Self-Paced Learning Module (SLM)

Course INTRODUCTION TO CRIMINOLOGY

Sem/AY First Semester/2020-2021
Module No. 1-3
Lesson Title INTRODUCTION, SCOPE OF THE STUDY OF CRIMINOLOGY and BRIEF
HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY
Week
4 weeks
Duration
Date October 5-October 30, 2020
This course presents an overview of the different schools of thought in criminology,
Description theories that explain criminal behavior; techniques for measuring the characteristics of
of the Lesson criminals, crime and victims, the interrelatedness of theory, policy, and practice in the
criminal justice system; and current issues and studies in criminology.

Learning Outcomes

Intended Students should be able to meet the following intended learning outcomes:
Learning ● Explain the nature and content of criminology as a social science
Outcomes ● Critically analyze the elements of the classical and modern theories of criminology
● Compare and contrast the difference schools of thought in Criminology
● Discuss current issues and trends in criminology
● Employ knowledge and skills related to criminology profession
Targets/ At the end of the lesson, students should be able to:
Objectives ● Understand the concept of studying Criminology
● Determine and exercise professional background in practicing Criminology
profession.
● Research and critically defend positions related to the current issues and
controversies in the field of criminology
● Determine and distinguish the practice of Criminology profession in the Philippines
to Foreign country

Stude nt Learning Strategies

Online Activities A. Online Discussion via Google Meet

(Synchronous/ You will be directed to attend in a two-hour class discussion on the subject
Asynchronous) Introduction to Criminology. To have access to the Online Discussion, refer
to this link: ____________________.

The online discussion will happen on October 8, 13,20, November 6 from

10:00-12:00 noon

(For further instructions, refer to your Google Classroom and see the
schedule of activities for this module)

B. Learning Guide Questions:

1. What is Criminology?
2. What is the importance of studying Criminology?
3. What is the difference of the three Schools of Thought in Criminology?
Note: The insight that you will post on online discussion forum using Learning
Management System (LMS) will receive additional scores in class participation.

Offline Activities
(e-Learning/Self- Lecture Guide
Paced)
In studying Criminology, theory, research, and practice are the heart and soul
of criminology. This lesson offers a comprehensive topic particularly on
Introduction, Scope in studying Criminology and Brief History of Criminology
under the context of Introduction to Criminology. Also demonstrates the value of
understanding the relationships among criminological theory, research, and practice
in the study of crime and criminal behavior. Furthermore, encompassing a range of
case studies and features designed to encourage critical thinking and emphasizes the
key role of criminological theory and research in the development of criminal
justice policies and practices of the new generation.
This lesson provides an overview on the basic understanding of a theory, its
development, and application to the etiology of crime, and its use to understanding
human, criminal and deviant behaviors. It includes the historical evolution of
criminology, the objectives of studying Criminology and Sciences that dominated
Criminology. It also further discusses the branches of criminology, emergence of
criminology and the different school of thoughts, the process of measuring crime, as
it relates to criminological research and the divisions and scope of criminology. This
lesson also introduces Criminology as a profession in the Philippines.

■ MODULE I

WHAT IS CRIMINOLOGY?
■ Criminology, defined as;
❖ In its broadest sense is the entire body of knowledge regarding
crimes, criminals, and the effort of the society to prevent and
suppress them. (Wolfgang 1963)
❖ In its narrowest sense it is the study of crime as a social
phenomenon.

❖ However, specifically, the field of criminology is more focus on the

study on forms of criminal behavior, the causes of crime, the
definition of the different terminologies in the study of criminality,
and the societal reaction to the criminal activities.
❖ Other areas of related fields of study such as juvenile delinquency,
and victimology.
Also defined as the;

❖ body of knowledge regarding delinquency and crime as a social

phenomenon;
❖ the study of crimes and criminals and attempt of analyzing
scientifically their causes and control and treatment of criminals;
(Modernist)
❖ the process of studying crimes in an accepted manner; (scientific)
❖ it is a study of crime as a social phenomenon, or of criminals - the
mental traits, habits and discipline; (Sutherland and Cressy)
❖ it is a study of crimes and its treatment; (Elliot and Merill)
❖ is a multidisciplinary study of crimes (Bartol, 1995);

