EXPERIMENT-1

Common Emitter Amplifier.

AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Common-Emitter Amplifier
using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Function Generator 0.02V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor BC107 1

Resistors 56KΩ, 4.7 KΩ, 3.3 KΩ, 2KΩ, 1 KΩ-2 5

4 Capacitors 1 μF(3) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
R2 56k

R4 3.3k

VF2

VF1 C3 1u

R1 1k C1 1u
T1 !NPN
R6 1k
+

R3 4.7k

R5 2k

C2 1u

0.02V. 1KHz

Fig-1: CE Amplifier
PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the compone nt dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0 V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Meas urement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH
T 20.00

0.00

CE amplifier Frequency Responses

Gain (dB)

-20.00

-40.00

-60.00

100.00

0.00

-100.00
Phase [deg]

-200.00

CE amplifier Phase Responses

-300.00

-400.00

-500.00

10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M 10.00M 100.00M 1.00G

Frequency (Hz)
RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Common-emitter amplifier is measured and the graph
plotted.
2. From the graph.
i. The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.

v 
ii. The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii. The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv. iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz
frequency is made.
EXPERIMENT-2
Common Base Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Common-Base Amplifier
using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Function Generator 0.02V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor BC107 1

Resistors 56KΩ, 4.7 KΩ, 3.3 KΩ, 2KΩ, 1 KΩ-2 5

4 Capacitors 1 μF(3) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
R2 56k

R4 3.3k

VF2

C3 1u

C1 1u
T1 !NPN VF1
R6 1k

C2 1u R1 500
+
R3 4.7k

R5 2k

0.02V. 1KHz

Fig-2: CB Amplifier
PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analys is” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Measurement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH
T 10.00

0.00

-10.00 CB amplifier Frequency Responce

Gain (dB)

-20.00

-30.00

-40.00

-50.00

200.00

100.00

CB amplifier Phase Responce

Phase [deg]

0.00

-100.00

-200.00
10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M 10.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)
RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Common-Base amplifier is measured and the graph plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.
v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-3
Common Source Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Common-Source Amplifier
using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Ver. 9.1.

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 15V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 1

Resistors 10KΩ, 4.7 KΩ, 470Ω, 2MΩ, 1 KΩ 5

4 Capacitors 10 μF(2) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 15

VF2
R3 4.7K

VF1
C2 10u

R1 10K C1 10u

T1 2N3369
R5 1K
+

R4 470
R2 2MEG

50mV, 1KHz

Fig-3: CS Amplifier
PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place a “Junction FET N-Channel”
transistor on the centre of the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as
2N4393.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog bo x. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [dB].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be disp layed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Measurement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH
T 0.00

-10.00

CS amplifier Frequency Responce

Gain (dB)

-20.00

-30.00

-40.00

100.00

0.00

CE amplifier Phase Responce

Phase [deg]

-100.00

-200.00

-300.00

-400.00
1.0 10.0 100.0 1.0k 10.0k 100.0k 1.0M 10.0M 100.0M 1.0G
Frequency (Hz)
RESULT

1.The frequency response of the FET common-source amplifier is simulated and the graph
plotted.

2. From the graph

i) The gain of the amplifier at 10 kHz = ………..dB

v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB =……Hz.
 vi 

v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB =……Hz
 vi 
EXPERIMENT-4
Two Stage RC Coupled Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the gain of the first stage and overall gain of a two-stage RC coupled
amplifier using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Ver. 9.1.

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 2

Resistors (Ω) 33K, 10K(2),6.8 K(2), 2.2K(2), 1 K(2) 9

4 Capacitors 10 μF 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 25
R5 100k

R1 4.7k

R7 100k

R3 3.3k

VF1 VF2

C2 10u
C5 10u

C1 1u
T1 !NPN T2 !NPN
R9 1k
+

50mV, 1KHz
R6 10k

R2 2.2k

C3 10u

R8 10k

R4 1k

C4 1u

Fig-4: Two stage RC- Coupled Amplifier

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place two NPN transistors on the centre of the
page. Double click the transistors and set their part nos. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [d B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

MODEL GRAPH

80.00
T
60.00 Stage-2
40.00
Gain (dB)

20.00
0.00
Stage-1
-20.00
-40.00
-60.00
-80.00
200.00
Two-Stage RC Coupled Amplifier
Phase [deg]

0.00

-200.00

-400.00
10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M 10.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)

RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Two stage RC coupled amplifier is measured and the graph plotted.

