92 Chapter3 Geometric Design of Highways REFERENCES AASHTO (American Association of State Highway and ‘Transportation Officials). 4 Policy on Geometric Design of Highways and Streets, 6th ed. Washington, DC, 2011 Campbell, C. The Sports Car: Its Design and Performance. Canibridge, MA: Robert Bently, 1978. PROBLEMS 3.1 A 490-m-long sag vertical curve (equal tangent) has, @PYC at station 3 + 700 and elevation 460 m. The initial grade is —3.5% and the final grade is +6.5%. Determine the elevation and stationing of the low point, PYL, and PYT. 3.2 A 150-m-long equal-tangent crest vertical curve connects tangents that intersect at station 10 + 360 and elevation 400 m. The initial grade is +4.0% and the final grade is ~2.5%. Determine the elevation and stationing of the high point, PVC, and PVT. 3.3 Consider Example 3.4, Solve this problem with the parabolic equation (Eq. 3.1) rather than by using offsets, 34 Again consider Example 3.4. Does this curve provide sufficient stopping sight distance for a speed of 100 kin/h? 3.5 An equal-tangent sag vertical curve is designed with the PYC at station 3 + 320 and elevation 290 m, the PVZ at station 3 + 375 and elevation 288.74 m, and the low point at station 3 + 365, Determine the design speed of the curve. 3.6 An equal-tangent vertical curve was designed in 2012 (to 2011 AASHTO guidelines) for a design speed of 110 knv’h to connect grades G, = +1.0% and Gy = ~2.0%, The curve is to be redesigned for a 110-kmv/h design speed in the year 2025. Vehicle braking technology has advanced such that the recommended design deceleration rate is 25% greater than the 2004 Value used to develop Table 3.1, but due to the higher Percentage of older persons in the driving population, design reaction times have increased by 20%. Also, Vehicles have become smaller so that the driver's eye height is assumed to be 900 mm above the pavement, and roadway objects are assumed to be 300 mm above the pavement surface. Compute the difference in design curye lengths for the 2012 and 2025 designs. 7JA 365m equal-tangent crest vertical curve is ‘ifrently designed for 80 km/h. A civil engineering student contends that 100 km/h is safe in a van because of the higher driver's-eye height. If all other design Hickerson, T. F. Route Location and Design, Sth ed, New York: McGraw-Hill, 1964, Wong, J. Y. Theory of Ground Vehicles. New York: John Wiley & Sons, 2008, inputs are standard, what must the driver's-eye height (in the van) be for the student’s claim to be valid? 3.8 A. highway reconstruction project is being undertaken to reduce crash rates. The reconstruction involves a major realignment of the highway such that a 100-km/h design speed is attained. At one point on the highway, a 245-m equal-tangent crest vertical curve exists. Measurements show that at 0 + 1073 stations from the PVC, the vertical curve offset is 1 m. Assess the adequacy of this existing curve in light of the reconstruction design speed of 100 km/h and, if the existing curve is inadequate, compute a satisfactory curve length, (3.9 /Two level sections of an east-west highway (G=0) ‘ate’ to be connected. Currently, the two sections of highway are separated by a 1200-m (horizontal distance), 2% grade. The westemmost section of highway is the higher of the two and is at elevation 30 m. If the highway has a 100-kavh design speed, determine, for the crest and sag vertical curves required. the stationing and elevation of the PYCs and PVTs given that the PYC of the crest curve (on the westernmost level highway section) is at station 0 + 000 and elevation 30 m. In solving this problem, assume that the curve PVIs are at the intersection of G = 0 and the 2% grade, that is, A = 2, *(3.1 Consider Problem 3.9, Suppose it is necessary to ep the entire alignment within the 1200 m that currently separate the two level sections, It is determined that the crest and sag curves should be connected (the PYT of the crest and PVC of the sag) with a constant-grade section that has the lowest grade possible. Again using a 100-km/h design speed, determine, for the crest and sag vertical curves, the stationing and elevation of the PVCs and PYTS given that the westemmost level section ends at Station 0 + 000 and clevation 30 m. (Note that 4 must now be determined and will not be equal to 2.) 3.11 An equal-tangent crest vertical curve is designed for 100 km/h. The initial grade is +4.0% and the finalgrade is negative. What is the elevation difference between the PYC and the high point of the curve? 3.12 An equal-tangent crest vertical curve has an 80- knvh design speed. The initial grade is +3%. The high point is at station 1 +017.2 and the PVT is at station 1 + 133.3. What is the elevation difference between the high point and the PVT? 3.13 A vertical curve is designed for 90 km/h and has, an initial grade of +2.5% and a final grade of ~1.0%, The PVT is at station 3 + 480, Tt is known that a point on the curve at station 3 + 440 is at clevation 75 m. ‘What is the stationing and elevation of the PVC? What, is the stationing and elevation of the high point on the curve? 