■ THE FOUR PERSPECTIVES OF CRIMINOLOGY

Criminology is the study of crime from four different perspectives. These
include legal, political, sociological, and psychological. *Criminology: Overview &
History of the Field. (2015, July 15). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/criminology-overview-history-of-the-field.html

Initially, criminology examines crime from a legal point of view. This

means that the criminal behavior is examined as it is in violation of the law.
Sometimes this means that criminologists will evaluate the laws themselves, while
other times this means that criminologists will examine how criminal laws are
created by criminal activities.
In your case, the victim was murdered. You can see that from the multiple
stab wounds to her neck and chest. You review the murder statute and ascertain that
it would appear that this looks like it falls within the first-degree murder statute
because of the note pointing to her husband as the killer. Therefore, under the legal
point of view, your opinion is that the appropriate law is first-degree murder.
Next, criminology looks at crime from a political perspective. In this
regard, crime is deemed to be caused by breaking laws created by powerful political
groups. These laws indicate illegal behavior. Those who support this point of view
indicate that laws exist to further the interest of the politically powerful; crimes
consist of activity that the powerful believe to be a threat to their interests. As a
result, the laws do not always relate to what one might naturally think of as right
and wrong.
In your case, you believe that the laws created for murder were in fact
created by the politically elite; however, after reviewing the facts, you also believe
that these laws are appropriate for this particular case of murder.
Another criminology point of view is the sociological perspective. The
sociological perspective focuses on the social, political, and economic problems
which give rise to the crime. For example, this perspective considers an offender's
home situation, employment, race, education level, social situation, and more in
order to assess why an offender committed a crime.
In your case, you gather information about the victim's husband. You learn
that the husband had a history of bipolar disorder and schizophrenia, and he had
recently stopped taking his medications. In addition, you learned that he lost his job
and was estranged from the victim. You strongly suspect that these factors played
into the victim's murder.
The last perspective of criminology is the  psychological perspective.
Under the psychological point of view, crime is viewed as a form of problem
behavior which is due to an offender's inability to live in harmony with the
environment.
In your case, you review the past behavior of the husband. You review his
psychiatric notes and see that he has a violent history, including domestic abuse of
the victim. You also see he has spent time in and out of jail as well as psychiatric
facilities for treatment of his schizophrenia. You deduce that the husband's
psychological background contributed to the crime.

■ RA 6506 and RA 11131

❖ The Criminologist Licensure examination is one of the 43 board exams

conducted by the Philippine Regulatory Commission (PRC). This exam
screens aspiring criminologist in the country based on the standards written
in the Republic Act No. 11131 (As amended by R.A 6506). To fully
understand the said law, let’s take a look on the differences of the two laws.

■ R.A. 6506 –An Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologists in
the Philippines and other purposes. Approved & became effective on July 1,
1972. You may open this link to see the full coverage.
(https://prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/CRIMINOLOGIST%20LAW.PDF)

■ RA 11131- An Act Regulating The Practice Of Criminology Profession In

The Philippines, And Appropriating Funds Therefor, Repealing For The
Purpose Republic Act No. 6506, Otherwise Known As "An Act Creating
The Board Of Examiners For Criminologists In The Philippines" You may
open this link to see the full coverage.
https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11131_2018.html

Who is Criminologist?
❖ is a person who is a graduate of the Degree of Criminology, who has passed
the examination for criminologists and is registered as such by the Board.
❖ A sociologist who specializes in the study of crime as a social phenomenon.
(Wolfgang, M. 1963. Criminology and the Criminologist)

■ Field of Criminology
Sociology of Criminology
❖ the study of crime focused on the group of people and society as a whole;
❖ variables of crimes are socioeconomic status, interpersonal relationships,
age, race, gender and cultural groups of people are probed in relation to the
environmental factors conducive to criminal action.

