the < that each’ of Each es e degrees of' fecal giyeS a contribution of + 1 id whet he: J pinion gl of frepdont correspgiids'to eae vatiatles (coorgineté and 6" 6 oe inomenpsn)in the + sero >, ag S comida to taper nase ” is 1. ‘or - mo rs re 7 is easy, scope a geny Leo te f ergy distribition of the = amo For convenjclige we shall sessure ve : A fe energy’ oe molecule ‘fps the VE ety i i.e. of pee aa fom the M, * A we exprese: nfor (Pp, @ “Lf us congider'the volupié f space of the nat = le whose points correspel id to values ne if ne not ceeding a en lue ¢, i.e. de ie the istegral r(e) fax taken the region, €(p, 9) ‘ 2. According to the forsepitig discussiogs‘ ‘(Ds Di ay i giladratic fatngtion of Yo s “ 7 variables, We replace’ those 1 qupttiiés Ps 9 Qe ich nega e(p, g) ay, oo fe depends by new vaslabiés B=pVed = ae Shen the ebndition tee) © “ ‘becomes e(3*, q’) < 1, a J dr becomes e” J dr’. integral 4 ly in ident of «fig t= Sean 5 Sens de(gy eo > e atantx au? dé‘and the, ed probabil tg distribysioptis “ef af on rr ee ££ fo fo Lo fo Gf os os os se of asf ££ “o “ See LE “a o Hel fo Jf fF f Daenpiel 4 top fomati conditiga, * wie find fe a fe “ dw, a eh ide, “ es o LE fA PSUM YE OSS LF LY ' , AS Gr pasadena , f light. we ae “ oe wt ae “ fe phe necoxe Sa.9 yeh a a Aa Af oa Ss Fa INT Ne Sot nae we f we NS pe < fe fe ogra gai hho Loge fil J NTI08| IN). fe “ee ee ef * ard oo Avhere A jp eSistant. pe epéeite heat. tl et Lafebiens ficethe value." oe for a ndner ravine ergtomie gat oe 7 a ve Ae. oo “o “of “ a 5. , Monin ideal we! Oe Ff. we te ve ee ca ra ca fo - The cofipitie calutit of thesiee energy, ad ‘thereford'o oft the othet* “ iodynamic ,iantiti ‘an ideal ggs“requires a,cAlculation ofthe r ‘pets om the rep cine oie ogarithyy in.{42.3), fs af “ Y / Py we Z= Se: 2 Ae ie fe Lo “ we Eee ve Heré eg are the eergy levels ofthe atom hows oe kinetic enc Ff f ¢. we ol tain jie cont ition” i ‘ ‘ 4 fe ha LOMO MIR CO ’ ’ xe For a givaif temper ‘this opin requi J hot the sould pe “ ti any a rarefied’ Substituti oe numerical Values shows that in prac “any atomie“(or molecule) gas, this ¢ ndition cansbe violated 4 ly at rs A gpisities whétg-the interedtigit of the, les becosige important anil the ve - tas can jnany case ng léngér be regatded as ideals” ey ce we a It ieiseful to notd thé following intuitive meee ofthe bove cost - . Since ‘majority oftoms on ergies of t] f order of Zand m4 erefore mo} iene of the ° pitdee of VU wwe can say-thai all the asmes oc « wt py in pisise"space a, awoluine of ths” oa of Vendy”, corresso) gto eo ve ~ Mp quan; tes. In aie Boltzmapal ce this nptibef most ae Aa ‘compared yith the number a“ of p: ies, and hen: ne have (45.6). “inally, wedgy make te lowing nment. Ths formulae d ed i in “a sto ie at fi soil to con; dict Nernst ‘theorem, sing 5 ntither oe o a wihe ent by“nor the peptic heat js" zsto at Tz “ar Howev: s"it/must bee 6 Temeriberéd that, adder’ the ae for wi Nernst’s t rém is stated, “ ew gases/‘condense aysufiiciently tment For Nerfist’s ry aan reqpitep that the sf the guitrepy of a oul fézeroat B= for ¢° . L Me ne ae 9 nae Hom psp ofa & ~ / “ if ang‘the atomic nytleus in the clsssical distribysion forme Ahi energy ig.sf the i ‘pa —a/r, whére,7 is the disjines of the eleptrqx from the,ducteus and 4.38 acon- oy of saint. The g tution wopid give a factor ain in the disc tion, whieh pécomes °¥ infinite fr of 0. This youl mean that alltheelectpss Would havpto Pall” into nt A the nugieusin thermaequilibrium, “* fe “ “ fo fo fo bo ‘ fo Lo of os os asoO 6 ff ho he J A i 3H a She Ryecgifshe Becta, pa pSntum a 135 ca Si substgiiSes becomesdtbitrarily eps that oftiedfnte apt ot may ce lume cannot en we coms a model le in vi which conilgs of a oy tually repulsive parte n, alt ‘such a Syl never gofighse, at ” “tg dow temperatutes Loris Ceattes to bewalid, and the “en a applicatir mn of Fepeii of Bose stadistiés leads, adv wé shall sepdatet, to expods- * s which arevin p agrrement/With Nernst’¢‘theorem. ra ao of o OOF oF oof og ha Ct fo Bt bb boo ft if § 46. pibeilomie spstecThe effep?’ rosthe clectptnis’ ‘angular tléntam f we If-6nly one ofthe angular fomenta L a S is nor 0 in the found & ef Siete of the ston, then this state again hag fio fine spructire. In practice the ay “ Lo sence ef fide structust oft the sropiid state i is alvfays"c ‘due to avers orbital, 47 a ’ “A ange medmentunps‘the spin S isdorietimes noe ze10 (for exe, atoms;fi “ apour of alkaili metals). “ ‘A level witkeSpin S is (25)-fold dey thts The ol titerencea com” “0 ai with tly case di in§ 453 Spat the apt functiga’ ‘Bis now 4! * A281 jee of 1, gtid.so the c constapt (45.4) is inptegséd by the” 7 Bp icone 54) it Me A A = wp, “ Ae. Nn 4 ee If the poy term of idiom hag ete strucryeé i¢inust be imbered , Ae “ that the ipdervals in ahip Structurgeiag generally’be'Comparghie with T, apd’ af the compopents of the fine structure ofthe ground state must a y HO account isi'the partitiosfynction. pe o A he fing strsture conipptients aiff, fat the vale the cope afigular ve s »°” “momenta sf the aton! (with givengtbial anguler mémentum,2 and spin rs oe fe Let ie ‘fevels, mefsuied from, dhe Towest of theni, be de d by ey. h “ ith a sive. J is (27+ eld degenegaite fe with respeet to orientatighs of f ) ‘otal aoellet momepeiin + The psititfon funcitinv therefore Beedmes a e we ae sgh yy Jens ee ee (46: Dye” e fe fe fe Ae fe es ae raay ei out for refers the weal for the ia poten of a ignatomic ideal gas with statistical weig pare of degénevacy) of t und a Bite g: a Cy - oe we if Lo Coun we eT de pest yh , yy: applies pisquio a oe gas of Sf ae for ny an fg & oe Me Ts lectron gas = 2. foe sgime that tabgel-Saundge cplpling i is ig the apne Quantyet “ "Wine Nf fo fo fo fo 4 os os os os as Pooo fo “a s Teal 4, e Af ? Z t Sher all pst valugge St for the hei ‘Land as ‘We gbtain for the, fee energy < v ro of rt 7 jer mf, ! LE LP Ah Bi 0A, (fs fj ff aa Socines cls fer in two shad cases, ta ‘o ssume thatthe temperatufe is so high fat T is large compas with 43 “the fingsStplcture i inetrydls: T sy yeThen ee put e7W/7% 1, Ag ind Z bécorites simp Afe total, sifagtber of heres Sathorn, A < “e “OS49 Qt +1). Tye expression for-the free pete involyeS thie constaeit “ ic heat c, =“ as before,dind the quaptity : 7 Z “ e Af i“ log (es ‘pOi+ yee a (46.4) Y o 26 is added pte chepSipConstant ih oe wie 6 gop expressions for the {uermodynam rnje “Guaatities