice xy-+2xe =4 atthe point (22,3)? [TIER 2015} (a) 67-2} +5k (b) 6F +2 7-45k (©) Gf -2}+5% (@) 67 Given surface is $ (x, y,z)=27y+2xz~450. Vp = (Qxy+2z)i +274 2x8. 2ieajaak Hence, normal to this surfac Therefore, ¥ 4 ka,-2.3) Now, the dot product of ¥ ¢ with vector parallel to the surface, should be zero. Here, only option {c) satisfies the condition. Correct option is (c)S VECTORALGEBRA, [Saeacne ERO) Question 1. The vector field x2/ + yj in cylinderical polar coordinates is DEST 2013} (a) p(zcos’@+sin’ 4) é, + psingcosp(I—z)é, (b) (200s? 4+sin®¢)é, + psingcos¢ (I+z2)é, (©) p{2sin? d +cos? d)é, + psing cose (I+z)é, (@) p(zsin® 4 +c0s" 4)é, + p sing cos (1-z)é, Soln: We know that in cylindrical coordinates, x= pcosg, y= psing, z=z Also, 6 =cos#i+sing7 (1) and g giscosdy (2) Correct option is (a) Question 2, What is the equation of the plane which is tangent to'the surface xyz 4 at the point (I, 2, 27 ss QUEST 2017} (a) x+2y+4z= (a) 2x+ y+2=6 Soln: Let $:92-4=0 An ag ag 3g 26) sya =2, = > ox Orh oa Ma a Whoa Therefore, equation oftangent plane at the point (1, 2, 2) (x= 1)44(y=2)x24(2-2)x2=0 a2 dx42y4 Correct option is (4) 2 >xtytz JNU PREVIOUS YEAR QUESTIONS & SOLUTIO! Question 1. The position vector of a particle moving in two dimensions, asa function oftime is given as F(0)=(it+ jute” for 10. Starting at = 0, the distance of the particle from the origin reaches its maximum value at ¢=¢,, and at this instant, the velocity vector § makes an angle a with 7. The values of, and @ are JNU 2014)VECTOR ALGEBRA aS 1 (a) 4=5 and ant (0) ny and a= 1,24 and @=0 4) bee and == O%y Oar Fzandant Soin: Soln: (©) 4, =Lend a= Given F()=(Fe+ Jee" 5 20 Distance of particle from origi )| = |FO|= dro For maxima and minima, “= 0. = [enne" QD =2P £0 =O. > =f Hater 4 4p -21 ee ADEM HP +N x-2e™ _ 9 ‘Therefore, t, =—be. ee He oh J=fieroe (ye “ile lee Nie"]oe*[c-oe($-1) Velocity ofpartcle, 7 =O ile 10") I(t Amalfi Here, 7 7{{ieoes ae ae Ifat ¢=4,,, the velocity vector 7 makes an angle a with-? , then Correct option-is (d) Question 2. Consider a yector field # = xy'7 + yz?}. Its outward flux F-dS over the surface ofa cube bounded by the planes |x|=2, |y|=2 and |z]=2 isnearest to [JNU 2014] (a) 410 {b)-273 (c) 290 (d) 300 (e)0 According to Divergence Theorem, J 0' +2) aeade (4: Sxe}e(sxant6) aor. 5 3 Correct option is (c)VECTORALGEBRA Question 3. Which of the following vector field can represents an electrostatic field? [INU 2015) (a) (2x2—y? i+ (2xy- 27) j+(2ye—27)& (b) api + 2ysf + 3xck (©) yel-aheryk — @) E+ (207427) +(2e+7)E (©) y+ (20 42?) j+ 29k Soin: Since, curlofelectrostatic field is zero, therefore check curl ofall options. tee eee For option (c); Vx E=|a/ax a/ay a/ée| yew y (x-x)-JO-y)+Me-2)=0 Correct option is (c) Question 4, Define /to be the value of the surface integral ( f E-dS, where dS points outwards from the domain on integration) ofa vector field E(E = (x+y)i+ (2° + 9°) j+(r+2")k) overthe entire surface of a cube which bounds the region:{0. dx=acos/ dt, y=beost => dj