Patricia Marie S.

Rebong

Q1A

Telescope

History

In 1609, Hans Lippershey gave way to the creation of the first known telescope.
It has only 3x magnification, but it was a great start at that time. By 1611 Galileo had
improved the specifications of the telescope. He successfully increased the
magnification to 33 diameters. This allowed for the first visualization of sunspots and a
few of Saturn's moons. Despite the fact that Lippershey was the first one to invent the
telescope, Galileo's improvements made known for it to be known as the Galilean
Telescope.

The telescope continued to be developed, and other types were made over time.
In 1611, Johannes Kepler created another type, known as a refracting telescope.
Eventually, improvements on this model led to the identification of Saturn's brightest
moon, Titan. A second type of telescope, known as a reflecting telescope, used a
curved mirror to reflect and increase the viewed image. In 1688 Isaac Newton
succeeded in the creation of the first reflecting telescope, which allowed for a marked
increase in magnification. Continued development of the reflecting telescope, eventually
led to the creation of extremely large models in the mid 1800s, which had larger
magnification and increased image resolution. The Hooker telescope, created in 1917,
is an example of this model and is over 100 inches long.

From the 1980s, telescopes using adaptive optics were becoming more
prominent. This type of telescope views an image multiple times, sensing variations
caused from light or movement. A computer processes these images, and moves the
appropriate mirrors within the telescope to allow for the capture of an optimal view. The
Keck telescopes, and the two Gemini telescopes created in the 1990s are examples of
this class.

Scientific Contribution

Telescopes have opened our eyes to the universe. Early telescopes showed that
Earth was not the center of the universe, as was previously believed. They also showed
mountains and craters on the moon. Later telescopes have revealed geography and
weather on the planets in our solar system. Telescopes have also revealed new planets
and asteroids. These instruments helped us make the first valid measurement of the
speed of light. Telescopes have also helped us understand gravity and other
fundamental laws of the physical world. Telescopes have also helped us understand the
light that radiates from the sun and other stars.

Modern telescopes like NASA's Hubble Space Telescope, provide evidence of

billions of galaxies, each containing billions of stars like our sun. Some new telescopes
allow us to study objects in the universe by detecting the heat or radio waves or X-rays
they emit. Telescopes are now discovering planets around other stars. Future
telescopes will be useful to answer a fundamental human question: "Are we alone in the
universe?" So far, only large and hot planets have been discovered, but it is likely that
Earth-like planets will be discovered in the next few years, and this all through the help
of the Telescope.
Microscope

History

During the 11th century, the Arab Alhazan described the use and characteristics
of glass lenses. Two hundred years later, the English natural philosopher Roger Bacon
was familiar with lenses. Eyeglasses, however, were not invented until the late 1200s.
Around 1600, the microscope was invented, possibly by Hans and Zacharias Jansen.
Due to poor lens quality, the early compound microscopes could only magnify an object
up to 20 or 30 times its normal size.

The first big microscopy advances happened during 1665, when Robert Hooke
published the Micrographia, a collection of copper-plate illustrations of objects he had
observed with his own compound microscope. He coined the term ‘cell’ when looking at
a piece of cork under 30x magnification. In the late 1660s, Antony van Leeuwenhoek
began to grind his own lenses and make simple microscopes. Each microscope was
really a powerful magnifying glass rather than a compound microscope. Leeuwenhoek’s
hand-ground lenses could magnify an object up to 200 times. He observed animal and
plant tissue, sperm cells and blood cells, minerals, fossils, and much more. He also
discovered nematodes and rotifers (microscopic animals), and he discovered bacteria
while looking at samples of plaque from his own and others’ teeth.