ith a different g) obtained ‘othe oppositesimiting case where Tis s compared with the & é-struct intervals. + 8 fits case ai’ tpsins may wa peplected jeg ‘thé sum ee ” , on 46.2) exeépvthe one with; = 0 (tbélodtest compdnehit of the Site structure,” 4" * ile. the ‘ground state‘of ‘the ato “In Conseque ce the quanti y added to ie “ etysthical constant (45.4) is f of VA “ a a Ae Le Afar ehh, PES R65) fog wf a < A here? ihe total sedlar momstiuts sof the, in the esied state. ne jus, when the’ “ground terps’ of the atorprhas fine stryzture, the s : Section geey “ay sulicien 19 low and si poly hia npperature: tars ap the o ve’ saine cong ae een interp ite range-ft depends fae tem- - oe peraturpiind’ passes typ Tt mus Se v6rne in however, a ‘A a co thsi Ir gases COI ao yee tal vapoul ‘atomic oxygen, me the Tas got of. high ter peratures Te the spe pee econ ‘con- o4 it, is of jetipoftance. 7” as fe “ "50 far ve have re isnoye| ‘the E possibility Jee the ajotigis a snonshiok clear Ki a f “ ee ifthe’e existence“of uch a spifi cduses thedypérfine spliding of atomi” “ . The int is in this strpeture are, howéver, so smalf‘that they may be lected in rison with F at all temperatures whére,the gas ri laias a Ay ol gas.t In caletlating the paftision functidngthe energyGi ores peten the af * we vt oe vt “e oe < a o * ra a t haat, the quantities e,/for the comy ents of the fet ane ssid“ of tie oxygen atesh are 230° 320°; for thése of the quicitet ground state of of fie iron atom, ire betwepii 660° and 1460° vand for thé deublet ciate ee ofthe chlori fom 008 wee 4 < e oe ? watt t The, sémyratures sonnel nse inter fot various é atoms qngé from 0,}"*to é fo fo fo be Gl os os ee rs eof se ofeo . $ “ . / “ & a “ a“ o 4“ “yh ‘A “Dlatomic «flags with Nts of U inpkedlioms fg BT 4 e ” sper atpie isnent pelle entirely" ealected, antl we ‘split be taken into account opiy as increasjsig the degregPa ‘allthese aa tend x ey Se o, fiw = Neg 095) AE “ fo Lphn=| gettin, / Af a fe Aiphone ha « yeti , re e ve “ “ Fe =< fog T+NGbs (iw) V3ifo, Le. 6) A ne conan toa ophesé specie Cu» = = ae a chepiGaionsany “Se < f Wey bait in accopinet “vith tog lassen! resulpe! ee 44, f. “e* aa fo £ fo bo fo Lo of os os as“ £ £ fe fy oe Diatoyee§ Gases. Vitti of Aigiis” Lf fF & “ sates shat that" oe eo “o "e ei i Ye AOOUY Jon A wt aed the chemical cone” a ve TA 4 Ye 7 : “* * fast m ey é “A Lo ee oa 4 nf e “it factor Bebe silust be id for mottos conse like ih “The we fe “first twos i in the sinafision of Fine /- 4 f - oo “ Be = NT 3 Lo # o ot TR ‘constant ferth —H - Nis Fapficars herp-Gestise the seedy is meagsfeticom “ ra w Abe lowest” qdantum level. fromthe’ energy oft thé “zero-pdin® vibra-y" fo 4 tions),“whéreas the ClasSical en Would havé to to be me; ed from we ul um of thesPotential eng; @ Pie expression(49.6) fo: rree energy cxth also beddenived Classically, of fo! “pourse, sinse fbr 0 ripe juantum,sfupibers » are tae large > 05/35" *“ ie f an oof D The geinefesult is s glad on rephicing the surgatsn over ¥, Soda integra- fe ond? SP he main ove yf tern WL Lf Lo fy eof os eg Ff os os asto “ “ CO 4 Le 46 a s Hag Gs ides A a” e a oe w Cease fhe o8 ies fem of F2 accordance with np law U(r) in sels in wi