■ ORIGIN OF THE WORD CRIMINOLOGY

■ CRIMINOLOGY
❖ it is a study of all subject matters necessary in understanding and
preventing crime, the punishment and treatment of criminals; (Taft)
❖ derived from the Latin word CRIMEN, which means "accusation";
❖ derived from the Greek word LOGIA, which denote "study of";
❖ is the scientific study of the nature extent, causes and control of
criminal behavior in both the individual and in society;
❖ in 1885 the Italian Law Professor RAFFAELE GAROFALO
coined the term CRIMINOLOGIA;
❖ French Anthropologist PAUL TOPINARD used an analogous
French term "CRIMINOLOGIE";

■ OBJECTIVES OF CRIMINOLOGY

1)The development of a body of general or that is applicable to all, and

verified or proven principles regarding origin, causes, and elements of crimes and of
other types of knowledge regarding the process or course, method of manipulation
of law, crime and its control and prevention and the treatment of youthful offenders;
and
2.) The immediate application of knowledge to programs of social control of
crimes. If there are no means of social control, there will be chaos and
disorganization.

❖ PURPOSES OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY

❖ To prevent the crime problem

❖ To understand crimes and criminals
❖ To prepare for a career in law enforcement and scientific crime detection
❖ To develop an understanding of the constitutional guarantees and due
process of law in the administration of justice.
❖ To foster a higher concept of citizenry and leadership together with an
understanding of one moral and legal responsibilities to our fellowmen,
community and our country.

❖ SCIENCES THAT DOMINATED CRIMINOLOGY

❖ Sociology – The study of crime focused on the group of people of all

genders and society as a whole.
❖ Psychology – The science that studies behavior and the mental processes of
the criminal.
❖ Psychiatry – The science that deals with the study of crime through forensic
psychiatry, the study of criminal behavior in terms of motives and drives.

❖ SCOPE OF CRIMINOLOGY
❖ The making of laws – This pertains to the examination of the nature and
structure of laws in the society which could be analyzed scientifically and
exhaustively to learn crime causation and eventually help fight them.
❖ The breaking of laws – It is concentrated in the scientific analysis of the
causes of crimes. In short, it determines the varied reasons why laws are
violated
❖ The reaction towards the breaking of laws – This involves the study of the
reaction of people and government towards the breaking of laws.

❖ DIVISION OF CRIMINOLOGY
❖ Criminal Etiology – The scientific analysis of the causes of crimes
❖ Sociology of Law – The study of law and its application.
❖ Penology or Correction – The study that deals with the punishment and the
treatment of criminals.
❖ Criminalistics – The study of criminal things.
❖
IMPORTANCE OF STUDYING CRIMINOLOGY
❖ A source of Philosophy of life – The knowledge derived from studying
crime is a good foundation for an individual’s philosophy and life style.
❖ A background for a profession and for social service
❖ Criminals are legitimate objects of interest
❖ Crime is a costly problem
❖

MODULE II

❖ BRANCHES OF CRIMINOLOGY

❖ Criminal Etiology = is the study of the cause or origin of crime. It studies the
primary reasons for crime commission.
❖ Sociology of law = attempt at scientific analysis of the condition which the
penal/criminal laws has developed as a process of formal or social control.
❖ Penology = branch of criminology which focus on the management of jail.

❖ EMERGENCE OF CRIMINOLOGY

When one’s right is infringed and the victim believed that he/she has
recourse to the Court of Justice, he has/she to consult a lawyer. On the other hand,
when the society is disturbed by rampant criminalities the authorities have to seek
the expertise of a Criminologist.
The existence of crime date back from time immemorial. Biblically, the
Heavenly Father gave (10) Commandments to Moises. Embodied in the scripture
are number of prohibitions and restrictions, which today are found in the manmade
laws.
Early leaders imposed several measures to minimize Criminalistics but the
fields of Criminology, as a branch of knowledge, which deals, on the explanations
of Criminalistics has yet to come. Laws and order were imposed brought by the
necessity of either preventing offender from committing crime or punishing those
who had committed it rather than explaining crime or punishing those who had
committed it rather than explaining and understanding the root cause of the
problem.