During the 1700’s until 1800’s, not much change in the basic microscope design
occurred, but better lenses were crafted (using purer glass and different shapes) to
solve problems like color distortion and poor image resolution. In the late 1800’s, Ernst
Abbe discovered that oil-immersion lenses prevented light distortion at highest
magnification power. These are still used today on 1000x-objective microscopes.
In 1931, a pair of German scientists invented the electron microscope. This kind
of microscope directs a beam of speeded-up electrons at a cell sample; as the electrons
are absorbed or scattered by different parts of the cell, they form an image that can be
captured by an electron-sensitive photo plate. Compound microscopes are being
improved with digital and other new technology, making microscopy better for everyone
from kids to lab microbiologists until now.

Scientific Contribution

Microscopy has advanced science in different fields particularly medicine,

microbiology, biology, and education. Today, hospital laboratories use microscopes to
identify which microbe is causing an infection so physicians can prescribe the proper
antibiotic. They are also used to diagnose cancer and other diseases.

Many types of scientists, seeking to understand the natural and physical world
better, use microscope in their work. Forensic scientists examine blood, dust, fibers and
other trace materials at a crime scene to help prosecute criminals. Environmental
scientists examine soil and water samples, while geneticists observe chromosomes for
defects. In engineering, material scientists use microscopes to inspect the components
of structures such as buildings, bridges and dams to ensure that they are safe.

In the classroom, microscopes are used to teach students about the structure of
things too small to be seen with the human eye alone. The individual cells of plants,
animals, bacteria and yeast can all be seen using a compound microscope. Comparing
these organisms helps students learn about the variety of life on Earth.
Internet

History

The Internet started in the 1960s as a way for government researchers to share
information. Computers in the '60s were large and immobile and in order to make use of
information stored in any one computer, one had to either travel to the site of the
computer or have magnetic computer tapes sent through the conventional postal
system.

Another catalyst in the formation of the Internet was the heating up of the Cold
War. The Soviet Union's launch of the Sputnik satellite spurred the U.S. Defense
Department to consider ways information could still be disseminated even after a
nuclear attack. This eventually led to the formation of the ARPANET (Advanced
Research Projects Agency Network), the network that ultimately evolved into what we
now know as the Internet. ARPANET was a great success but membership was limited
to certain academic and research organizations who had contracts with the Defense
Department. In response to this, other networks were created to provide information
sharing.

January 1, 1983 is considered the official birthday of the Internet. Prior to this, the
various computer networks did not have a standard way to communicate with each
other. A new communications protocol was established called Transfer Control
Protocol/Internetwork Protocol (TCP/IP). This allowed different kinds of computers on
different networks to "talk" to each other. ARPANET and the Defense Data Network
officially changed to the TCP/IP standard on January 1, 1983, hence the birth of the
Internet. All networks could now be connected by a universal language.
Scientific Contribution

The internet has allowed science and technology in our world to flourish. The
internet has made scientific information and news to be easily and effectively
disseminated among the public. Individuals can easily gain access to important
information regarding science, which is of great help to researchers, scholars, and
students. Easier access to information is one proof that technology has improved
throughout the years. Instead of reading for hours and days in a library, the internet has
made it possible for information to be just one click away.

The internet also allowed for communication to be easier. People from all around
the world are able to send and receive messages, videos, pictures, files, and other
attachments through the help of the internet. Jobs are made easier, and less man
power is needed.
References

Softschools.com. (2018). Telescope - History of Telescope. [online] Retrieved

November 18, 2018, from
http://www.softschools.com/inventions/history/telescope_history/207/

Nasa.gov. (2018). NASA - Have Telescopes Changed Our View of the Universe?.
[online] Retrieved November 18, 2018, from
https://www.nasa.gov/centers/jpl/education/telescopes-20100405.html

Home Science Tools. (2018). A Short History of the Microscope. [online] Retrieved
November 18, 2018, from https://learning- center.homesciencetools.com/article/history-
of-the-microscope/

Sciencing. (2018). How Do Microscopes Improve Our Lives Today?. [online] Retrieved
November 18, 2018, from https://sciencing.com/do-microscopes-improve-lives-today-
5761872.html

Usg.edu. (2018). A Brief History of the Internet. [online] Retrieved November 18, 2018,
from https://www.usg.edu/galileo/skills/unit07/internet07_02.phtml