General

Chemistry 2 11
General Chemistry 1 – Grade 11
Quarter 3 – Module 4: Structure of Crystalline and Amorphous Solids

First Edition, 2020

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General
Chemistry 2
11
Quarter 3
Self-Learning Module 4
Structure of Crystalline and
Amorphous Solids
Introductory Message
For the facilitator:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Self-Learning Module 4 on

Structure of Crystalline and Amorphous solids.

This Self-Learning Module was collaboratively designed, developed and

reviewed by educators from the Schools Division Office of Pasig City headed by their
Officer-in-Charge Schools Division Superintendent, Ma. Evalou Concepcion A.
Agustin, in partnership with the City Government of Pasig through their mayor,
Honorable Victor Ma. Regis N. Sotto. The writers utilized the standards set by the K
to 12 Curriculum using the Most Essential Learning Competencies (MELC) in
developing this instructional resource.

This learning material hopes to engage the learners in guided and independent
learning activities at their own pace and time. Further, this also aims to help learners
acquire the needed 21st century skills especially the 5 Cs, namely: Communication,
Collaboration, Creativity, Critical Thinking, and Character while taking into
consideration their needs and circumstances.

In addition to the material in the main text, you will also see this box in the
body of the module:

Notes to the Teacher

This contains helpful tips or strategies that
will help you in guiding the learners.

As a facilitator you are expected to orient the learners on how to use this
module. You also need to keep track of the learners' progress while allowing them to
manage their own learning. Moreover, you are expected to encourage and assist the
learners as they do the tasks included in the module.
For the Learner:

Welcome to the General Chemistry 1 Quarter 3 Self-Learning Module 4 on

Structure of crystalline and amorphous solids.

This module was designed to provide you with fun and meaningful
opportunities for guided and independent learning at your own pace and time. As an
active learner, you will be enabled to process the contents of the learning material.

This module has the following parts and corresponding icons:

Expectations - This points to the set of knowledge and skills

that you will learn after completing the module.

Pretest - This measures your prior knowledge about the lesson

at hand.

Recap - This part of the module provides a review of concepts

and skills that you already know about a previous lesson.

Lesson - This section discusses the topic in the module.

Activities - This is a set of activities that you need to perform.

Wrap-Up - This section summarizes the concepts and

application of the lesson.

Valuing - This part integrates a desirable moral value in the

lesson.

Posttest – This measures how much you have learned from the
entire module.
EXPECTATIONS
This module is developed and designed for Senior High School STEM
students. This lesson is about the structure of crystalline and amorphous solids.
Thus, you are expected to:

1. describe the structure of crystalline and amorphous solids;

2. differentiate crystalline and amorphous solids; and,
3. recognize the important application of the types of solids.

PRE–TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

1. Which of the following solids does not have a well-defined geometric pattern?
A. amorphous solids C. ionic crystalline solids
B. crystalline solids D. molecular crystalline solids

2. Which of the following is the basic repeating structural unit of crystalline

solids?
A. atom C. molecule
B. compound D. unit cell

3. Which of the following is an amorphous solid that can convert sunlight into
electrical energy?
A. glass B. plastics C. rubber D. silicon

4. Why are the crystalline solids considered as true solids?

A. because of their repeated pattern of arrangement
B. because that can be molded and blown into various shapes
C. because they behave as crystalline at a certain temperature
D. because of its sharp melting point that once it reaches this point it will
immediately change into liquid form

5. Why are the solid-state and molten state of ionic crystals considered poor
electrical conductors?
A. because of delocalized electrons that can freely room across the entire
metal
B. because they have a definite heat of fusion that help them to change their
phase
C. because their particles are held firmly thus there is no enough space for
the ions to move around which make them as non-conductors of electricity
D. because their particles are NOT held firmly thus there is no enough space
for the ions to move around which make them as non-conductors of electricity
RECAP
In your previous self-learning module, you had learned the effect of
intermolecular forces on the properties of liquids and solids. This time, we will be
very specific on the types of solids with an emphasis on their molecular structure
and intermolecular forces. But before that, let us have a recap!

Direction: Evaluate the effect of intermolecular forces of molecules to the following

physical properties of solids. Complete the table by writing the word High or Low.

Have Low or High

Molecules with Viscosity Vapor Surface Molar Heat of
pressure Tension Vaporization
Strong
Intermolecular Forces
Weak
Intermolecular Forces

We will explain further these properties specifically on the types of solids, namely the
crystalline and amorphous solids.

L E S S ON

In chemistry, we could also contrast and compare solids. This module will
help you become more familiar with the types of solids and enable you to differentiate
their structure.

Let us think of diamond and cotton candy. What do you notice about diamond
and cotton candy? What makes them alike? Yes, they are different in many ways,
and yet they are both solids. Their structure and arrangement of their particles give
their differences

For you to know the answer, let us have a closer look at the classes of solids.
Classes of Solids

A. Crystalline Solids

Crystalline solids are composed of a huge number of small crystals with a

definite geometrical shape that makes them rigid and incompressible. A repeated
pattern of arrangement of particles is indicated with the long-range order of crystals
which is shown in the following examples in figure 1.
Figure 1

Crystalline solids are considered true solids because of their sharp melting
point that once they reach this point they will immediately change into liquid form.
They also have a definite heat of fusion. The amount of heat absorbed by a unit mass
of a given solid at its melting point has the capability to convert the solid crystal into
a liquid.