■ CRIMINOLOGY IN EUROPE

❖ Cesare Becarria (Cesare Bonesa Marchese di Beccaria) author of Essay on

Crimes and Punishment (1764) laid down the foundation of the Classical
School of Criminology.
❖ Cesare Lombroso, author of Criminal in Relation to Anthropology and
Jurisprudence (1870) introduced the concept that some persons are born
criminal because of the presence of physical stigmata or anomalies. Also
authored Luomo Delinquente (The Criminal Man). He founded the Positivist
School of Criminology and is considered the father of Modern Criminology.
❖ Raffaele Garofalo- An itallian Law professor who coined the term
Criminologia in 1885.
❖ Paul Topinard- French Antropologist, who introduced the term
Criminologie in 1887.

■ CRIMINOLOGY IN THE UNITED STATES

❖ In the 19th Century, Criminology was accepted as a field of study by the
department of Sociology of a growing University in the U.S.
A survey method on 1901 indicated that Criminology and Penology were
among the first courses offered in U.S Colleges and Universities under the general
title “Sociology”
❖ American Sociologist, like most European Scholars were deeply impressed
by many of Lombrosion arguments, but its not until about 1915, after
publication of Charles Buchman Goring’s work that a strong environ
mentalities was cultivated.
❖ Edwin H. Sutherland, one of the founding scholars of American
Criminology offered in 1947, the definition of Criminology

■ CRIMINOLOGY IN THE PHILIPPINES (Oldest Criminology School in

the Philippines)

❖ Escuela De Derecho Demanila of 1898 Established By Felipe G. Calderon

Of Tanza Founder And First Dean, After His Death Rename To Manila Law
College Whose Educational Principles In Criminology Was Introduced In
The Philippines In 1953 And Took Effect In 1954 By Establishing Sister
Institution, The Philippine College Of Criminology.
Read The Book Of The Unveiled History Of Law And Criminal Justice
Educations And Practices In The Philippines By Prof. Danilo I. Gregorio,
1st. Advance Edition, 2011 Copyrighted 2010, (Unpublish) 0929-
386166645/0915-4403691

❖ In 1950’s the Philippine College of Criminology (PCCr) was established. It

was the 1st ever educational institution, the pioneering College of
Criminology Education for Scientific Crime Detection in the whole South
East Asia.
The Plaridel Educational Institution, College of Criminology Manila. The 1st
government recognized school to teach the Science of Fingerprint and other Police
Science.

❖ In 1960’s, Criminology course was offered by different Colleges throughout

the country:
a. University of Manila, Sampaloc, Manila
b. Abad Santos Colleges, Manila
c. Universtity of Visayas, Cebu City
d. University of Mindanao, Davao City
e. University of Baguio, Baguio City

■ Two (2) Criminology Professional Organizations were established:

a. The Philippine Educators Association for Criminology Education (PEACE,
1983)
b. The Professional Criminologist Association of the Philippines (PCAP)

❖ R.A no. 6506 an “Act Creating the Board of Examiners for Criminologist in
the Philippine and for other purposes” was approved in August 1987.
By virtue of R.A no. 6506, the 1 st Criminology Licensure Examination was
given in 1988.
❖ Salient features of the law
Hereunder are some of the important features of R.A no. 6506.
1. What is the composition of the Board and their term of office?
The Board of Examiners for Criminologist in the Philippines shall
composed: a. Chairman; and Two (2) members
❖ They shall be appointed by the President of the Philippines with the consent
of the Commission on Appointment (Sec1) for a term of three (3) years
(sec4).
■ What are the qualifications of an examinee (qualification for
examination)?
❖ Any person applying for examination and for a certificate shall prior to
admission to examination, establish to the satisfaction of the board.
a.) He/She is at least 18 years of age and a citizen of the Philippines.
b.) He/She must be a person of good moral character, as certified by at least (3)
persons of good standing in the community wherein he resides.
c.) He/She must not have been convicted of a crime involving moral turpitude; and
d.) He/She has graduated in Criminology from a school, College or Institute
recognized by the Government, after complementing a four-year resident collegiate
course leading to the degree of Bachelor of Science in Criminology (BS Crim.).
Provided, that holders of Bachelor of Laws degree may, within (5) years after the
approval of this Act, take this examination after complementing at least (94) units of
Criminology, Law Enforcement, Police Science and Penology subjects. (Section
12).

