FUNDAMENTALS OF PUBLIC SPEAKING -discussing with your family members or

friends,
The Speech Writing Process
-free writing,
- Process for writing is not chronological or linear; -listing,
rather, it is recursive. -asking questions,
-semantic webbing.

 Narrowing down a topic- making your main

idea more specific and focused
*same strategies

 Data gathering- stage where you collect ideas,

information, sources, and references
Relevant or related to your specific topic
Components of the speech writing process
 Audience analysis- looking into the profile of  Writing patterns- structures that will help you
your target audience. organize the ideas related to your topic.
- So you can fit your speech content -Biographical: descriptions of your life or of a
person
Demography (age range, male-female ratio, -Categorical/topical: related categories
educational background and affiliations or supporting the topic
Degree program taken, nationality, economic -Causal: cause-effect relationships
status, academic or corporate designations) -Chronological: idea in time order
-Comparison/contrast: comparison/contrast of
Situation (time, venue, occasion, and size) two or three points
-Problem-solution: identified problem, its
Psychology (values, beliefs, attitudes, causes, and recommended solutions
Preferences, cultural and racial ideologies, and -Spatial:
needs)
 Outline- hierarchical list that shows the
 Purpose- to inform, to entertain, to persuade relationship of your ideas
-once outline is ready, 2/3 of your speech is
-informative speech: provides the audience finished.
with a clear understanding of the concept A. table format
-entertainment speech: provides the audience B. list format
with amusement
-persuasive speech: provides the audience with  Body of the speech- provides explanations,
well-argued ideas that can influence their examples, or any details that can help you
Own beliefs and decisions deliver your purpose and explain the main idea
of your speech
 Topic- focal point of your speech - should only have 1 central idea.
-determined once you have decided
On your purpose Some strategies to highlight your main idea
-Present real-life or practical examples
Strategies used in selecting a topic -Show statistics
- Personal experiences -Present comparisons
-Share ideas from the experts or practitioners
 Introduction- foundation of your speech Then supporting details, or supporting details
Primary goal: get the attention first then main idea).
Of your audience
: present the subject or main idea of your -Edit for concision.
speech. “The speech was all over the place; the speaker
kept talking endlessly as if no one was listening
Strategies to him/her.”
-Use a real-life experience and connect that Keep your speech short, simple, and clear by
experience to your subject. eliminating unrelated stories and sentences and
-Use practical examples and explain their by using simple words.
connection to your subject.
-Start with a familiar or strong quote and then Edit for continuity.
explain what it means. “The speech was too difficult to follow; I was
-Use facts or statistics and highlight their lost in the middle.”
importance to your subject. Keep the flow of your presentation smooth by
-Tell a personal story to illustrate your point. adding transition words and phrases.

 Conclusion- restates the main idea of your Edit for variety.