Properties of Crystalline Solids

1. Unit cell
The unit cell of crystals is the basic repeating structural unit of crystalline
solids. Atoms or molecules are represented by each sphere and are called a lattice
point that is identically arranged. This arrangement of each lattice point occupied by
an atom is the case of most metals. Figure 2 shows the shapes of crystal structure.

Figure 2

The way how the spheres are arranged in layers is shown in figure 3. Another thing
to consider is that crystalline solids show a plane of symmetry.
Figure 3

2. Stable crystal structure due to intermolecular forces

Each crystal of crystalline solids has a well-defined ordered structure in three
dimensions. Their geometric shape is being fixed by the net attractive intermolecular
forces. Ionic forces, covalent bonds, London dispersion forces, hydrogen forces, or
the combination of all these forces help the stability of the crystals.
Remember that the structure and properties of crystals (melting point,
density, and hardness) are determined by the types of intermolecular forces that hold
the particles together. And once these forces are broken, these crystals become liquid
at a specific temperature. Right now we will tackle types of crystalline solids.
3. Types of crystals
a. Ionic crystals
From its name ionic crystal, they are composed of charged particles where the
exact arrangement of ions in a lattice varies according to the size of the ions in the
crystals. Since they are composed of ions, therefore the built electrostatic interaction
is strong. Will this crystal be characterized as hard solids? Yes, the numerous
electrostatic attractions extend throughout the crystal making the crystals hard.
Also, since they are hard crystals their melting points are high, and once they melt
and turn into liquid state they become good conductors.
Why solid-state and molten state crystals in this type are poor electrical
conductors? Since they are held firmly and no large space for the ions to move around
this is the cause of making them as non-conductors of electricity.
Ionic crystals are brittle once they are deformed that cause the attractive
forces to be broken. Examples of these types of ionic crystals are the following
compounds in figure 4.
Figure 4

b. Metallic crystals
This type of crystals are held together by electrostatic force between cations
and delocalized electrons. Figure 5 shows that the electrons are weakly attached to
the metal atoms. These weakly bound electrons are called delocalized electrons that
can freely room across the entire metal. Making this type of crystal good conductor
of electricity and heat, the particles can move freely through the crystals and causing
the transfer of the kinetic energy.
Figure 5

Another is that this type of crystals is dense where the atoms are closely
packed making the attractions strong leading to have a high melting point. Also, this
type of crystals is lustrous, meaning they easily absorb and emit light.
Lastly, they are malleable because the atoms can roll over each other into new
positions without breaking the metallic bond. Examples of such crystals are gold,
aluminum, iron metals, and metallic alloys (steel, brass, and bronze). Figure 6 shows
the structure of some metallic crystals.

Figure 6

c. Molecular crystals

This is a type of crystalline solids where the lattice points are occupied by
molecules and the attractive forced built between the molecules is London dispersion
interaction or hydrogen bond. Their molecules are packed closely as their size and
shape allow. The three-dimensional lattice brought by hydrogen bond is seen in ice
molecules. In sulfur dioxide (SO2) molecules the predominant attractive force is
dipole-dipole. Other examples of molecular crystals are iodine (I2), naphthalene
(C10H8), and sugar (C12H22O11). An example of structure under this type of crystals is
given in figure 7.
Figure 7

The presence of London dispersion interaction and hydrogen bond would

mean that there are weak intermolecular forces between the molecules. This is why
most of the molecular crystals have low melting points at temperatures below 100°C.
It is said and proven that a property of molecular crystals is soft and brittle.
They are also poor electrical conductors in solid and molten states because of the
absence of delocalized electrons.
d. Covalent crystals
The atoms in this type of crystals are bonded covalently. Since they are
bonded covalently, strong intermolecular forces are present that lead to these
molecules to have a very high melting point. And because of the strength of the
forces, there will be no available charged particles to move through the crystals
making it poor conductor of electricity.
The atoms of this type of crystal can be made of one type of atom, like in the
case of diamond and graphite as plain carbon atoms. Others can be made up of
different atoms such as silicon carbide and quartz. Figure 8 shows examples of
crystals under this type.
Figure 8
Diamond

B. Amorphous Solids

This type of solids has a structure that lacks a well-defined shape or regular
three-dimensional arrangement of atoms. They are considered pseudo-solids or
super cooled liquids because they can be molded and blown into various shapes and
behave as crystalline at a certain temperature. Glass is the most versatile material
of amorphous solid and are sometimes called supercooled liquid. If we say
supercooled liquid (liquids that have a temperature lower than its freezing point and
that has not solidified). When a glass object shatters, it does so in a very irregular
way because its atoms do not align themselves or it does not have a plane of
symmetry and have physical properties in all directions, not like crystalline solids
that have regular planes of cleavage.