ee ‘centre of més is at res 1 energy, fama hich gives (eblassical | aesetiption oft fotation a ‘fibration of the systept Higthe sum A “s of the i ic energythé. energy of paris withthe reduogst ‘pass m’) and a Lo ee thepoténtial engrBy-U(n). The/pastition fupéticti, after ipiégedtion over“thé (tag Sins to an jsifegral over ie coordinates: f eV" dW, and ry, after integfation over ag, angles aa, yor coordi tes) there (4 a remaing* "integral o “ “ 4, * * ee ra £ oe we Le ae ZA Frees dy” a app tion col Sonn to, Shezendn a viby tions and “ prs ‘ofthe molgetile'is obi nel bi putting. Ge) = XY ra A “a andi i ttle integr; nt me pe the slowly yi factor 72, where" e a distance. the particles: Up =”U(ro). In ogder a ‘take into ac Sunt the a nity ‘the vibratis sand their i teraction fe ith the 26tation we poy. f f. eo Of ”. e , ‘fs Ce t= Gptoae ssbb, CA aaatye” on whee’ = erect and « nee B are cot nts,t and expand whole ‘integrand in’ ‘powers of arating the factor exp, (Uy +m 38 *\/IT}. ‘In the gxbqssion, only? /ipsse terms deg be retajéq hich ef "jptegration s ¢ give the i Mihest ang nett highest-powers of the'festperatures ‘the ‘integratjs! oo oyet Eis &is taken, from — 20 to &. the zero-cfdet't term in, tle épansion-tives the usual valde of the ion functiggs and the rey g termg i ff greised rrection. tig the cale letions, we, esha state thet we a fe for theddontéction tovtho etree enerpy ie ae oe we e fe fe A a fe ig be ° & Va "Thus thedghitrmoni of ‘the vibrostops' and thei“intéraction srithrthe Tota: “f pe ite.a correcti ‘ote free gaeray which jp prsportionalio,siie squaresf lertiperature“Acéording! ly.che Specific hedt his a fi tefn propostior’* focal perature. A of oe Le og AE oe oe Yk é fe a fe ee § $9 dot apse ‘he ety te alga ane inten ie we fom types gf‘molecule, théugh not many, have a nox*zero orbital, cy is of cdurse zero, it has a maximum ‘at some teqoerature T A oe wo “ oe f o * a ° vA é AF Af ee wot oe ? os, ra a Ae oe we ee ve fo a fe fe “fe “ “pdOBLeM oe Determine, sie correction, #8 the free engfy for oxygep“ue i the pan a flectronic csiite of the O, Fiolecule (see the Ipst footnote). The temy re is large fe “compared with the vibritipfial quantus, Aut small pSmsired wit sistance 4 a ie ground slate 8S’ and Peat wag fo Me fe “ SoutTION. The’barlition fups ion is oe ov yo a ¢ < 5 oo oe ax AT Deagtar TES og og ra ee * 4 o Sis pre hang hee oe oF oot Ss ra o oa rd we f* weds fe two wba Se the rigs ai the partition’ fonction forthe ground arta pe states, #ach of which js'the product gfelectronic, yjstational an pen ae factors. oe uired co: ttjon to ve nergy is ae é oe fs s tf OOF, riog (1 ar of ta ge oe fe fe a A (da ) er one - ne offer , rif rh arte feguencies — hn seep nuclei “4 ‘in the aon excited electronic sjsteg” é e ie oe e JA, * we we a ot oof ot is “ fe fe f. “ “2 fam gases é , the free én of a polyatomic g9s, like that of avdiatomic, ass can be a we vitten’ ag ¢ sum, Of, *fanslational fotationala vibratiotiaparts. The Yio a trapslasional parts 98 before, ip chatacteriegs “by “values oft ‘the’ specific, fg ica ae Semeeant “ “ a “4 “ rs Yo fe ot bao aoe (misty “Gly Le pias te tomes Ff, F sfertia of, Hane po ities (engin “ < sect lines of rotation