MODULE III

■ BRIEF HISTORY OF CRIMINOLOGY

❖ Records during the Middle Ages (1200-1600), people who violated social
norms or religious practices were believed to be witches or possessed by
demons on under the influences of evil spirits.
❖ It was a common practice during those times, to used cruel torture to
extract confessions.
❖ Those convicted of violent crimes or theft crimes suffered extremely harsh
penalties, including whipping, branding, maiming, and execution.
❖ An estimated 100,000 people were prosecuted in Europe for witchcraft
during 16th and 17th century.

■ CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
❖ By the middle of the 18th century, social philosophers studied and argued
and began to look for a more rational approach in imposing punishment.
❖ Social reformers sought to eliminate cruel public executions which were
designed to frighten people into obedience.
❖ They stressed that the relationship between crime and punishment should be
balanced and fair
■ CLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
❖ One of the social reformer who worked for the implementation of said
reform, was Cesare Beccaria (1738-1794) who was one of the first theories
to develop a systematic understanding of why people committed crime.
❖ According to him, the crime problem could be traced it to bad people but
to bad laws, that a modern criminal justice system should guarantee all
people equal treatment before the law
❖ The Writings of Beccaria, Classical Criminology with the following
Basics Elements
❖ In every society, people have free will to choose criminal or law solutions to
meet their needs or settle their problem
❖ Criminal solutions may be more attractive than lawful ones because they
usually require less work for greater payoff
❖ The Writings of Beccaria, Classical Criminology with the following
Basics Elements
❖ A person’s choice of criminal solutions may be controlled by his fear of
punishment;
❖ The more severe, certain and swift the punishment, the better it is to control
of criminal behavior;

■ CESARE BECCARIA
❖ Published the book “On Crimes and Punishment “it supplied the blueprint
❖ Social action should be based on the utilitarianism principle of the greatest
happiness for the greatest number.
❖ Crime is an injury to society and the only rational measure of crime is the
extent of the injury;
❖ Crime prevention is more important than punishment;
❖ The purpose of punishment is to prevent crime.
❖ Punishment should be based on the pleasure /pain principle.
❖ Punishment should be based on the act, not on the actor.
❖ It is better to prevent crimes than to punish the offender.

■ JEREMY BENTHAM’S UTILITARINISM

❖ Devoted his life to developing a scientific approach to the making and
breaking of laws.
❖ Like Becarria, he was concerned with achieving “the greatest happiness of
the greatest number “of bringing happiness (pleasure) or unhappiness
(pain).
❖ Classical School of Criminology’s concept of human nature as governed by
the doctrine of “free will” and rational behavior, contains the following
principles;
1. All human being, including criminals, will freely choose either criminal
ways or non-criminal ways, depending on which way they believe will
benefit them
2. Criminals will avoid behaviors that will bring pain and will engage in
behaviors that will bring pleasure;
3. Before deciding which course of action to take, criminals will weigh the
expected benefits against the expected pains;
4. Criminals are responsible for their behaviors.
5. Criminals act over and against their environments.
■ They are not victims of their environment.
6. Criminal go through a thinking process whereby they take a variety of
factors into account before they make a final decision on whether or not to
commit a criminal act.
7. Criminals are totally responsible for their behaviors.
8. Environment forces do not push, pull, or propel individuals to act.
■ An individual acts willfully and freely.
9. Offenders are not helpless, passive, or propelled by forces beyond their
control.
10. Each criminal act is a deliberate one, committed by a rational, choosing
person who motivated primarily by the pleasure-pain principle.
❖ THE NEOCLASSICAL CRIMINOLOGY
❖ The Neoclassical Criminology School
❖ Based on the concept of free will.
❖ If a person violates a law, he has to be guided by reason, since people
are responsible for their behaviors, and punishment can control
behaviors.
❖ The pain from one punishment must exceed the pleasure that comes
from committing a criminal act.
❖ Because it incorporated the practical modifications needed for the
administration of criminal law and justice.
❖ For example, the neoclassical criminology recognizes differences in
criminal circumstanced, such as, juveniles and persons with mental
and physical defects or disorders, cannot reason out or have limited
abilities to reason.
❖ Therefore, they cannot possibly distinguish the right from the
wrong, the rational from irrational and sane from the insane behavior