2. From the plot of overall gain vs. frequency

i) The gain of the first stage of the amplifier at 10 kHz = ………..dB

ii) The gain of the second stage of the amplifier at 10 kHz = ………..dB

 vo 2 
iii) The overall gain of the amplifier 20log   at 10 kHz = ……….dB
 vi1 

 vo 2 
iv) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log   dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi1 

 vo 2 
v) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log   dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi1 
EXPERIMENT-5
Current Shunt Feedback Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Current Shunt Feedback
Amplifier using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 15V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 2

Resistors 10KΩ, 500Ω, 470Ω, 3.3KΩ, 1KΩ(2) 5

4 Capacitors 10 μF(2) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 15
R5 500
R1 3.3k

VF1

T1 !NPN T2 !NPN
C1 1u R4 1k

VG1
+

R2 1k
R3 150

Fig-5: Curre nt Shunt Feedback Amplifier

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

MODEL GRAPH

T 20.00
10.00
0.00
Gain (dB)

-10.00
-20.00

-30.00
-40.00

-50.00
100.00

0.00
Phase [deg]

-100.00

-200.00
-300.00

-400.00
10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M 10.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)

RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Common-emitter amplifier is measured and the graph
plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.
v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-6
Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Voltage Series Feedback
Amplifier using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 2

Resistors(Ω) 150K,47K, 3.3K, 33K, 2.2K, 1K,150 9

4 Capacitors 1 μF 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
R1 150k

R3 3.3k

R5 33k

R7 3.3k

T1 !NPN
VF1
C2 1u T2 !NPN
R9 150

VG1
+

R2 47k

R8 1k
R6 2.2k
R4 560

C3 1u
C1 10u

R10 15k

Fig-6 : Voltage Series Feedback Amplifier

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in F ig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (se lect Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displa yed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

MODEL GRAPH

T 30.00

20.00
Gain (dB)

10.00

0.00
100.00

0.00
Phase [deg]

-100.00

-200.00

-300.00
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
Frequency (Hz)

RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Common-emitter amplifier is measured and the graph
plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.
v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-7
Cascode Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Cascode Amplifier using
simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 30V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 1

Resistors 30K,3.3Ω, 470Ω, 10M, 10K, 330 6

4 Capacitors 10 μF(2) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 30
R1 30k

R4 3.9k

C3 1u VF1

T1 !NPN
R2 10k
C1 1u

R6 10k

VF2

T2 !NPN

0.05V, 1KHz
+

R5 330
R3 10MEG

C2 1u

Fig-7 : Cascode Amplifier

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

MODEL GRAPH

RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Cascode amplifier is measured and the graph plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.

v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-8
Wien Bridge Oscillator using Transistors.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of Wien Bridge Oscillator using simulation
software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 30V 1

2 Transistor 2N3369 1

3 Resistors 22K, 4.7 K, 10K, 2.2K, 1 KΩ 11

4 Capacitors 10 μF, 1nF 5

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM
R7 2.2k

R8 22k

R9 2.2k
C1 1n

V1 25
R3 10k

R2 22k

C4 10u
C3 10u
T2 !NPN
T1 !NPN
R5 4.7k

R1 4.7k

R11 4.7k

R10 2.2k

C5 10u
R6 2.2k
R4 4.7k

C2 1n

Fig-8: Wein Bridge Oscillator

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.
8. Next, select “Oscilloscope” from the T&M Menu. Then click Run and then Auto in
the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope dialog. Select AC coupling and observe the
steady-state sinusoidal waveform. To synchronize screen waveform set Trigger mode
to Normal and then using the B cursor ON, measure the time period of the waveform.
Then, use the horizontal cursor to measure the peak to peak voltage of the waveform.
A screen shot of the output waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Sketch the steady-state sinusoidal output waveform on a graph paper.
MODEL GRAPH

