Lecture Presentation

Chemical Reactions and Reaction

Stoichiometry

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Stoichiometry
• Area of study that examines the quantities of
substances consumed and produced in
chemical reactions
• Based on the Law of Conservation of Mass
(Antoine Lavoisier, 1789)

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Overview
• Atomic Weights, Formula Weights and Molecular
Weights
• Avogadro's Number and the Mole
• Molar Mass
• Percentage Composition
• Empirical Formula from Analyses
• Types of Chemical Reactions
• Balancing Chemical Equations
• Limiting Reactants
• Theoretical and Percent Yield
Stoichiometr
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Formula Weight (FW)

• A formula weight is the sum of the atomic

weights for the atoms in a chemical formula.
• This is the quantitative significance of a formula.
• For an element like sodium, Na, the formula
weight is the atomic weight (23.0 u).
• For an ionic compound, use the empirical formula.

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EXAMPLE
• The formula weight of sulfuric acid,
H2SO4, would be:

• 2(AW of H) + 1(AW of S) + 4(AW of O)

H = 2 (1.0 u) = 2.0 u
S = 1 (32.1 u) = 32.1u
O = 4 (16.0 u) = 64.0u
FW (H2SO4) - 98.1 u Stoichiometr
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Molecular Weight (MW)
• If the substance is a molecule, the formula
weight is also called its molecular weight.

• A molecular weight is the sum of the atomic

weights of the atoms in a molecule.

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EXAMPLE
• For glucose, which has a molecular
formula of C6H12O6, the molecular weight
is
• 6(AW of C) + 12(AW of H) + 6(AW of O)
C = 6(12.0 u) = 72.0 u
H = 12(1.0 u) = 12.0 u
O = 6(16.0 u) = 96.0 u
MW (C6H12O6) - 180.0 u

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Check Your Understanding

Calculate the formula weight of:

(a)sucrose, C12H22O11 (table sugar);

(b) calcium nitrate, Ca(NO3)2

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SOLUTION

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Avogadro’s Number

• In a lab, we cannot work

with individual molecules.
They are too small.
• One mole (abbreviated:
mol) is the amount of
particles found in exactly
12 g of C-12.
• 6.02 × 1023 atoms or
molecules is the number
of particles in one mole.
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Activity
Solve for the following:
a.) 0.450 mole of Fe contains how many
atoms?
b) 0.200 mole of H2O contains how many
molecules?
24
c.) 2.96 x 10 C3H8 molecules is
equivalent to how many moles?

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MOLE RELATIONSHIP
and
AVOGADRO’S NUMBER

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Molar Mass
• A molar mass is the
mass of 1 mol of a
substance (i.e., g/mol).
• The molar mass of an
element is the atomic
weight for the element
from the periodic table.
• The formula weight (in u
or amu) will be the same
number as the molar
mass (in g/mol).
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Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains Avogadro’s

number of those particles.
• The number of atoms of an element in a mole is the
subscript in a formula (number of atoms of that element in
the formula) times Avogadro’s number. Stoichiometr
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Converting Amounts

• Moles provide a bridge from the molecular scale to the

real-world scale.
• Using equalities, we can convert from mass to atoms
or from atoms to mass.

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EXAMPLE

• How many atoms in 3 g of copper (Cu)?

• 3 g Cu x (1 mol Cu/63.5 g Cu) x

(6.02 x 1023 atoms/1 mol Cu) = 3 x 1022
atoms

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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EXAMPLE

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Check Your Understanding

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Percent Composition

One can find the percentage of the mass of a

compound that comes from each of the elements
in the compound by using this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic weight)

% Element = × 100
(FW of the
compound)

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Percent Composition

Solve for the percentage of carbon in glucose

(C6H12O6) is:

(6)(12.0 g)
%C =
(180.0 g)
72.0 g
= × 100
180.0 g
= 40.0%

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EMPIRICAL FORMULA
and
MOLECULAR
FORMULA

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Determining Empirical Formulas

One can determine the empirical formula

from the percent composition by following
these three steps.

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Example

• Mercury and chlorine, for example,

combine to form a compound that is
measured to be 74.0% mercury and
26.0% chlorine by mass. What is its
empirical formula

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
STEP 1: Assuming 100.00 g sample. If we had a
100.0-g sample of the compound, it would contain
74.0 g of mercury and 26.0 g of chlorine

Using atomic weights to get molar masses, we

calculate the number of moles of each element in
the sample:

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Determining Empirical Formulas—an Example
STEP 2: Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the
smallest number of moles:

The empirical formula is HgCl2

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Check Your Understanding

Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) contains

40.92% C, 4.58% H, and 54.50% O by
mass.

What is the empirical formula of ascorbic

acid?

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SOLUTION

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SOLUTION

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
The compound para-aminobenzoic acid
(you may have seen it listed as PABA on
your bottle of sunscreen) is composed of:

carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),

nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%).

Find the empirical formula of PABA.

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
These are the subscripts for the empirical formula
of para-aminobenzoic acid:

C7H7NO2

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Determining a Molecular Formula

• Remember, the number of atoms in a

molecular formula is a multiple of the
number of atoms in an empirical formula.
• If we find the empirical formula and know
a molar mass (molecular weight) for the
compound, we can find the molecular
formula.

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Determining a Molecular Formula—
an Example

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• 2. Ibuprofen, a headache remedy,
contains 75.69% C, 8.80% H, and
15.51% O by mass and has a molar
mass of 206 g/mol.

• (a) What is the empirical formula of

Ibuprofen?
• (b) What is its molecular formula?

