BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY

Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City

ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PART 1: BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING PRINCIPLES

1.1 UNITS ASSOCIATED WITH BASIC ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING QUANTITIES

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

 state the basic SI units
 recognize derived SI units
 state the units of charge, force, work and power and perform simple
calculations involving these units
 state the units of electrical potential, e.m.f., resistance, conductance,
power and energy and perform simple calculations involving these units

SI units
The system of units used in engineering and science is the Syst`eme Internationale
d’Unit´es (International system of units), usually abbreviated to SI units, and is
based on the metric system. This was introduced in 1960 and is now adopted by
most countries as the official system of measurement.
The basic units in the SI system are listed with their symbols, in
Table 1.1. BASIC UNITS

QUANTITY UNITS
LENGTH METER, m
MASS KILOGRAM, kg
TIME SECOND, s
ELECTRIC CURRENT APMPERE, A
THERMODYNAMIC
TEMPERATURE KELVIN, k
LUMINOUS INTENSITY CANDELA, cd
AMOUNT OF SUBSTANCE MOLE, mol

Derived SI units use combinations of basic units and there are many of them. Two
examples are:

 Velocity—metres per second (m/s)

 Acceleration—metres per second squared (m/s2)

SI units may be made larger or smaller by using prefixes which denote

multiplication or division by a particular amount. The six most common multiples,
with their meaning, are listed in

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Table 1.2.

CHARGE

The unit of charge is the coulomb (C) where one coulomb is one ampere second.
(1 coulomb D 6.24 𝑥 1018 electrons). The coulomb is defined as the quantity of
electricity which flows past a given point in an electric circuit when a current of
one ampere is maintained for one second. Thus, in Coulombs
where I is the current in amperes and t is the time in seconds.

PROBLEM NO. 1

If a current of 5 A flows for 2 minutes, find the quantity of electricity transferred.

SOLUTION :
Quantity of electricity Q=It coulombs

I = 5 A, t =2 x 60 = 120 s
Hence Q =5 x 120 = 600 C

FORCE
The unit of force is the newton (N) where one newton is one kilogram metre per
second squared. The newton is defined as the force which, when applied to a
mass of one kilogram, gives it an acceleration of one meter per second squared.
Thus, force, in newtons

where m is the mass in kilograms and a is the acceleration in meter per second
squared. Gravitational force, or weight, is mg, where g =9.81 m/s2

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Problem 2. A mass of 5000 g is accelerated at 2 m/s2 by a force. Determine the

force needed.
SOLUTION:

Force = mass x acceleration

= 5 kg X 2 m/s2 = 10kg.m/s2

Force = 10 N

WORK

The unit of work or energy is the joule (J) where one joule is one newton meter.
The joule is defined as the work done or energy transferred when a force of one
newton is exerted through a distance of one meter in the direction of the force.
Thus, work done on a body, in joules

where F is the force in newtons and s is the distance in meters moved by the body
in the direction of the force. Energy is the capacity for doing work.

POWER

The unit of power is the watt (W) where one watt is one joule per second. Power
is defined as the rate of doing work or transferring energy. Thus, power in watts,

where W is the work done or energy transferred in joules and t is the time in
seconds. Thus energy, in joules,

Problem 3. A portable machine requires a force of 200 N to move it. How much
work is done if the machine is moved 20 m and what average power is utilized if
the movement takes 25 s?

SOLUTION:
Work done =force x distance
200 N x 20 m = 4000 Nm or 4 kJ

Power =work done/time taken

4000 J/25 s = 160 J/s = 160 W
ELECTRICAL POTENTIAL AND EMF

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

The unit of electric potential is the volt (V) where one volt is one joule per coulomb.
One volt is defined as the difference in potential between two points in a
conductor which, when carrying a current of one ampere, dissipates a power of
one watt, i.e.

A change in electric potential between two points in an electric circuit is called

a potential difference. The electromotive force (e.m.f.) provided by a source of
energy such as a battery or a generator is measured in volts.

RESISTANCE AND CONDUCTANCE

The unit of electric resistance is the ohm (Z) where one ohm is one volt per
ampere. It is defined as the resistance between two points in a conductor when
a constant electric potential of one volt applied at the two points produces a
current flow of one ampere in the conductor. Thus,
resistance, in ohms

where V is the potential difference across the two points in volts and I is the current
flowing between the two points in amperes. The reciprocal of resistance is called
conductance and is measured in siemens (S). Thus, conductance, in siemens

where R is the resistance in ohms.