■ THE POSITIVIST CRIMINOLOGY

❖ August Comte (1798-1857) is considered the founder of positivist school
and sociology.
❖ He applied scientific methods in the study of society, from where he adopted
the word sociology.
❖ He wants a society in which all social problems will be solved by scientific
methods and research.
❖ He believes that large groups of people such as a society, to be a subject of
scientific study can lead to the discovery of specific laws that would greatly
help them.
❖ The positivist school of criminology is generally associated with Cesare
Lombroso, Enrico Ferri, Gabriel Tarde, and Rafaelle Garofalo.
❖ The religious leaders during the time of positivism, referred to Lombroso,
Ferri and Garofalo as the “unholy three” because of their belief in evolution
as contrasted to Biblical interpretation of the origin of man and woman.
❖ The three have also been called the “holy three of criminology” because
their emergence “symbolized”.
❖ The Theory of Cesare Lombroso

■ Cesare Lombroso (Gibson and Rafter (2006) The Criminal Man. Duke
University Press Books)
❖ is known as the father of modern criminology, although most of his ideas
have been described today.
❖ After completing his medical studies, Lombroso served as an army
physician, became a professor of psychiatry at the University of Turin,
and later in his life accepted an appointment as professor of criminal
anthropology
❖ His theory of the “born criminal” was repeatedly viewed and considered as
lower form of life, nearer to their apelike ancestors than the non-criminals in
traits and dispositions.
❖ They can be distinguished from non-criminal by various atavistic
stigmata, which refers to the physical features of creatures at an earlier stage
of development, before they became fully human beings.
❖ According to Lombroso’s theory criminals are usually in possession of huge
jaws, and strong canine teeth, a characteristic common to carnivores who
tears and eat raw meat;
❖ The arm span of criminals is often greater than their height, just like that of
apes, who use their forearms to push themselves along the ground.
❖ An individual born with any five of the stigmata is a born criminal.
❖ He also included in his studies the criminal’s distinct physical and mental
stigmata.
❖ They include deviation in head size, and shape from the type common to the
race and religion from which the criminal came;
❖ asymmetry of the face; excessive dimensions of the jaw and check bones;
eye defects and peculiarities; ears of unusual size;
❖ Occasionally very small, or standing out from the head as those of the
chimpanzee;
❖ Nose twisted, upturned, or flattened in thieves, or aquiline or beaklike in
murderers, or with a tip rising like a peak from swollen nostrils; fleshy lips,
swollen, and protruding; pouches in the cheek like those animal’s toes; and
imbalance of the hemispheres of the brain.
❖ Lombroso’s work supported the idea that the criminal was a biologicallly
and physically inferior person
❖ Cesare Lombroso as a medical doctor, scientist, and clinician applied the
scientific method to the measurement of criminal’s skull.
❖ He tried to pursued this study and focused on the hereditary components of
criminal behavior, although he also acknowledged the role of social factors.

1. THE THEORY OF ATAVISM.

❖ Lombroso had the opinion that criminals were developed from
primitive or subhuman individuals characterized by some inferior
physical and mental characteristics, which can be identified;
❖ He spent much of his life in finding answers to his biological defects
trying to identify their physical characteristics
2. The application of the experimental or scientific method to the study of the
criminal.
❖ Lombroso spent endless hours measuring criminally insane persons
and epileptic’s skull;
3. The development of a criminal topology.
❖ Although Lombroso’s system of classification is considered crude
and not adopted today, he still attempted to categorize and classify
these type:
❖ epileptic criminal;
❖ insane criminal;
❖ born criminal;
❖ occasional criminal:
■ He also identified the various types of occasional criminals:
■ pseudocriminals;
■ criminaloids;
■ habitual criminals;
■ passionate criminals;
■ political criminals;
4. The belief in the indeterminate sentence.
■ Penalties should be indeterminant so that those other than “ born”
criminals who were incorrigible could be worked with and
rehabilitated.
5. The application of statistical techniques to criminology.
■ Although crude and with the use of questionable control groups,
Lombroso used statistical techniques to make criminological
predictions.