T 3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Axis label

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
0.00 50.00u 100.00u 150.00u 200.00u

RESULT

1. The frequency of the wein bridge oscillator was observed and the graph is plotted.
1
The frequency of oscillation is =…….Hz and v o (p-p) is ………..volts.
T
2. Caculte the theoretical frequency f = 1/2πRC
EXPERIMENT-9
RC Phase Shift Oscillator using Transistors.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of RC Phase Shift Oscillator using simulation
software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 25V 1

2 Transistor 2N3369 1

3 Resistors 22KΩ, 2.2KΩ, 3.3KΩ, 1 KΩ 7

4 Capacitors 0.001μF, 10uF 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V CC

(+25V)
VF1
22 KΩ 3.9 KΩ
Rc 0.001 μF 0.001 μF 0.001 μF

C voutput
B C C C

I3 Ib
E 3.3 KΩ 3.3 KΩ 2.2 KΩ

1KΩ 10 μF
2.2 KΩ Re
CE

Fig-9: RC- Phase Shift Oscillator

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.
8. Next, select “Oscilloscope” from the T&M Menu. Then click Run and then Auto in the
bottom of the virtual oscilloscope dialog. Select AC coupling and observe the steady-state
sinusoidal waveform. To synchronize screen waveform set Trigger mode to Normal and then
using the B cursor ON, measure the time period of the waveform. Then, use the horizontal
cursor to measure the peak to peak voltage of the waveform. A screen shot of the output
waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Sketch the steady-state sinusoidal output waveform on a graph paper.
MODEL GRAPH

T 3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Axis label

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
0.00 50.00u 100.00u 150.00u 200.00u

RESULT

1. The frequency of the RC phase shift oscillator was observed and the graph for 2 cycles
1
plotted. The frequency of oscillation is =…….Hz and v o (p-p) is ………..volts.
T

2. The dc voltages i) VCE =……volts ii) across Rc = ……….volts, and

iii) across Re. = ……….volts

On the output characteristics, the dc load line is drawn and the quiescent point of operation
indicating IC and IB at this point is marked.
EXPERIMENT-10
Class-A Power Amplifier (Transformer less).
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of Class-A Power Amplifier using
simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 15V 1

2 Transistor 2N3369 1

3 Resistors 10KΩ, 4.7 KΩ, 470Ω, 2MΩ, 1 KΩ 5

4 Capacitors 10 μF(2) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
L1 20m
R1 68k

C2 100u

VF1
R2 560
T1 !NPN
C1 22u
R3 470

250mV, 1KHz
+

Fig-10: Class-A Powe r Amplifie r

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Measurement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH

40.00
T

20.00
Gain (dB)

0.00

-20.00 Class-A Power Amplifier

-40.00
0.00

-100.00
Phase [deg]

-200.00

-300.00

-400.00
10.00 100.00 1.00k 10.00k 100.00k 1.00M 10.00M 100.00M 1.00G
Frequency (Hz)
RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Class-A Power amplifier is measured and the graph plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.
v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-11
Class-B Complementary Symmetry Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of operation of a Class-B Complementary
Symmentry Amplifier using simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 15V 1

2 Function Generator 0.05V, 1KHz 1

3 Transistor 2N3369 1

Resistors 10KΩ, 4.7 KΩ, 470Ω, 2MΩ, 1 KΩ 5

4 Capacitors 10 μF(2) 3

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V2 12

T1 !NPN

VF1
+

R1 10k

1V, 1KHz T2 !PNP

V1 12

Fig-11: Class-B Complementary Symmentry Amplifier

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10kHz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Meas urement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH

0.00
T

-10.00
Gain (dB)

-20.00
Class-B Complementary Symmetry Amplifier
-30.00

-40.00
100.00

50.00
Phase [deg]

0.00

-50.00

-100.00
10k 100k 1M 10M 100M 1G 10G 100G
Frequency (Hz)
RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Class-B Complementary Symmentry Amplifier is measured

and the graph plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.