speech “I didn’t enjoy the speech because it was
- provides a summary, emphasizes the message, boring.”
and calls for action Add spice to your speech by shifting tone and
*leave the audience with a memorable statement style from formal to conversational and
Vice-versa, moving around the stage, or adding
Strategies: humor.
-Begin your conclusion with a restatement of
your message. Edit for impact and beauty.
-Use positive examples, encouraging words, or “There’s nothing really special about the
memorable lines from songs or stories familiar speech.”
to your audience. Make your speech memorable by using these
-Ask a question or series of questions that can strategies: surprise the audience, use vivid
make your audience reflect or ponder Descriptive images, write well-crafted and
memorable lines, and use figures of speech.
 Editing/Revising: involves correcting errors in
mechanics  Rehearsing- gives you an opportunity to identify
what works and what does not work for you and
6 power principles for speech editing for your target audience
- Edit for focus *“Constant practice makes perfect.”
“So, what’s the point? What’s the message of
the speech?” Some Guidelines in Speech Writing
Ensure that everything you have written is 1. Keep your words short and simple.
related to your central message. 2. Avoid jargon, acronyms, or technical words
because they can confuse your audience.
-Edit for clarity. 3. Make your speech more personal. Use the
“I don’t understand the message because the personal pronoun “I,” but take care not to
examples or supporting details were confusing.” overuse it.
Make all ideas in your speech clear by arranging When you need to emphasize collectiveness
them in logical order (e.g., main idea first with your audience, use the personal pronoun
“we.”
4. Use active verbs and contractions because • Use facts and real-life experiences as your
they add to the personal and conversational tone examples
of your speech. • Manage your time well
5. be sensitive of your audience. Be very careful • Rehearse, rehearse, and rehearse
with your language, jokes, and nonverbal cues.
6. Use metaphors and other figures of speech to 2. Impromptu
effectively convey your point.
• Speaking without advanced preparation
7. Manage your time well; make sure that the
speech falls under the time limit. • Unrehearsed speech
• Spoken conversationally
PRINCIPLES OF SPEECH DELIVERY
• More focused and brief
Good delivery- capable and able to present your
message in a clear, coherent, and interesting
way Tips
-Combines a certain degree of formality with
the best attributes of good conversation- • Once you are requested to say something,
-directness, pause for a moment to plan in your head what to
-spontaneity, say.
-animation, • State your main point briefly and deliver it at a
-vocal and facial expressiveness, pace your audience can follow.
-lively sense of communication
• End by saying thank you.
Types of Speech According to Purpose
1. informative speech- provides the audience
with a clear understanding of a concept or 3. Manuscript
idea • Speaking with advanced preparation
Ex: lecturers, teachers • Planned and rehearsed speech
2. entertainment speech- amuses the audience • Reading aloud a written message
Ex: performers, comedians • Exact repetition of the written words
3. Persuasive speech- provides the audience
ideas that can influence their own ideas and Tips
decisions. • Rehearse the speech over and over again until
Ex: campaign speeches you sound natural.
• Observe accomplished news anchors and note
Types of Speech According to Delivery how conversational they sound when they
1. Extemporaneous deliver the news.
• Speaking with limited preparation
• Guided by notes or outline 4. Memorized
• Delivered conversationally • Speaking with advanced preparation
• Most popular type • Planned and rehearsed speech
• Engages the audience • Reciting a written message word-for-word
from memory
Tips • Exact repetition of the written words from
• Create an outline memory
• Organize your points logically (most important • Free to move around the stage
to least important or vice versa)
Tips Tips
• Rehearse the speech over and over again until • Check the venue days before your
you sound natural and feel confident. scheduled speech and arrive hours earlier in
• Observe how actors/actresses perform their the venue, so you can determine the
script in a theater, television, or movie scenes adjustments to make.
• For a large venue, speak more slowly, use
Delivery for Different Situations pauses frequently to highlight the most
1. Speaking to a specific audience size important ideas of your speech, and make
• Audience size depends on the venue size use of facial expressions and gestures. When
you use visual aids, make them more visible.
Approach with your audience • In a small venue, your audience will see
Smaller size: more intimate and personal you up close. Therefore, manage your notes
Larger size: more formal well when you use them and adjust your
nonverbal cues as necessary.
Tips • Practice, practice, practice.
• Ask the organizers about the estimated
number of the audience so you can adjust 4. Speaking with a microphone
your delivery. Main function- increases the volume of
• Practice, practice, practice. your voice, not to clarify the pronunciation
and enunciation of words.
2. Speaking in an open-air venue or outside a
building Tips
• open courts or grounds, football fields, • Check the microphone if it functions well.
farms, etc. • Check your voice in the microphone to see
• You will encounter a lot of communication whether you are audible enough.
barriers • In a small venue, you may not use a
• You might be forced to make adjustments, microphone, but you need to manage your
especially in voice projection voice’s volume well.
• Practice, practice, practice
Tips
• Check the venue prior to your speaking 5. Speaking with a podium or lectern
engagement. Podium or lectern- reading desk with a stand
• Ask the organizers about the availability of and a slanted top
equipment.
• Challenge yourself on how you can get and Tips
maintain the attention of your audience. • Stand straight, as good posture exudes
• Use the outdoor setting or venue to your confidence.
advantage as a way of jumpstarting your • Avoid gripping the edges of the podium
speech or as an example to support your with both hands. Aside from this, also avoid
main point. hiding them behind the podium.
• Practice, practice, practice. • For extemporaneous and impromptu
speakers, step to the side occasionally once
3. Speaking in different venues you have composed yourself, so you can
• Speaking venues that vary according to effectively use your gestures, make eye