Problem 4. Find the conductance of a conductor of resistance

(a) 10 ohms, (b) 5 kilo ohms and (c) 100 milli ohms

ELECTRICAL POWER AND ENERGY

When a direct current of I amperes is flowing in an electric circuit and the voltage
across the circuit is V volts, then power,
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

in watts

Electrical energy = Power x time = Vit in Joules

Although the unit of energy is the joule, when dealing with large amounts of
energy, the unit used is the kilowatt hour (kWh) where

1 kWh = 1000 watt hour

=1000 x 3600 watt seconds or joules
= 3 600 000 J

Problem 5. A source e.m.f. of 5 V supplies a current of 3 A for 10 minutes. How

much energy is provided in this time?

Problem 6. An electric heater consumes 1.8 MJ when connected to a 250 V supply

for 30 minutes. Find the power rating of the heater and the current taken from the
supply.

SUMMARY OF TEMS AND UNITS AND THEIR SYMBOLS

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PART 2: INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRICAL CIRCUITS

At the end of this chapter you should be able to:

 recognize common electrical circuit diagram symbols

 understand that electric current is the rate of movement of charge and is
measured in amperes
 appreciate that the unit of charge is the coulomb
 calculate charge or quantity of electricity Q from Q = It
 understand that a potential difference between two points in a circuit is
required for current to flow
 appreciate that the unit of p.d. is the volt
 understand that resistance opposes current flow and is measured in ohms
 appreciate what an ammeter, a voltmeter, an ohmmeter, a multimeter
and a C.R.O. measure distinguish between linear and non-linear devices
 state Ohm’s law as V = IR or I = V/R
 use Ohm’s law in calculations, including multiples and sub-multiples of
units
 describe a conductor and an insulator, giving examples of each
 appreciate that electrical power P is given by P = VI and V2/R watts
 calculate electrical power
 define electrical energy and state its unit
 calculate electrical energy
 state the three main effects of an electric current, giving practical
examples of each
 explain the importance of fuses in electrical circuits

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

INTRODUCTION TO ELECTRIC CIRCUIT

• ELECTRICITY AND QUANTITY OF ELECTRICITY

➢ ELECTRIC CHARGE
✓ The concept of electric charge is the underlying principle for
explaining all electrical phenomena. Also, the most basic
quantity in an electric circuit is the electric charge.
✓ Charge is an electrical property of the atomic particles of
which matter consists, measured in coulombs(C).
✓ A body is said to be charge, if it has either an excess or deficit
of electrons from its normal values due to sharing.
✓ Coulomb (C)- unit of electric charge, which is equivalent to
6.25x10^18 electrons or protons. Named after the French
Physicist, Charles A. Coulomb (1736-1806)
✓ Remember that one (1) electron has a charge of 1.6x10^-19
coulombs.

➢ ELECTRIC CURRENT
✓ `Electric current is the time rate of change of charge,
measured in amperes (A).
✓ Mathematically, the relationship between current i, charge q,
and time t is

𝑖 = 𝑑𝑞
𝑑𝑡

where current is measured in amperes (A), and 1 ampere = 1 coulomb/second

➢ AMPERE- unit of charge flow equal to one coulomb of charge past a

given point in one second. Named after the French Physicist and
mathematician Andre M. Ampere. (1775-1836)

➢ TYPES OF CURRENTS

✓ DIRECT CURRENT- is a current that remains constant with time.

✓ ALTERNATING CURRENT- is a current that varies sinusoidally with
time.

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example Problems

1.) The total charge entering a terminal is given by q = 5t sin4πt mC.

Calculate the current at t = 0.5 s.

2.) The total charge entering a terminal of a certain dielectric plate

is given by the equation q = (10−10e^−2t). Calculate the value of
current at elapsed time t=0.5 seconds

3.) Determine the total charge entering a terminal between t = 1s

and t = 2s if the current passing the terminal is i = (3t^2 −t)A.

4.) The current in an electric lamp is five amperes. What quantity of

electricity flows towards the filament in six minutes

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

➢ THE ATOM

All atoms consist of protons, neutrons and electrons.