v 
ii) The lower cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
v 
iii) The upper cutoff frequency corresponding to a gain 20log  o  dB -3dB = ……Hz.
 vi 
iv). A sketch of the oscilloscope display of the response of the amplifier at 10 KHz frequency
is made.
EXPERIMENT-12
Hartley Oscillator.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of Hartley Oscillator using simulation software
Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Transistor 2N3369 1

3 Resistors 100KΩ, 5KΩ, 470Ω, 1KΩ, 10KΩ 5

4 Capacitors 0.001uF, 0.01μF, 0.1uF 3

5 Inductor 1mH 2

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
R5 68k

R1 2.2k

VF1

C2 100u

C1 100u
T1 !NPN
L1 1m

R6 4.7k

R2 1k

C3 100n
C4 10n

L2 1m

Fig-12: Hartley Oscillator

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.
8. Next, select “Oscilloscope” from the T&M Menu. Then click Run and then Auto in
the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope dialog. Select AC coupling and observe the
steady-state sinusoidal waveform. To synchronize screen waveform set Trigger mode
to Normal and then using the B cursor ON, measure the time period of the waveform.
Then, use the horizontal cursor to measure the peak to peak voltage of the waveform.
A screen shot of the output waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Sketch the steady-state sinusoidal output waveform on a graph paper.
MODEL GRAPH

T 3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Axis label

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
0.00 50.00u 100.00u 150.00u 200.00u

RESULT

1. The frequency of the Hartley Oscillator was observed and the graph for 2 cycles plotted.
1
The frequency of oscillation is =…….Hz and v o (p-p) is ………..volts.
T
EXPERIMENT-13
Colpitt’s Oscillator.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of Colpitt's Oscillator using simulation
software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Transistor BC107 1

3 Resistors 100KΩ, 5 KΩ, 10KΩ, 1 KΩ 4

4 Capacitors 10 μF, 100nF, 0.1uF 5

5 Inductor 100mH 1

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
R5 68k

R1 2.2k

VF1

C2 100u

C1 100u
T1 !NPN
C4 100n

R6 4.7k

R2 1k

C3 100n
L1 20m

C5 100n

Fig-13: Colpitt's Oscillator

PROCEDURE

Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.
8. Next, select “Oscilloscope” from the T&M Menu. Then click Run and then Auto in
the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope dialog. Select AC coupling and observe the
steady-state sinusoidal waveform. To synchronize screen waveform set Trigger mode
to Normal and then using the B cursor ON, measure the time period of the waveform.
Then, use the horizontal cursor to measure the peak to peak voltage of the waveform.
A screen shot of the output waveform is shown in Fig. 2.
9. Sketch the steady-state sinusoidal output waveform on a graph paper.
MODEL GRAPH

T 3.00

2.00

1.00

0.00
Axis label

-1.00

-2.00

-3.00

-4.00

-5.00
0.00 50.00u 100.00u 150.00u 200.00u

RESULT

1. The frequency of the Colpitt's Oscillator was observed and the graph for 2 cycles plotted.
1
The frequency of oscillation is =…….Hz and v o (p-p) is ………..volts.
T
EXPERIMET-14
Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier.
AIM: To design and determine the frequency of Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier using
simulation software Tina Ver. 7 or Ver 9 or PSpice Version 9.1