size contact, and connect more with your
• You will have to make big adjustments in audience.
terms of your nonverbal cues • Practice, practice, practice.
Tools for Effective Speech Delivery 7. Pronounce and enunciate words correctly. It
could distract them and affect your credibility.
Watch and emulate people who speak in public
excellently 8. Avoid fillers or expressions that substitute actual
words in your speech because these words are
• How they approach their audience (formal,
distracting. Examples of fillers are “like,” “um,”
informal, personal, conversational, and intimate,
“ah,” “uh,” and “er.” Instead of using them the next
among others)
time you deliver a speech, simply stop and pause.
• How they connect with their audience (using
9. Start your speech by standing straight and
eye contact, body movements, and facial
balancing your weight.
expressions)
10. Use precise movements. Observe your
• How they present themselves (stage presence:
mannerisms and learn how to avoid them when
how they look, stand, walk, use nonverbal cues, and
speaking in public.
act on and off the stage)
11. Avoid having a poker face or a highly animated
• How they use their voice in terms of volume
face. Instead, follow the most highly suggested tip:
(loudness or softness), pitch (highness or lowness),
smile. However, make sure that the meaning of your
rate or speed, pauses to show emphasis and
speech reflects in your facial expressions.
strengthen the clarity of the message, vocal
variety (effective changes in volume, pitch, rate 12. Dress properly and appropriately.
and pauses), and pronunciation
13. Observe ethics by coming prepared, being
honest with your words, being polite, avoiding
offensive words and back-biting or talking negative
More Tips for Effective Speech Delivery
things about other people, or copying someone’s
1. Use a conversational style more often. This is the work without proper documentation.
style that is more natural.
14. Breathe in and out to relax before your speech.
2. Look your audience members in the eye so they Most importantly, have fun.
will feel that they are part of your speech.
3. Remember to adjust your volume to the size of
the audience and the venue. When addressing a
large audience, modulate your voice in such a way
that you speak loudly without sounding like
shouting or yelling.
4. Vary your rate or speed to keep your audience
interested and to avoid a monotone pattern. Your Types of Speech
rate should be at an appropriate speed.
1. Manuscript
5. Master your voice and find your pitch level (high 2. Memorized
or low). If you have a high pitch level, modulate or 3. Impromptu
slightly move it down. If you have a low pitch level, 4. Extemporaneous
modulate or slightly move it up. 5. Entertainment
6. Informative
6. Use pauses when you emphasize the most
7. Persuasive
important words, phrases, or sentences. Your pauses
should not last for three seconds.
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING A Strategies in Organizing and Delivering the
MANUSCRIPT SPEECH Manuscript Speech
Whom is the manuscript method most 1. Practice!
advantageous?
Practice delivering the speech several times. Even if
1. Public figures. They need ghost writers. it’s a manuscript, know the speech by heart.
Consequently, they would have to read the text of
2. Adapt!
the speech as it is.
Even if you have a manuscript, feel free to modify
Ex. The President’s State of the Nation Address
the text when the situation demands it.
(SONA)
If you observe that your audience is bored, you may
2. Media personalities. Speakers on radio and
use shorter yet more vigorous words. If your
television always battle with time limits.
audience is impatient, add words of strong
For example, a televised panel discussion about a motivational power. If your audience is anxious,
social issue may require radio and TV anchors to share personal anecdotes to lighten the mood.
critically choose and refine the words of their
Tips in Using the Manuscript Method
speech in advance.
1. Prepare!
3. Spokespersons for government and private
organizations. Requires a great deal of Keep your text easy to use by neatly composing it in
contemplation and preparation. triple space.
For example, speeches of different country’s 2. Mark!
spokespersons in an international seminar on
climate change. Own your manuscript by highlighting key words
and phrases.
3. Practice!
Potential Problems with the Manuscript Method
You can make a lot of notes on the draft of your
1. You might be tempted to skip practicing the manuscript during the first few rehearsals, but make
speech. sure to reprint your script, especially if you make
too many changes.
2. In relation to the previous point, if you fail to
practice your speech and decide to read it during the 4. Practice some more!
time of delivery itself, you might be glued to the
speech all throughout Read the text over and over orally. As you practice,
vary the volume, rate, and pitch of your voice
Note: glancing at the audience only at the end of a during appropriate points in the speech.
sentence is not sufficient.
5. Concentrate!
3. Lastly, because everything is planned based on
the time allotted, you will surely want to cover Concentrate on keeping eye contact, but do not stare
everything in your speech before you run out of at only one section of the audience.
time. Pay attention and make sure to check and 6. Act it out!
adjust if the audience displays anxiety, impatience,
or boredom. Use a lectern or a podium when practicing the
speech.
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING A 4. Identify keys!
MEMORIZED SPEECH
Identify a key point in every paragraph. You can
-commit the speech to memory so that you do not easily expound on the key points.
bring your notes when delivering it.
5. Have a break!
When should you memorize?
After memorizing some parts of your speech, take a
-best that you memorize short speeches for special break for some hours or for a day. This will test
occasions how well you can recall what you think you have
memorized.
-for the introduction of a guest, acceptance of award
or recognition, toast, eulogy, tribute, and the like. 6. Record and listen!
Disadvantages of the Memorized Speech Record yourself delivering the speech and listen to
it over and over again.
1. You might forget what you are going to say
which will only lead to dull pauses. 7. Use note cards!
2. You might overdo what you memorized
Write one key point on one note card.
which will lead to unnatural delivery.
3. You might focus on content.
4. You might be too tied to remembering your
script which will give you no chance to pay
attention and respond to audience feedback.