aston theig oni ‘tation may.diways ‘be treated gical! The’potyatomigo jolecule hag.sre rotatio degrees a od AP adhe og me Retin quantisatign’ “effects wosigsec observable in mesifane CH, whete < ea thgythatita occuratt temperaturgyof.about 50°Ké see the Probjenst theend gfthis| oo” f fo fe fhe bo os os os as 6, aA “eo . e eo Af fo fo fo A oy 43 ef, Co Porto, Bier a ° ’ oo ra “#” of fregdon and threé hoesoa pobrednts of ips, hy Js Glan re jt - oe differenty‘its kinetic epérgy of rotatjdn is therefo “ vo & 2 Me Me ft < 4 < sf 4 “ef ey Oe UE Ba Uy ie y Lf, 2) Ae Zé “a whe 1, n, ¢ are pSoriinate tes ii Chon gytern’ whose cnc wii principal of inertigy6f the molegiile; for the ent we vo J special oases molecults obnsist aa oe a“ ¥ eto fo be supped in the Sgn fu ‘ ae i Z, Lye te ve 1.3) 7 roy | em rot» 7 vie ae fin Lo OO of ee Ae F dtr ey IdM, apis doa, hye ee “oe ee we “(eat - - J? pcwuga rmmhed yee” ang the prime d iotes, as usu: it the int ‘ation is to, en on} ver Mepkosl cally ifferent origagtions ees ¢ oe PA pola Z e os ot the mpiegile has axe$ of symm tions gbous'these axes fpcive the | ve Me 4 moleey yrange and“amount, $8 ai interch: ig Of identi | acoms. Itip* “ at the numpbér of physical indistin; iptovle orientatfons of the mpie- we is equal torthe number si possible dine rotatigns about the sphes of (/sycfimetry, intlpeling a ropatios throu: (the idea transfgringtion). fig rs o cage ty,d, we cal ke reg Danby over. we a fo all orientations anddivide by 0.4" ve the produgt’ dd, dd, dee of three ji = a ee pots : fori, my eared as ‘én element of solid an sao directiog’ of the Ye / O axis. The’ intberation bet 0, is ing ident ange over rotdtietis dd, f ie about the fa ‘axis, ani hives hives 4. The jnifegratio: Suet dy giveera i frther 2p CE also ovér M,, * from — co 5 20, we ay have “ J $a O88 lal: hE) ofS o x oh eg me ern se hry ee Ae 7 om, tt aa *e! Fook Knog Yo “ Le “ ave a “ af f oe ae cnn, od Pa in -pifoer-yicagy LM ff mpl have top the Yotatongt a oo heats antag ing “4,7 “ A fe oe fo 9 6 ¢ a -. v, “a t For ii fe, in HaQ(an' isosceles vlapiile) o = Mots (an equi Sat trie “ PO wei en a=, oe @ sero My and in aS @ regulgc” ae )o= 12. 6" f eres fo ff fy os osF150 fy if a o lap face aa o c agit Snemicg} Conant i is < c f (Saket)! “ “, en oe o < oe wy ae For ear molgetiee. one ytd the atid are wife ‘there al? ta f ae as jit the diatomje'malecule, opty #wo rotatigtiabdegrees offroedom angvoré ioment of insitia I. The retational spegific heat and fiie chemical ednstant oe as in gptomi oe ve ve Le A fs < os 7 ae Ae a fa=1, ote log nh we OL" f< sh “ foe A “ “ ere o = 1 fof an asymmetric molecule: Gach as Ni ) and o = 2°for a ope 8 etrical Labo its midpoj: (such as 0). & Z eo The vivigsional Ca a free edie; ere of a potygeémic sass aay oe in in seen way to.tharfor a digtdtmié gas, giyeh above. 