3.14 An equal-tangent crest curve connects a +1.0% ‘and! a -0.5% grade. The PYC is at station 1 + 670 and the PYT is at station 1 + 750. Is this curve long enough to provide passing sight distance for 4 90-km/h design speed? 3.15 Due to crashes at a railroad crossing, an overpass (with a roadway surface 7.5 m above the existing road) is to be constricted on an existing level highway. The existing highway has a design speed of 80 kmvh, The overpass structure is to be level, centered above the railroad, and 60 m long. What length of the existing level highway must be reconstructed to provide an appropriate vertical alignment? 3.16 A section of a freeway ramp has a +4.0% grade and ends at station 3 + 870 and elevation 42 m. It must be connected to another section of the ramp (which has 2.0.0% grade) that is at station 4 + 940 and elevation 30 1m, It s determined that the crest and sag curves required to connect the ramp should be connected (the PVT of the crest and PYC of the sag) with a constant-grade section that has the lowest grade possible. Design a vertical alignment to connect between these two stations using an 80-km/h design speed. Provide the lengths of the curves and constant-grade section. 3.17 A tangent section of highway has a ~1.0% grade and ends at station 0 + 145 and elevation 25 m. It must be connected to another section of highway that has a 1.0% grade and that begins at station 1 + 345 and elevation 40 m. The connecting alignment should consist of a sag curve, constant-grade section, and crest curve, and be designed for a speed of 80 km/h. What is the lowest grade possible for the constant-grade section thatswill complete this alignment? 3.18) A roadway has a design speed of 80 km/h, and at ‘SGtion 3 + 045 a +3.0% grade roadway section ends and at station 3 + 960 a +2.0% grade roadway section Chapter 3 Problems 93 begins. The +3.0% grade section of highway (at station 3 + 045) is at a higher elevation than the 42.0% grade section of highway (at station 3 + 960). If a —5% constant-grade section is used to connect the crest and sag vertical curves that are needed to link the +3.0 and +2.0% grade sections, what is the elevation difference between stations 3 + 045 and 3 + 960? (The entire alignment, crest and sag curves, and constant-grade section must fit between stations 3 + 045 and 3 +960.) 3.19 A sag curve and crest curve connect a -3.0% tangent section of highway (to the west) with a 42.0% tangent section of highway (to the east). The +2.0% tangent section is at a higher elevation than the ~3.0% tangent section. The two tangent sections are separated by 390 m of horizontal distance. If the design speed of the curves is 80 km/h, what is the common grade between the sag and orest curves (Gs of sag and G, of crest, from west to east), and what is the elevation difference between PVC, and PVT,? 3.20 An overpass is being built over the PVT of an existing equal-tangent sag curve. The sag curve has a 110-kowh design speed, and Gi = ~6%, G = +3%, Determine the minimum necessary clearance height of the overpass and the resultant elevation of the bottom of the overpass over the PV, (Ignore the cross-sectional width of the overpass.) 3.21 An equal-tangent sag curve has its PV/ at station 0 +305 and elevation at 42 m. Directly above the PV7, the bottom of an overpass structure is at elevation 50 m. The PVC ig at station 0 + 120. If the initial grade is ~4%, what is the highest possible value of the final grade given that a 110-km/h design speed is to be provided in daytime conditions? What is the highest possible final grade in nighttime conditions? (Note: Be careful of units of 4, and ignore the cross-sectional width of the overpass.) 3.22 An existing highway-railway at-grade crossing is being redesigned as grade separated to improve traffic operations. The railway must remain at the same elevation. The highway is being reconstructed to travel under the railway. The underpass will be a sag curve that connects to 2% tangerit sections on both ends, and the PVT will be centered under the railway (a symmetrical alignment). The sag curve design speed is 70 knvh. How many meters below the railway should the curve PY be located? 3.23. You are asked to design a horizontal curve for a two-lane road. The road has 3.6-m lanes. Due to expensive excavation, it is determined that a maximum of 10 m can be cleared from the road's centerline toward the inside lane to provide for stopping sight94 Chapter3 Geometric Design of Highways distance. Also, local guidelines dictate a maximum superclevation of 0.08 mm, What is the highest possible design speed for this curve? 