■ Cesare Bonesana Marchese di Beccaria ( 1738-1794 )

❖ One of the founders of the classical school of criminology;
❖ Born in Milan, Italy and a graduate of Law from the University of Pavia;
❖ After graduating, he joined a group of articulate and radical intellectuals
called the Academy of Fist.
❖ He published a book entitled “On Crimes and Punishment “ in July 1764;
❖ this book presented a coherent and comprehensive designed for an
enlightened criminal justice system that was to serve the people rather than
the monarch.
❖ His book contains almost the modern penal reform but its greatest
contribution was the foundation it laid for subsequent changes in criminal’s
legislation;
❖ His books “crimes and Punishment “was influential in the reforms of penal
code in France, Russia, and it influenced the first Ten amendments to the US
Constitution
■ The following are the Principles that Beccaria Proposed
❖ Laws should be used to maintain social contract;
❖ Only legislators should create Laws;
❖ Judges should have imposed punishment only in accordance with the law;
❖ Judges should not interpret law;
❖ Punishment should be based on the pleasure and pain principle.
❖ Punishment should be based on the act, not on the actor.
❖ The punishment should be determined by the crime
❖ Punishment should be prompt and effective
❖ All people should be treated equally
❖ Capital punishment should be abolished
❖ The use of torture to gain confession should be abolished;
❖ It is better to prevent crimes that to punish criminals.

■ ENRICO FERRI
❖ Member of the Italian Parliament;
❖ He believed that criminals could not be held morally responsible because
they did not choose to commit crimes but was driven to commit them by
conditions of their lives.
■ Enrico Ferri was also responsible for a classification system of criminals
❖ Born criminals
❖ Insane criminals
❖ Passionate criminals
❖ Occasional criminals
❖ Habitual criminals

■ RAFFAELLE GAROFALO
❖ Italian magistrate, senator and professor of law;
❖ He rejected the doctrine of free will and supported the position that the only
way to understand crime was study it by scientific methods;
❖ He traced the roots of criminal behavior not to physical features but to
their psychological equivalent which he referred to as moral anomalies

■ Garofalo Classified Criminal into;

❖ Murderers
❖ Violent criminals
❖ Thieves
❖ Lascivious criminals

■ Gabriel Tarde
❖ Introduced the Theory of Imitation, which governs the process by which
people became criminal;
❖ According to him, individuals emulates behavior patterns in much the same
way that they copy style dress;
❖ Pattern (1) individual imitate others in proportion to the intensity of and
frequency of their contacts;
❖ Pattern (2) inferiors imitate superiors;
❖ Pattern (3) when two behavior pattern clash, one may take the place of the
other

■ ADOLPHE QUETELET
❖ Belgian mathematician and astronomer who repudiated the free will doctrine
of the classicist;
He concluded that it is the society, not the decisions of individual offenders, that
responsible for criminal behavior

Engaging Activities

All engaging activities are uploaded in the Edmodo/Google Classroom with

specific dates of submission. These activities are focused in Module I, II and III
based on the module given to the students.

❿ Module I – focuses on the Introduction; particularly its Origin, Objectives of

studying Criminology and Sciences that dominated Criminology.
❿ Module II- focuses on the scope of studying Criminology; and
❿ Module III –focused on the Brief History of Criminology; particularly the
Schools of Thought in Criminology the Classical School of Criminology,
Positivist School of Criminology and Neo-Classical School of Criminology

Performance Tasks

1. Strength, Weakness, Opportunity and Threats (SWOT Analysis) on R.A 6506 and R.A 11131
❖ Adopted from
❖ https://prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/CRIMINOLOGIST%20LAW.PDF
❖ https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11131_2018.html

2. This video presentation is focused on the Schools of Thought in Criminology under the
pretext of the discussion on Introduction to Criminology. At the end of the video presentation,
you are expected to compare and contrast the different Schools of Thought in Criminology
and come up with your own synthesis.