2p differepee fe ti polyatorfictoleculelas‘fot one "ated séveral vibe tiénal degreés of Frecion: a pdnelinear m ens of nal clearly ‘vib = ad vibra- fs tional degrtes of free my while fe rane wee of n al sséims Nin = a ee In—5 (see§' 44). The aie of yibrational degfees of freedginsltermings, - fe oe the sigtber of ‘modes of vibFation of sie.tnotecule, ee, 0,t&ch of wick ere Correspo} a frequen @, . (the sl ‘@ num 1 normal paodes). “It must be,¢émembered J lat some ofthe frequencigs wo, may besGgual, in 4 ‘which one, fhe frequency, ysSncemed ss id to be degenerate. ea eo aie ard In, n stig Aiarmonig.approximatiga, evhere eee are “agatimed sat. f< (oxty témperatusts for which/this‘is so wilt’be" consider, ll the nofmal iodes are yaépendent, a ‘the vibratigzfal energy is ge sum of theénergies Ye of the in 1 modes. Phe vibrational partition’ fpaction thefefere falls af — a, oe of partition functiotis Sf the in np modes id the free” f ae os a spin expressisne’ of the typt ¢ e ne L é F, we ary, wien “, 18) os o ra ae Each séautncy appotg a this surf ‘tin mber oftinéie equal wotigdogeneragh” io a Simpilarsums scenes fopthe-vibrationdl parts of theo other ae mic quantitiés. a v* # Each of ie normal is gives,.¢h its own sical limit ut > ho,), va Va a contyiSupion of ot ‘$8 the spelen: forts eater the the ey / “ he ld :" fo e ak stow expen” ha 4 fs “ 4S § Cui = Ti ‘ On pract oweve}r, an is ne wore, si ni ecules Mo s rs “ on usually oan asc fiery ower smelt f 'yafious freptient ies, for's pélyatomip'inete cepetaty range oY ery y wide ws Fre As thet one ASES, pe WA omtnor ik et oF SS fF io os eet &,eo e e A “A & “ @ | “yi os 4, 4 Polvatony Goes fer fo ye il aye Oe succes: jvly-Contriby tt ‘the specie Meat In eptigeguence Spit h ad iyatomic gase$ may often be i regarded ae constant Spitly wide interVals of teny ra We may xiention the piso ioc chasis trom vege to! a A foraion jistance o oftwhith is aff the efit ips mclenlrC fe. This e “ f ne molegate sdnsists yee Hs growpsat a certajst distance appit aiid oriented Ttain ade each other. @ne of the ren vibrations‘of the popes a “torsional” #ibration, in which one of the CHs groups is. twisted relative to é vA pie other. Ast se cocayat ie vibratipas eprom rin ‘ipsreases ve “ and ul iiately, at supiestly high atures, she, wibration nes a free / * sotation. The contfibuti ion of sh pers of dreedom to on peat “ which i is approximately 1 when the vptone are fully’ excited, theo ef begins to deprease as the ‘température ipereases furttge, _PoProachipg asymp- af A dbtcally Je sine + typicaf of a rotation: oy fe wy ’ re Fingily. sit may bp'inetitioned fhatyif the motioate has a pondro spins “ one thermolecules ‘Wes and ape cnemiggiConsant inckddes é : oe fe Age Le As= loge55D. CE SPN) ff we ot a ¢ oat a we Pe Pe PE f. Pe wt #4 PROBLEM.“ a ra Sporn otational artition funeyion dor metys, a low appr ‘A rs ce Sovutipk, AS alread: y sheptfoned i in aie pi footnote! Storthis sectiostf alu prauantum,, oo fe caloulgiionof Zrot toptnediane is requiséd at suffiplentiy low temperatures, : CH, molecule is a wheres t of the sphe -top type, pid so its cl mo leis are HUG, )/21, where.i"is the commsh value of t three princi a ra nests of ineptia,.dnd J the,totefional queatysfi numbe: Singe the spjst i,of s of AM nucleus 38 fan thatot fe Cl? mcieyys zero, ria on is os the we may be (2"l.4f 2, the c a CH m isc nding » sisi en is na JO Tbs tee Quanghe Mecha, 108 Probl seas any, Mie value the are definite timbers of 6 pt cor correspon to valucged the tot et ine The following table for the first'Tive at 3 ee ta