• PROTONS
-The positively charge particles that stays in the nucleus of an
atom. Proton is very small, but it is fairly massive compared to the
other particles that make up matter.
-The mass of one proton is 1.673x10^-27 kg

• NEUTRONS
-Particles having no charge. Neutrons are about the same charge
as protons but their mass is slightly greater, 1.675x10^-27 .

• ELECTRONS
-Negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of
an atom. Electron is one of the lightest particles with known mass.
The mass of an electron is about 9.11x10^-31 kg.

➢ TOTAL NUMBER OF ELECTRONS ON A GIVEN SHELL

𝑵 = 𝟐𝒏𝟐
Where:

n= nth shell of the atom

N= total no. Of electrons on a given shell

Sample Problem:

1.) Determine the maximum number of electrons that can be existed

in the third shell of an atom?

2.) If the given shell contains 32 number of electrons, locate the

position of the given shell

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

➢ Classification of Materials According to the Number of Valence Electron

✓ CONDUCTORS- materials having less than four valence

electron

✓ SEMI-CONDUCTOR- materials having four valence electron

✓ INSULATOR-materials having more than four valence electron

Example problems:

1.) How much charge is represented by 4,600 electrons?

2.) A dielectric contains 13.67𝑋1021 free electrons. How much

charge in coulomb will the dielectric will generate?

3.) A positively charged dielectric has a charge of 2 coulombs. If

12𝑥1018 free electrons are added to it, what will be the charge on
the said dielectric?

➢ POTENTIAL DIFFERENCE
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

✓ POTENTIAL- the capability of doing work

✓ to move the electron in a conductor in a particular direction

requires some work or energy transfer. This work is performed
by an external electromotive force (emf),typically represented
by the battery.

✓ any charge has the capability of doing work by moving

another charge either by repulsion or attraction.

✓ VOLT- Unit of potential difference which is equal to one joule

of work done per one coulomb of charge. Named after an
Italian physicist, Alessandro C. Volta (1754-1827) who invented
the first battery.

✓ 1 volt = 1 joule/coulomb = 1 newton meter/coulomb

✓ The voltage vab between two points a and b in an electric

circuit is the energy (or work) needed to move a unit charge
from a to b; mathematically,

𝑉 𝑑𝑤
𝑎𝑏=
𝑑𝑞

➢ POWER AND ENERGY

✓ Power and energy calculations also are important in circuit

analysis. One reason is that although voltage and current are
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

useful variables in the analysis and design of electrically based

systems, the useful output of the system often is nonelectrical,
and this output is conveniently expressed in terms of power or
energy. Another reason is that all practical devices have
limitations on the amount of power that they can handle. In
the design process, therefore, voltage and current
calculations by themselves are not sufficient.

✓ To relate power and energy to voltage and current, we recall

from physics that:

Power is the time rate of expending or absorbing

energy, measured in watts(W).

We write this relationship as:

𝑃 =𝑑𝑤
𝑑𝑡 OR P= iv

• where p is power in watts (W), w is energy in joules (J), and t is time in

seconds (s).
✓ The power p is a time-varying quantity and is called the
instantaneous power. Thus, the power absorbed or supplied by an
element is the product of the voltage across the element and the
current through it. If the power has a + sign, power is being delivered
to or absorbed by the element. If, on the other hand, the power has
a − sign, power is being supplied by the element.

✓ Passive sign convention is satisfied when the current enters through

the positive terminal of an element and p=+vi. If the current enters
through the negative terminal, p=−vi.

✓ Energy is the capacity to do work, measured in joules(J).

✓ The electric power utility companies measure energy in watt-hours

(Wh),

Where 1 Wh= 3,600 J

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example Problems

1.) An energy source forces a constant current of 2 A for 10 s to flow through a

light bulb. If 2.3 kJ is given off in the form of light and heat energy, calculate
the voltage drop across the bulb.

2.) A battery can deliver 10 joules of energy to move 5 coulombs of charge.

What is the potential difference between the terminals of the battery

3.) To move charge q from point a to point b requires−30 J. Find the voltage
drop vab if: (a) q = 2 C, (b)q =−6C.

a.) b.)

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

4.) How much energy does a 100-W electric bulb consume in two hours?