❖ Adopted from :https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv-nnkgpPps

Unders tanding Directed Assess

Rubric for Designing Lesson Plan (PT 2)

DEVELOPING EMERGING
INDICATORS STRONG (20) BEGINNING (5) SCORE
(15) (10)
Ideas Establishes a Develops a focus; Attempts focus; Lacks focus and
clear focus;
Uses Uses some
descriptive descriptive
language; language;
Ideas not fully
Provides Details support development
developed
relevant idea;
information; Communicates
Communicates original idea
creative ideas.
Establishes a
strong Attempts adequate Some evidence of
Little or no
beginning, introduction and a beginning,
organization;
Organization middle and end; ending; middle and end;
Relies on single
Demonstrates Evidence of logical Sequencing is
idea
an orderly flow sequencing attempted
of ideas
Uses effective
language;
Diverse word Limited word
Uses high -
choice; use choice; No sense of
Expression level
descriptive words; Basic sentence sentence structure
vocabulary;
Sentence variety structure
Uses of
sentence variety
Few or no Has some Little or no
errors in: Some errors in: difficulty in: evidence of
Grammar, Grammar, spelling, Grammar, correct grammar,
Convention
spelling, capitalization, spelling, spelling,
capitalization, punctuation capitalization, capitalization or
punctuation punctuation punctuation
Easy to read;
Difficult to read
Properly Readable with some No evidence of
due to
Legibility spaced; spacing. Forming spacing/forming
spacing/forming
Proper letter errors letters
letter
formation

Learning Resources

REFERENCES USED

1. Sutherland E., Cressey D. (1978), Principles of Criminology (6th Edition). Lippincott

2. Elliot M.A, Merill F.E (1950). Social Disorganization. Harper
3. Bartol R.C, (1995). Criminal Behavior: A Psychosocial Approach. Prentice Hall
4. Taft, D.R (1950). Criminology; A Cultural Interpretation. Macmillan
5. Garofalo, R. (2008). Criminology. Рипол Классик
6. Topinard, P. (2016). Anthropology. Chapman and Hal. (Classic Reprint)
7. Wolfgang, M. E (1963). Criminology and the Criminologist, 54 J. Crim. L. Criminology &
Police Sci. 155
8. Gibson and Rafter (2006) The Criminal Man. Duke University Press Books
9. Gregorio, D. (2010) The Unveiled History of Law And Criminal Justice Educations And
Practices In The Philippines, 1st. Advance Edition, 2011 Copyrighted 2010, (Unpublished)
0929-386166645/0915-4403691

10. Karmen, A. (2007). Crimes victims. An introduction to victimology (8th ed.) Cengage

11. Manwong , R.K (2008). Fundamentals of Criminology. Wiseman books Trading (WBT)
Publishing House
12. Schmalleger, F (2009). Criminology today: An integrative introduction (5th ed.)
Pearson Prentice Hall, Columbus, Ohio, NJ
13. Mendelson ,B. (1963). The Origin of the doctrine of victimology. Excerpta
Criminologica
14. Hentig, V (1948). The Crimininal and His Victim. New Haven. Yale U. Press
15. Fattah, E. (1989). Introduction to Criminology. Burnaby, British Columbia: School of
Criminology, Simon

❖ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Kv-nnkgpPps
❖ Criminology: Overview & History of the Field. (2015, July 15). Retrieved from
https://study.com/academy/lesson/criminology-overview-history-of-the-field.html.
❖ (https://prc.gov.ph/uploaded/documents/CRIMINOLOGIST%20LAW.PDF
❖ https://lawphil.net/statutes/repacts/ra2018/ra_11131_2018.html