Advantages of Delivering a Memorized Speech

1. You do not need notes anymore
2. You can plan gestures, facial expressions,
and movement. When you know the speech
by heart, it will be easier for you to work on
nonverbal communication.
3. You can concentrate on visual aids and
props
4. You will feel more confident

Tips in Memorizing a Speech

1. Break it down!
You cannot memorize a speech in one sitting. One
paragraph at a time.
2. Build it up!
After memorizing the speech in snippets, you need
to put them together. Recite one paragraph at a
time. The next thing you know, you have completed
your speech.
3. Speak out!
Do not memorize the speech silently.
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERINGAN 2. Relax by thinking about positive things. Keep
IMPROMPTU SPEECH telling yourself, “I am a brilliant speaker. I will nail
this presentation.”
-delivered with little or no time for preparation
3. Identify your purpose. Is it to inform, to entertain,
to welcome, to congratulate, to apologize, or to give
Strategies in Organizing and Delivering an birthday greetings?
Impromptu Speech
4. Think of one big word that can serve as your
1. Past, Present, Future main point. If you think you have enough, think of
the rule of three.
Ex. In the past….In the present…In the future…
5. Start outlining in your head. Focus on what to say
2. Point-Reason-Example/Explanation-Point first. Be reminded that your first few words are
3. Opening, Rule of Three, Clincher crucial, so make them strong, powerful and catchy.