APPARATUS

1. Tina or PSpice software.

2. Personal computer.

COMPONENTS AND EQUIPMENTS

S. No. Description Part No./Value Quantity

1 DC voltage Source 12V 1

2 Transistor 2N3369 1

3 Resistors 22KΩ, 5.6KΩ, 210Ω, 10KΩ, 1K 5

4 Capacitors 10 μF, 1uF, 100uF,1nF 4

CIRCUIT DIAGRAM

V1 12
L1 1m

C1 1n
R1 22k

VF2
VF1

C4 10u
T1 !NPN

R5 10k C3 1u
R3 1k

VG1
+

R2 5.6k

C2 100u
R4 210

Fig-14: Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier

PROCEDURE
Drawing the circuit schematic

1. Open the Tina Schematics Editor page.

2. Click the Semiconductors tab and pick and place an NPN transistor on the centre of
the page. Double click the transistor and set the part no. as BC107.
3. Next, click the Basic tab and pick and place resistors, capacitors, battery and the
signal generator in convenient locations following the schematic of Fig. 1. (To rid the
cursor of the component after placing it on the editor page, click anywhere on the
page else, right click and select “Cancel Mode”). Then, place the ground symbol from
the Basic tab and a Voltage pin from the Meters tab.
4. Double-click the resistors, capacitors and transistors in succession and set the
parameter value of each component in the component dialog box. For transistors
ensure that the right part no. is selected. Note: For megohms, use “M”, for milliohms
use “m”, for microfarad use “u” and for nanofarad use “n”. Connect the components
using the Wire symbol in the menu bar, according to the schematic in Fig. 1. Then,
place a single pole single throw (SPST or ON-OFF) switch from the Switches tab. Set
the switch in ON position.
5. Double-click the power supply symbol and set to 25V DC. Next, double-click the
signal generator symbol and enter DC = 0V, Signal (select Sinusoidal) AC =
20millivolts by entering 20m and set the frequency to 10k Hz by entering 10k.
Check the node voltages
6. The Electric Rules Check (ERC) is performed by clicking Analysis in the menubar
and then clicking ERC. This will show up errors and warning messages if the
schematic is not proper. Correct the schematic based on the summary displayed by the
ERC.
7. Next, record the DC node voltages VCE, across Rc and across Re and current IC by
clicking Analysis →DC Analysis →Table of DC Results.

Frequency Response with the switch S1 in ON position.

8. In PSpice: Click the “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “Setup” and select
“AC Sweep” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end frequency to 1 GHz and
select radio button “Decade” and then close the box.
Then, click “Analysis: and click “Simulate” and when the Analysis dialog box opens,
select “AC”. Select “Traces” button in the taskbar and click “Delete all traces” and
then select “Adding Traces” and then select [B].

9. In TINA : Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then
“AC Transfer Characteristic” and set the starting frequency to 10 Hz and end
frequency to 1 GHz. Set the Sweep type to “Logarithmic” and click OK.
A graph of gain in dB vs. Frequency in Hz will be displayed. Sketch the graph
obtained on graph paper of only the response with the switch in ON position.
10. Click “Analysis” in the menu bar and then click “AC Analysis” and then “Table of
AC Results” and note the voltage of the generator vi, the voltage at the amplifier
output vo , and calculate the gain in dB using the expression 20 log vo / vi and verify
that it tallies with the value in the graph at 10kHz.
Sketch the output characteristics and draw the DC load line and mark the quiescent
point of operation indicating IC and IB at this point from the values recorded in the
previous step in DC Analysis.
11. Next, set the switch to OFF position i.e with the bypass capacitor disconnected from
across the emitter resistor and run step 6. Note down the gain (in dB) at 10 KHz.

Additional exercise
12. Set the switch again to ON position.
13. From the menu, double click the signal generator and set the input sinusoidal
frequency to 10kHz. On the menu bar click Test & Measurement (T&M) and click
“Oscilloscope”.
14. Click Run and then Auto (bar at the bottom of the virtual oscilloscope, and set
connection to AC) and set the V/div and Time/div till a clean sinusoidal trace appears.
Then press the “stop” button to freeze the oscilloscope trace and using the B button in
the Cursor box and with the ON button pressed in the Cursor box, measure the
amplitude of the traces taking care with the V/div mentioned at the top of the screen.
15. Next, change the amplitude of the signal generator to say, 500 mV and again obtain a
trace and record your observations of the trace.

MODEL GRAPH

T 100.00

0.00
Gain (dB)

Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier

-100.00

-200.00
10 100 1k 10k 100k 1M 10M 100M
Frequency (Hz)

RESULT

1. The frequency response of the Single Tuned Voltage Amplifier is measured and the graph
plotted.
2. From the graph.
i) The gain at 10kHz = ……..dB.