oe s oP, wy Noclgripif” ot . o oe FP — ra ef oof ‘i oF eo é ff 7 ” se s KS a 2f. 1 4 of va we af a“ v RA ve we foe The plus’ of the syst ae which 3” “oilained byAllais into apsoutt the totgi” « dey of degener with respe fo orientatiosis of the rotational angular zho- tum and nuciéar spin mustbe divided bys6 if the entra(iy is to be medSured A tga the vane pears m x “log 16 (cf. . fixSt footnose ‘tes 48), Thy igat is 7 oe vor Z $2 it mae apt gf ge rae 1 sonny ne fe é 7 7 7 Lo Lf Lo ¢ os os(Oe fo fo 4 fin 49 e “a e Megh Ges LP a e 3 oe oe we f re § Spe Nignetion, of ta f “ af a fe va re body in a external massetic field if characte! is by a furthe facto- ue aScopic ate, the magpstic momeh AM R which, it tdcquires et {ie field. Ae a For and s, this Mm = Nee jere Tt is fhean magh ic mom ’ f of pa Tidual L plore or molesiile); and so i & culation grouped state). Pn we can saysthat ony the sropag id. state of me atom a = 9) pany the mean yslues Aa we dnd Bo ra * v f re In the spec case; Spee the ee {in the pind state) ba ‘aéither spist” ° or,orbital angular momentury (for examplg; the atoms ofthe inert ), matrix elepzénts of the jsitrinsic ma he moment if the atom gi€ also “ & "gst, Then Ast 0, and edly second in Bo is’get-zero. B the Pa we wave fysttion of a stiterwith L ="S< 0 is splierially symrifeszical, the. oe © diagosfal thatrix eleshertts (ie. thei “méan values with respecttovthe state st “ f ££ fo fo be Gl eof os“ “ < “4 “ 7 4 ete ‘. “ “ s deat Gales Ae e AF “ Oe Cave “Oe =i The y sin A tyne Dar, Ly e ¢ 2 # oF fe ae i a is cinnctic and ie thor “hha the temy sop a Langgvin, 1905). + However if the intrinsi¢‘magnetic potent of the,afom i is not sto, then foto 0 asd Grith the FSeuhption tpade“above abouythe tempetatire) the As y eo frst tee i (52.6) js iptee competes "with the Sd term plone’, os fe oe to the défiaition al gives —, é ma fea dyn 08 N-LL+ a a e ; uUA, Ko , A , o Ses Le factor pill, the _prejattion of, Sibel ang ans Srettan o the atom (see Duantuan Zranics, § 138). The cree in A eo is * fplent it to Fa over a ‘Yalues of sj. Since , r4 oe oe os 3 a . ~ 3 3 , Oe Y a fe oe fe fe / a ‘Fins the gaseis paramagnetic and its gsceptibility follows Curie’s law, : 2 being ingots Proportigtia hal to the ie rgrature toe > : s eo As ie diat this beri, dade mengiéned” in Quaptin” Meshal 7 a sa quantund eff. Althorgh tiie quantush edn stant dex ndt appear skp a in (52.7), i in fact deveptines the “size* of the atom‘In classical stitistics, are noth pee tic proy of matter \ce in classival ha- fe “nics ne he Bars sapete oes systén pin nuns diteretapa that in 2” the al Neder the fi E Id al a thag th hp part icle myémenita p are _tEpldted by Pz" AApieabere P 98 sé the generaliged*momenta“and’ A(t) is pie y8ctor potai the field. Ing! ae 2 partition fyaction, the integration is o7 ae moment: «ie Be After a charge of variables, with integeztion over p =3’P—eA/c Pa vthstead of.sverP, we finddhar'the partition ion f4nction dees ss pt involve sfie.wiagnetic af Os field, apd this therfore op en not appear 2h any of pie sHermodynpinie“quantitiese “ fe t t Foy fula (52. 8)tap'be applie@’ngt a nty to gdigy but also te'a s 3 salid or a li sig ° Here the magnefic moments,