5.) Assume that the voltage at the terminals of the element whose current is
20𝑒 −5000𝑡 A are;
v = 0V t < 0;

v= 10𝑒 −5000𝑡 t > 0.

a) Calculate the power supplied to the element at 1 ms.

b) Calculate the total energy (in joules) delivered to the circuit element.
SOLUTION

➢ ELECTRICAL RESISTANCE
✓ The fact that a wire carrying a current can become hot, it is
evident that the work done by the applied force in producing the
current must be accomplished against same opposition or
resistance.
✓ The resistance (R) of an element denotes its ability to resist the flow
of electric current ;it is measured in ohms(Ω).
✓ Ohm (Ω)- practical unit of resistance. Named after the German
Physicist Georg S. Ohm (1787-1854)

➢ LAWS OF RESISTANCE
The resistance offered by the conductors depends on the following
factors

✓ Varies directly as its length

✓ Varies inversely as the cross sectional area of the conductor
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

✓ Depends on the nature of the material

✓ Also depends on the temperature of the conductor

𝑝𝑙
R= 𝐴

𝑝𝑉
R= 𝐴^2

𝑝𝑙^2
R= 𝑉

➢ Where:

R= resistance in ohms

A= cross-sectional area

P= resistivity (ohm- meter)

➢ SPECIFIC RESISTANCE (resistivity)- resistance offered by a unit cube of

the material
➢ CIRCULAR MIL (CM)- area of the circle having a diameter of one mil

CM= d^2

Where d is the diameter of the given material in terms of mil

CONVERSION:

1000 mil = 1 inch

1MCM = 1000 CM

➢ RESISTIVITY OF MATERIALS (p)

MATERIAL RESISTIVITY (Ω-CM/ft)

Silver 9.9

Copper 10.37

Aluminum 17

Tungsten 33

Zinc 36

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Example Problems:

1.) A copper conductor has its diameter of 0.12 inch. Compute its cross sectional
area in terms of circular mil

2.) The substation bus bar is made up of 2 inches round copper bars 20 ft long.
What is the resistance of each bar if the resistivity is 10.37 ohm-CM/ft

3.) Determine the resistance of a bus bar made of copper if the length is 10m
long and cross sectional area is 4x4 cm^2. Use 1.7241 micro ohm meter as
resistivity.

4.) A coil consist of 2000 turns of copper wire having cross sectional area of
0.8mm^2. The mean length per turn is 80 cm and the resistivity of the
copper is 0.02 micro- ohm meter. Find the resistance of the coil.

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

CONDUCTOR UNDER DRAWING PROCESS

In this process, the waste of the material is assumed negligible thus keeping the
volume to be constant all throughout the process.

➢ With the volume of the material being constant, resistance varies directly
as the square of the length.

𝑅2 𝐿2
= ( )2
𝑅1 𝐿1

➢ With the volume of the material constant, resistance varies inversely as to

the fourth power of the diameter.

𝑅2 𝑑1
= ( )4
𝑅1 𝑑2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A one meter rod of 2-cm diameter is drawn until its resistance is 100times
the initial resistance. Its length afterward is?

2. A kilometre of wire having a diameter of 11.7 mm and a resistance of

0.031 ohm is drawn down so that its diameter is 5.0 mm. What does its
resistance become?
3. A certain wire has a resistance R. the resistance of another wire identical
with the first except for having twice its diameter is….
4.

➢ EFFECT OF TEMPERATURE TO RESISTANCE

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

✓ Experiments have shown that the resistance of all wires generally

used in practice in electrical system increases as the temperature
increases

𝑅2
= 1 + 𝛼 𝑇1 ᴧ𝑇
𝑅1

𝑅2 𝑇 + 𝑡1
=
𝑅1 𝑇 + 𝑡2

1
𝛼 𝑇1 =
𝑇 + 𝑡1

ᴧ𝑇 = 𝑡2 − 𝑡1

✓ Where:
R1= initial resistance
R2= final resistance
T= inferred absolute temperature
= temperature when resistance of a given material is zero
t1= initial temperature
t2= final temperature
ᴧ𝑇= change in temperature
𝛼= temperature coefficient of resistance

Example Problems:

1. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 100 when its temperature is

0°C. Determine its resistance at 70°C if the temperature coefficient of
resistance of copper at 0°C is 0 .0043/°C

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 10 ohms at 20°C. If the

temperature coefficient of resistance of copper at 20°C is 0.004/°C
determine the resistance of the coil when the temperature rises to
100°C

SOLUTION:

3. A coil of copper wire has a resistance of 10 ohms at 20°C. If the

temperature coefficient of resistance of copper at 20°C is 0.004/°C
determine the resistance of the coil when the temperature rises to
100°C
SOLUTION:

4. An aluminium cable has a resistance of 27 ohms at a temperature

of 35°C. Determine its resistance at 0°C. Take the temperature
coefficient of resistance at 0°C to be 0.0038/°C
SOLUTION:

5. A carbon resistor has a resistance of 1 kilo ohms at 0°C. Determine

its resistance at 80°C. Assume that the temperature coefficient of
resistance for carbon at 0°C is -0.0005/°C
SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6. Some copper wire has a resistance of 200 ohms at 20°C. A current is

passed through the wire and the temperature rises to 90°C.
Determine the resistance of the wire at 90°C, correct to the nearest
ohm, assuming that the temperature coefficient of resistance is
0.004/°C at 0 °C.
SOLUTION:

DC ELECTRIC CIRCUITS

✓ Ohm’s Law states that the current flowing in an electric circuit is

directly proportional to the impressed voltage applied to the circuit
and inversely to the equivalent resistance of the said circuit.

ELECTRICAL POWER

✓ Power is the rate of energy transfer

✓ Watt- unit of electrical energy equal to one joule of energy
consumed in one second. Named after the British engineer and
inventor James Watt (1736-1819)

𝑬𝟐
P= IV = 𝑰𝟐 𝑹 = 𝑹

Where;
P= electrical Power

V= Voltage (volt)
I= current (ampere)
R= resistance

EXAMPLE PROBLEM

1. A 200V lamp has a hot resistance of 400 ohms. The power rating in
watts of the lamp is________?

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2. A 5Hp motor drives a mechanical load, taking 18.8 A from a 230V

source. Calculate the power input of the motor.

SOLUTION:

ELECTRICAL AND HEAT ENERGY EQUIVALENTS

✓ ENERGY is defined as the capacity to do work.

✓ Gram-calorie or simply calorie- the energy required to raise the
temperature of 1 gram of water by 1 degree celcius.
✓ British Thermal Unit- the energy required to raise the temperature of 1
pound of water by 1 degree Fahrenheit

Electrical and heat energy equivalent formula

✓ E= Pt

✓ Q= mcᴧT

Where;

E= electrical energy (joule)

Q= heat energy
P= electrical power

T= time in seconds
m= mass of the material
c=specific heat of the material (calorie per gram-degree celcius

ᴧT= change in temperature

Note: 1 calorie = 4.186 joules
1 BTU= 252 calories

1 joule= 1x107 ergs

1kwh= 3600 kJ= 3413 BTU = 860 kCal
Remember:
Specific Heat of Water

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

= 1 cal/gram-degree celcius
= 1 kcal/kg-degree celcius
=4186 J/kg-degree celcius

1 BTU/lb-degree Fahrenheit

EXAMPLE:

1. A residential house has a lighting load of 1000 W and a small

appliance load of 2000 W. If they are used at the same time, what
will be the monthly bill at an energy cost of P 0.40 per kilowatt-hour?

SOLUTION;

2. 100 liters of water is heated from 20 degree celcius to 40 degree

celcius. How many kWhr of electricity is needed assuming no losses?

SOLUTION;

SERIES CIRCUIT AND VOLTAGE DIVISION

The need to combine resistors in series or in parallel occurs so frequently that

it warrants special attention. The process of combining the resistors is facilitated
by combining two of them at a time. With this in mind, consider the single-loop
circuit of the two resistors are in series, since the same current i flows in both of
them.
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT SERIES CIRCUIT

✓ The total resistance is equal to the sum of the individual resistances.

✓ The current flowing in each resistors is equal to the supply current

✓ The voltage is equal to the sum of the voltage drops across each resistance.

(Voltage divider equation)

PARALLEL RESISTORS AND CURRENT DIVISION

THINGS TO REMEMBER ABOUT PARALLEL CIRCUIT

✓ The total resistance is equal to the reciprocal of the sum of the reciprocals
of individual resistances

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

✓ The voltage Drop across each resistor is equal to the total voltage.

✓ The total current is equal to the sum of the currents flowing in each
resistance.