Aside from glass we also have gels, rubber, plastics, various polymers, wax,
thin films as good examples of amorphous solids. Amorphous silicon is a photovoltaic
material that is responsible for converting sunlight into electrical energy. Some naturally
occurring amorphous solids have impurities and so this will let the solid to have a short-
order of arrangement of molecules.

In terms of their melting points, they do not have sharp melting points since they
have intermolecular forces weaker than those in crystalline solids. Meaning, different
amounts of thermal energy are needed to overcome these different interactions. Thus,
these solids tend to soften slowly over a wide temperature range rather than having
a well-defined melting point like a crystalline solid. Figure 9 shows the structures of
chalk and glass.
Figure 9
ACTIVITIES

Activity 1
Direction: Analyze each of the following statements whether it describes the types of
solid crystals. Write TRUE if the statement is correct but if it’s false, change the
underlined word or group of words to make the whole statement true. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper.

1. The presence of London dispersion interaction and hydrogen bond would mean
that there are weak intermolecular forces in ionic crystals.
2. Molecular crystals are malleable because the atoms can roll over each other into
new positions without breaking the metallic bond.
3. Cotton candy is an example of amorphous crystals because of its well-defined
geometric shape.
4. Each crystal of crystalline solids has a well-defined ordered structure in three
dimensions.
5. Since covalent crystals are held firmly, that no large space enough for the ions to
move around, thus making them as non-conductors of electricity.

Now, use these facts on properties of water in answering Activity 2.

Activity 2
Direction: Identify the type of crystals of the following solids. Put a check mark on
the cell corresponding to your answer.

Types of Crystal
Solids Crystalline Crystals Amorphous Crystals
Ionic Covalent Metallic Molecular

1. Diamond

2. Alloy

3. Graphite
4. CO2

5. Salt

6. Ice crystals

7. Potassium
bromide

WRAP–UP

Direction: Complete the table.

Types of Solid crystals Type of Melting point Electrical / Heat

Interaction/s (High or Low) Conductor
(Good or Poor)
Ionic crystalline solids

Molecular crystalline solids

Metallic crystalline solids

Covalent crystalline solids

Amorphous crystals
VALUING

To highlight the application of the types of solids, think of a particular solid

mentioned in the discussion that can contribute to the safety of our frontliners and
medical practitioners and other establishments in this time of pandemic.

Finally, you made it! Take your last step and good luck!

POST TEST
Direction: Choose the letter of the best answer.

For items 1 to 3, refer to these choices:

A. quartz C. salt
B. rubber D. sugar

Which among the above compounds:

1. has the strongest intermolecular forces and ionic crystal?
2. has covalent crystals with a very high melting point?

3. is an amorphous solid with no sharp melting points?

4. Which of the following best describes the melting point of amorphous solid?
A. Amorphous solids have definite melting points since they have a weak
intermolecular force
B. Amorphous solids have definite melting points since they have a strong
intermolecular force
C. Amorphous solids do not have sharp melting points since they have a weak
intermolecular force
D. Amorphous solids do not have a sharp melting point since they have a
strong
intermolecular forces

5. Which of the following solids best describes a crystalline solid?

A. They are composed of a huge number of small crystals with a definite
geometrical shape making them rigid and incompressible
B. They are composed of a huge number of small crystals with no definite
geometrical shape making them rigid and incompressible
C. They are composed of a huge number of small crystals with indefinite
geometrical shapes making them rigid and incompressible.
D. They are composed of a huge number of small crystals with a definite
geometrical shape making them rigid and highly compressible.
byiSXlA?list=PL8dPuuaLjXtPHzzYuWy6fYEaX9mQQ8oGr.
Green, Hank. 2013. youtu.be. October 7. http://youtu.be/bzr-
Chang, Raymond. 2004. Chemistry 8th edition. McGraw-Hill College.
Brown, Theodore. 2005. Chemistry: The central Science. Pearson/Prentice-Hall.
and_Eldredge).
https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/General_Chemistry/Book%3A_Chemistry_(Averill_
CaliforniaUnited States of America: Mindtouch.
Averill, Bruce A., and Patricia Eldredge. 2019. Chemistry: Principles, Patterns, and Applications.
REFERENCES
Pretest Activity 2
1. A 2. D 1. Covalent
2. Metallic 3. Metallic
3. D 4. D - metallic bonding
5. C 3. Covalent
4. Molecular - high melting point
5. Ionic - good conductor
Recap 4. Covalent
6. Molecular
1. Molecules having a - covalent bonding
7. Ionic
strong IMF will have high - very high melting
in: Point
- viscosity Wrap Up
1. Ionic -poor conductor
- surface tension 5. Amorphous
- molar heat of - ionic interaction
- high melting point - no sharp melting
vaporization points
2. Molecules having a (solid)
-poor conductor in -poor conductors
weak IMF will have high
vapor pressure solid form due to
absence of Posttest
delocalized 1. C
electron 2. A
Activities 2. Molecular 3. B
Activity 1 - hydrogen bond, 4. C
1.Molecular 4. TRUE dipole-diploe, 5. A
2. Metallic 5. Ionic london dispersion
3. absence of well-defined -low melting point
Geometric shape - poor conductor due
to the absence of
delocalized electron
KEY TO CORRECTION