Rule of three- First, second, finally During the Speech

Clincher- conclusive argument 1. When you are called, keep composed. Walk
slowly to the lectern or the center stage.
2. Shake hands with the one who introduced you, if
Strategies whenever you find yourself unaware of necessary.
the topic
3. As you stand to deliver, establish eye contact, and
a. Bridging- This entails building a connection begin right away with your opening statements. Part
between what you do know and what you do of your opening is greeting your audience.
not know.
b. Reframing- This means rephrasing or 4. From your initial idea to the next, use appropriate
redefining the topic into something that you transitional devices.
want to talk about. 5. Observe appropriate and effective nonverbal
-If you don’t like the topic given to you, you cues.
can reframe it.
- Redefine the topic, or you can question or 6. Observe time limit. Remember, you barely have
challenge it. five minutes to say something.
c. Playing Devil’s Advocate- This refers to you
After the Speech
standing on the opposite side
Ex. When the topic given to you is about the 1. Say thank you.
budget on national defense and you don’t
2. Return to your place comfortably.
know about it rather what you know is about
education, then you can talk about
education.

Some Useful Tips in Effective Impromptu Speech

Delivery
Before the Speech
1. Smile.
ORGANIZING AND DELVERING AN 4. Introduce! In the introduction, make sure you:
EXTEMPORANEOUS SPEECH
• grab the attention of the audience with a striking
-planned and prepared speech one-liner.
-delivered with the help of short notes and a clear • give a short background by explaining why they
outline have to listen.
-more spontaneous and personal • state your thesis.
5. Check!
3 Steps in Studying your Extemporaneous Topic Develop at least three main points and check each
of them with these questions:
1. Identify the type of extemporaneous question
that you have to answer • Does each point have one single idea?
Is it a question of fact? • Does each point reiterate the thesis statement?
-answerable by “Yes” or “No” • Does each point prepare the discussion of the next
main point?
Is it a question of value?
6. Supply!
-whether a topic is good or bad, moral or immoral,
just or unjust Make sure that each main point has enough
examples, testimonies, statistics, or cases.
Is it a question of policy?
7. Conclude!
-what policy or rule should be followed
Reinforce your introduction by coming up with a
2. Determine the purpose appropriate to your topic.
closing attention-getter that is related to your
3. Stick to your topic and look at all of the sides and opening. Connect the needs and interest of your
angles of the problem. audience with the theme of your speech.
Restate your thesis or review your main points.

Steps in Preparing for a Successful Extemporaneous

Speech
1. Reinforce!
You may explore other main points, but always
refer back to your thesis.
2. Capture!
State the central idea of your extemporaneous
speech in one declarative sentence. Keep your
sentence specific. Ask yourself what you want your
audience to know exactly.

3. Develop!
Map out the supporting points in an outline.
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING AN 1.2 Introduce the main message of your
ENTERTAINMENT SPEECH speech.
Aims of an Entertainment Speech 1.3 Provide a sneak peak of the content of
your entertaining speech.
-share goodwill, joy, and pleasure to the audience
2. Body (you may use any of the techniques below)
-not to educate, inform, or inspire
2.1 Talk about the series of events that made
-make the audience relax, enjoy, and even laugh you think of your main message.
2.2 Use a humorous quote which highlights
How to Make your Speech Entertaining your message.

• tell jokes; 2.3 Share related stories and anecdotes of

others.
• share funny stories;
3. Conclusion
• dramatize experiences; and
3.1 Recall the main points you talked about
• recall a scary story in your speech.
3.2 Recount your main message.
Steps in Writing an Entertaining Speech 3.3 Make a final statement which connects
1. Choose! to the opening anecdote.

Choose a light topic. Remember, you are there to

give the audience a good time.
2. Enjoy!
If you exude confidence and you obviously enjoy
the moment, the audience will enjoy your presence,
too.
3. Simplify!
Simplify the flow of your speech.
4. Visualize!
Your words should be highly descriptive. Use vivid
words and keep them flowing.
5. Surprise!
Astonish your audience with unexpected twists in
your presentation. The more you surprise them, the
more entertaining your speech will become.