The equivalent resistance of two parallel resistors is equal to the product of

their resistances divided by their sum.
It is often more convenient to use conductance rather than resistance
when dealing with resistors in parallel.
The equivalent conductance of resistors connected in parallel is the sum of
their individual conductance.

‘/

Where;
𝐺𝑒𝑞= 1 , 𝐺1= 1 , 𝐺2= 1 and so on....
𝑅𝑒𝑞 𝑅1 𝑅2

EXAMPLE PROBLEM

1.

SOLUTION;

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2.

SOLUTION;

3.

SOLUTION;

WYE-DELTA TRANSFORMATIONS
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Situations often arise in circuit analysis when the resistors are neither in
parallel nor in series. These are the wye (Y) or tee (T) network shown in the figure
(a) and the delta or pi network shown in the figure (b). These networks occur by
themselves or as part of a larger network. They are used in three-phase networks,
electrical filters, and matching networks. Our main interest here is in how to
identify them when they occur as part of a network and how to apply wye-delta
transformation in the analysis of that network.

Figure a Figure b

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Wye to Delta Connected Resistors

To obtain the conversion formulas for transforming a wye network to an

equivalent delta network.

Each resistor in the delta network is the sum of all possible products of Y
resistors taken two at a time, divided by the opposite Y resistor.

Delta to Wye Conversion

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

Each resistor in the Y network is the product of the resistors in the two adjacent
delta branches, divided by the sum of the three delta resistors.
EXAMPLE PROBLEM

1.)

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2.) A circuit consisting of three resistors rated 10 ohms, 15 ohms and 20 ohms are
connected in delta. What would be the resistances of the equivalent wye
connected load?
SOLUTION;

3.)
SOLUTION;

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

PROBLEM SET NO.1

NAME:________________________________________ DATE:___________
SR CODE:___________________ RATING:_________

DIRECTION: Solve the following problems completely and logically. Present your
solution in ENGINEERING LETTERING. Round off your final answer in four decimal
places only. Use straight edge in drawing a diagram if necessary. Box your final
answer. Failure to follow direction will mean a grade of zero for this set.

1. A high-voltage direct-current (dc) transmission line between Celilo, Oregon and

Sylmar, California is operating at 800 kV and carrying 1800 A, as shown. Calculate
the power (in megawatts) at the Oregon end of the line and state the direction
of power flow.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

2. The current entering the upper terminal of a system is

i = 20 cos 50()0f A.
Assume the charge at the upper terminal is zero at the instant the current is
passing through its maxi- mum value. Find the expression for q(t).
SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

3. A dc electric motor consumes 36 MJ when connected to a 250 V supply for 1

hour. Find the power rating of the motor and the current taken from the supply.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

4. A business uses two 3 kW fires for an average of 20 hours each per week, and six
150 W lights for 30 hours each per week. If the cost of electricity is 7p per unit,
determine the weekly cost of electricity to the business.

SOLUTION:
AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

5. A piece of wire of cross-sectional area 2 mm2 has a resistance of 300 ohms.

Find (a) the resistance of a wire of the same length and material if the cross-
sectional area is 5 mm2, (b) the cross-sectional area of a wire of the same length
and material of resistance 750 ohms.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

6. Some copper wire has a resistance of 200 ohms at 20°C. A current is passed
through the wire and the temperature rises to 90°C. Determine the resistance of
the wire at 90°C, correct to the nearest ohm, assuming that the temperature
coefficient of resistance is 0.004/°C at 0 °C.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

7. The resistance of a coil of nickel wire at 20°C is 100 ohms. The temperature of
the wire is increased and the resistance rises to 130 ohms. If the temperature
coefficient of resistance of nickel is 0.006/°C at 20 °C, determine the temperature
to which the coil has risen.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

8. A copper cable is 1.2 km long and has a cross-sectional area of 5 mm^2. Find
its resistance at 80°C if at 20 °C the resistivity of copper is 0.02 micro ohm meter
and its temperature coefficient of resistance is 0.004/°C.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

9. obtain the equivalent resistance across terminals a and b for the given circuit
below.

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes
BATANGAS STATE UNIVERSITY
Gov. Pablo Borbon Campus II, Alangilan, Batangas City
ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

10. Find the equivalent resistance in the given circuit below and also determine
the total current supplied in the circuit.

SOLUTION:

AC DC CIRCUITS
2ND Semester, S. Y. 2016 – 2017
Engr. Joel Joe Delos Reyes