8.24.A horizontal curve on a single-lane highway has its-PC at station 3 + 780 and its PI at station 4 + 000. The curve has a superelevation of 0.06 m/m and is designed for 110 km/h, What is the station of the PT? (3.25) A horizontal curve is being designed through iiotmtainous terrain for a four-lane road with lanes that are 3 m wide. The central angle (A) is known to be 40 degrees, the tangent distance is 155 m, and the stationing of the tangent intersection (PI) is 82 + 300. Under specified conditions and vehicle speed, the roadway surface is determined to have a coefficient of side friction of 0.08, and the curve's superctevation is 0.09 nvm. What is the stationing of the PC and PT and what isthe safe vehicle speed? 3.26 A new interstate highway is being built with a design speed of 110 kim/h. For one of the horizontal curves, the radius (measured to the innermost vehicle path) is tentatively planned as 275 m. What rate of superelevation is required for this curve? 3.27°A developer is having a single-lane raceway constructed with 2 160-kaw/h design speed. A curve on the raceway has @ radius of 305 m, a central angle of 30 degrees, and PY stationing at 34 + 300. If the design coefficient of side friction is 0.20, determine the superelevation required at the design speed (do not ignore the normal component of the centripetal force). Also, compute the degree of curve, length of curve, and stationing of the PC and PT. 3.28 A horizontal curve is being designed for a new two-lane highway (3.6-m lanes). The PFs at station 7+ 640, the design speed is 105 km/h, and a maximum: superelevation of 0.08 m/m is tobe used. If the central angle of the curve is 35 degrees, design a curve for the highway by computing the radius and stationing of the PCand PT. 3.29 You are asked to design a horizontal curve with a AW-degree central angle (A = 40) for a two-lane road with 3-m lanes. The design speed is 110 km/h and superelevation is limited to 0.06 m/m. Give the radius, degree of curvature, and length of curve that you would recommend. 3.30 A horizontal curve on a single-lane freeway ramp .is,120 m long, and the design speed of the ramp is 70 ‘kin/b. If the superelevation is 10% and the station of the PC is 0 + 530, what is the station of the PY and how much distance must be cleared from the center of the lane to provide adequate stopping sight distance? 3.31 A freeway exit ramp has a single lane and consists, entirely of a horizontal curve with a central angle of 90, degrees and a length of 190 m. If the distance cleared from the centerline for sight distance is 5.9 m, what design speed was used? 3.32'A horizontal curve on a two-lane highway (3.6-m anes) has PC at station 3 + 765 and PT at station 3 + 940. The central angle is 34 degrees, the superelevation is 0.08, and 6 m are cleared (for sight distance) from the inside edge of the innermost lane, Determine a maximum safe speed (assuming current design standards) to the nearest 10 km/h, 3.33 For the horizontal curve in Problem 3.29, what distance must be cleated from the inside edge of the inside lane to provide adequate stopping sight distance? 3.34 A horizontal curve was designed for a four-lane highway for adequate SSD. Lane widths are 3.6 m, and the superelevation is 0.06 and was set assuming, maxinium f, If the necessary sight distance required 16 m of lateral clearance from the roadway centerline, what design speed was used for the curve? 3.35 A section of highway has vertical and horizontal ‘curves with the same design speed. A vertical curve on this highway connects a +1% and a +3% grade and is 124 m long. If a horizontal curve on this highway is on 2 two-lane section with 3.6-m lanes, has a central angle of 37 degrees, and has a superelevation of 6%, what is, the length of the horizontal curve? 3.36 A section of a two-lane highway (3,6-m lanes) is designed for 120 knv/h. At one point a vertical curve connects a ~2.5% and a +1.5% grade. The PVT of this curve is at station 0 + 765. It is known that a horizontal curve starts (has PC) 90 m before the vertical curve’s PVC. If the superelevation of the horizontal curve is 0.08 and the central angle is 38 degrees, what is the station of the PT? Cx ‘Two straight sections of freeway cross at a right ile. At the point of crossing, the east-west highway is at elevation 45 m and has @ constant +5.0% grade (upgrade in the east direction), and the north-south highway is at elevation 38 m and has a constant 3.0% ‘grade (downgrade in the north direction). Design a 90- degree ramp that connects the northbound direction of travel to the eastbound direction of travel. Design the ramp for the highest design speed (to the nearest 10 kawh) with the constraint that the minimum allowable value of D is 8.0. (Assume that the PC of the horizontal curve is at station 0 + 460, and the vertical curve PY Ts are at the PC and PY:) Give the stationing and elevations of the PC, PT, PVCs, and PVTs.