Suggested Outline
1. Introduction
1.1 Open with an anecdote or funny story
which captures the interest of the audience.
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING AN b. Single Effect-Multiple Causes
INFORMATIVE SPEECH -cause 1, cause 2, cause 3
c. Multiple Causes-Multiple Effects
4 Types of Informative Speeches -cause 1, cause 2, effect1, effect 2
1. Speech about objects or people d. Domino Effects
-cause, effect, cause, effect
-focuses on tangible items like gadgets,
products, structures, or people. Visual aids E. Comparison-Contrast- used if you want to
may be necessary. compare objects, events, or concepts
2. Speech about processes underscoring their similarities and
differences.
-focuses on a process or sequence of events.
Visual aids are necessary. Formats
Block
3. Speech about events
2. Body
-focuses on an event that happened, is
happening, or might happen in the future. 2.1 Object/Event/Concept A
4. Speech about Concepts 2.1.1 Comparison Point A
-focuses on beliefs, knowledge, theories, 2.1.2 Comparison Point B
principles or ideas.
2.1.3 Comparison Point C
2.2 Object/Event/Concept B
Organizational Patterns
2.2.1 Comparison Point A
A. Chronological Pattern- used if you want to
present the history, evolution, or 2.2.2 Comparison Point B
development of your topic in a sequential 2.2.3 Comparison Point C
order, from past to present or beginning to
end
Point-by-point
B. Spatial Pattern –used when you want to talk
about the physical structure of an object or 2. Body
the way things fit together in a certain space. 2.1 Comparison Point A
-geology fits this pattern best.
2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
C. Topical/Categorical Pattern- used if you 2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
want to inform your audience about the
main features, descriptions, or categories of 2.1 Comparison Point B
your topic. 2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
D. Cause-Effect Pattern- used if you want to 2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
show the causal relationship of events or 2.1 Comparison Point C
phenomena.
2.1.1 Object/Event/Concept A
-may follow different patterns of 2.1.2 Object/Event/Concept B
organization depending on the relationship
Between the causes and effects of the event

a. Single Cause-Multiple Effects

-effect 1, effect 2, effect 3
ORGANIZING AND DELIVERING A 5. Effective and powerful ways to gain the attention
PERSUASIVE SPEECH of your audience
-form of communication that people of diverse • Do you use any of the following effective
backgrounds mostly engage in techniques to grab the attention of your listeners and
engage them in your speech?
-center on any arguably interesting topic under the
sun >powerful and relevant question
primary goal: influence the thoughts, feelings,
actions, and behaviors or attitudes of your listeners >striking statistics

: change their perception and convince them that > shocking incident
your argument is more important > memorable anecdotes
persuasive speaker—advocate for whatever your >humorous observations or experiences
message is
6. Compelling ideas to make your target audience
feel and think
Qualities of an Effective Persuasive Speech • Do you appeal to your listeners’ minds?
1. Well-defined goal • Do you appeal to your listeners’ hearts?
• What is your specific goal in mind? 7. Salient motives to target the salient needs of your
• Do you expect your audience to think differently, audience
act differently, or both, after they listen to your • Do you motivate your audience by incorporating
speech? ideas and thoughts important to their growth and
2. Clear main point development as individuals?

• Is the main point of your speech clear to you?

• Is it specific and focused? Types of Claims in Persuasive Speech

3. Sufficient supporting ideas 1. Speech that Questions Fact

• Do you have factual statements, reliable sources, -Questions the existence of a particular event or
or solid evidence to support your main point? happening.

• Do you have enough number of supporting - poses questions of fact,

statements? -derives conclusions from different sources
4. Logical reasoning (concrete reasons why your of information, and
listeners should support your ideas) -attempts to convince the audience to
• How will you state your arguments? believe in his/her ideas.

• Will you use any of the following? 2. Speech that Questions Value

>deductive (general evidence to specific) -Questions of value regarding topics on the self,
family, friendship, religion, government, freedom,
> inductive (specific evidence to general) love, and money, among others
>causal (cause/s and effect/s, or vice versa) -makes a statement or claim which reflects
his/her judgment,
>analogy (compared to things or situations)
-attempts to convince his/her audience of
his/her judgment,
-justifies it based on standards.
3. Speech that Questions Policy 4. Comparative Advantages
-questions the current state of things which can Below are the rules in applying this pattern.
impact the future
(1) Identify the problem.
-asks relevant questions that can help in
making a decision on whether or not something (2) Present at least two solutions to the problem.
should be implemented, observed, or done (3) Compare the two in terms of practicality and
feasibility

Organizational Patterns 5. Monroe’s Motivated Sequence

1. A. F.O.R.E.S.T. Alan Monroe

(1) Anecdotes. Begin your speech with a personal Here’s how to apply this technique.
story, observation, or experience. 1. Grab the attention of the audience by identifying
(2) Facts and figures. Provide striking statistics that the challenge you plan to confront, or the problem
can support your ideas. you plan to address.

(3) Opinion. Add in your opinion. You can begin 2. Establish the need or urgency to address the
your statement with, “I believe that…”. identified challenge or problem.

(4) Rhetorical questions. Think of and add engaging 3. Present possible solutions to your audience to
rhetorical questions (i.e., questions which do not satisfy the need.
intend to elicit answers, but to make a point). 4. Help your audience visualize. Use vivid words to
(5) Emotive language. Appeal to your audience’s convince your audience about the benefits they can
emotion. gain from the solutions you presented.

(6) Superlatives. Use superlatives to exaggerate an 5. Engage the audience to participate in promoting
idea. change through a call for action.

(7) Tripling. The rule of three in the English writing

principle simply entails using three words together Methods of Persuasion
to reinforce your point. A classic example is Julius
Caesar’s statement: “Veni, vidi, vici” (I came, I • They perceive that the speaker has credibility.
saw, I conquered). • They are convinced by the evidence presented by
2. Problem-Solution the speaker.

Here’s how: • They are convinced by the speaker’s reasoning.

(1) Identify the problem. • Their emotions are touched by the speaker’s ideas
or use of language.
(2) Provide a solution, which will show the
practicality of your proposal.
3. Problem-Cause-Solution Tips:

Below are the rules in applying this pattern. 1. How to enhance your credibility

(1) Identify the problem. a. Explain how you became an expert on the topic.

(2) Analyze the root causes of the problem. b. Connect your experiences, beliefs, values or
attitudes with your audience’s.
(3) Provide a solution to the problem.
c. Practice more often so you can deliver your
speech with conviction.
2. How to use evidence
a. Specify evidence.
b. Avoid outdated evidence.
c. Choose reputable or credible sources for your
evidence.
3. How to use reasoning
Avoid logical fallacies or errors in reasoning.
types of logical fallacies
• Ad Hominem: This happens when you attack the
character of a person instead of his argument.
• Circular Argument: This happens when the idea of
a stated argument is repeated.
: Do not repeat the argument; instead, prove it.
• False Analogy: This happens when two things,
which might be alike in some respects, are
compared and assumed to be similar in other ways.
• False Authority: This happens when a statement of
someone who is not an expert in the field in
question is being used in an argument.
: Check properly the qualifications of the person
being cited.
• False Cause and Effect: This happens when the
connection between two consecutive events are not
clear.
: by explaining both backgrounds clearly
• Hasty Generalization: This happens when a
conclusion is drawn from insufficient evidence.
• Red Herring: This happens when the answer does
not address the question.
: Do not avoid opposing arguments. Instead, address
them properly.
4. How to use emotional appeal
a. Internalize what you are saying.
b. Use emotion appropriately.