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• CHEMICAL
EQUATIONS

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Chemical Equations
• We represent chemical reactions with
chemical equations

When the hydrogen gas (H2) burns or

reacts with oxygen (O2) in the air to form
water (H2O). The chemical equation for
this reaction as:

2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l)

Reactants Product
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2H2(g) + O2(g) 2H2O (l)

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Simple Patterns of Chemical Reactivity

• Types of reactions, which can be predicted

at this point
– Combination reactions
– Decomposition reactions
– Combustion reactions
– Single Replacement
– Double Replacement

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Combination Reactions

• In a combination reaction, two or more

substances react to form one product.

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Decomposition Reactions
• In a decomposition
reaction one substance
breaks down into two or
more substances.
• In the air bag, solid
sodium azide releases
nitrogen gas quickly.

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Decomposition Reaction Predictions: Heating
a Metal Carbonate
• Metal carbonates decompose when heated
to give off carbon dioxide and a metal oxide.
• Balancing these equations is based on the
charge of the metal.

Δ
CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)

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Combustion Reactions

• Combustion reactions
are rapid reactions that
produce a flame.
• Combustion reactions
most often involve
oxygen in the air as a
reactant.

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Combustion Reaction Predictions

• When burning compounds with C and H in

them, the products are CO2 and H2O.

C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g)

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Exercise
• Identify the type of reactions, giving the
following equations:

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Example

• Word description: Calcium sulfide

reacts with water to produce calcium
oxide and hydrogen sulfide gas.

• Chemical equation:

CaS(s) + H2O(l) CaO(s) + H2S(g)

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Remember
1. Write the physical states of the products
and reactants:
(s) – solid or precipitates
(l) – liquid
(g) – gas
(aq) – aqeous solutions

2. Diatomic elements such as hydrogen,

nitrogen, oxygen, chlorine, bromine, iodine
and fluorine gas are written as: H2, N2, O2,
Cl2, Br2, I2, and F2
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Example
WORD EQUATION:
Magnesium metal reacts with oxygen gas
to produce solid magnesium oxide.

Represent this reaction with a balanced

chemical equation.

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Answer
Word Equation:
Magnesium metal reacts with oxygen gas
to produce solid magnesium oxide.

Represent this reaction with a chemical

equation.

Chemical Equation:
2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
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Write balanced chemical equations to correspond to each of
the following descriptions:

(a) When sulfur trioxide gas reacts with

water, a solution of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
forms.
(b) Boron sulfide gas, B2S3, reacts violently
with water to form dissolved boric acid,
H3BO3, and hydrogen sulfide gas.

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ACTIVITY: Represent the following reactions with
a complete and balanced equation.

• (1) Phosphine gas, PH3, combusts in oxygen

gas to form water vapor and solid
tetraphosphorus decaoxide.
• (2) When solid mercury(II) nitrate is heated, it
decomposes to form solid mercury(II) oxide,
gaseous nitrogen dioxide, and oxygen.
• (3) Copper metal reacts with hot concentrated
sulfuric acid solution to form aqueous copper(II)
sulfate, sulfur dioxide gas, and water.
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Balance the following equations

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Stoichiometr
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STOICHIOMETRIC
CALCULATIONS

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Quantitative Information from a Balanced Equation

• The coefficients in the balanced equation show

– Relative numbers of molecules of reactants and
products
– Relative numbers of moles of reactants and
products, which can be converted to mass Stoichiometr
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Stoichiometric Calculations

• The new calculation is how to compare two different

materials, using the mole ratio from the balanced equation.
• The mole ratio comes from the coefficients in the balanced
equation.

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Mole to Mole Relationship
Consider the following balanced equation:

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Exercise

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Example:

• Consider the reaction:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

How many moles of magnesium (Mg) are

needed to completely react with 8.0
moles of O2 in the synthesis of
the compound MgO?

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Mole to Gram Relationship

• Consider the reaction:

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)

• How many grams of magnesium (Mg)

are needed to completely react with 8.0
moles of O2 in the synthesis of the
compound MgO?

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Answer

• Given: 8.0 mol O2

2Mg(s) + O2(g) 2MgO(s)
• Solve for: ? gMg 8.0molO2

• Solution:
8.0 moles of O2 x x =390g Mg

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Gram to Mole Relationship
• Both water and sulfur dioxide are products
from the reaction of sulfuric acid (H2SO4)
with copper metal, as shown by the
equation:

2H2SO4 + Cu SO2 + 2H2O + CuSO4

How many moles of H2O will be produced at

the same time that 10.0 g of SO2 is
produced?

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Answer

• Given: 10.0g of SO2

2H2SO4 + Cu SO2 + 2H2O + CuSO4
Solve for: 10.0g SO2 = mol H2O
• Solution:

10.0 g SO2 x x

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Practice
• A mixture of hydrazine (N2H4) and hydrogen
peroxide (H2O2) is used as a fuel for rocket
engines. These two substances react as
shown by the equation
N2H4 + 2H2O2 N2 + 4H2O

a.) How many moles of N2H4 is needed to

react completely with 35.0 g of H2O2?
b) How many grams of water is produced if
2.35 moles of H2O2 reacts with N2H4?
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Gram to Gram Relationship

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Solution

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Practice

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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount.
– In other words, it is the reactant you will run
out of first (in this case, the H 2).

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Limiting Reactants
In the example below, the O2 would be the
excess reagent.

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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is used in all stoichiometry
calculations to determine amounts of products
that are produced and amounts of any other
reactant(s) that are used in a reaction.

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Example
The most important commercial process
for converting N2 from the air into
nitrogen-containing compounds is based
on the reaction of N2 and H2 to form
ammonia (NH3):
N2(g) + 3 H2(g) = 2 NH3(g)

How many moles of NH3 can be formed

from 3.0 mol of N2 and 6.0 mol of H2? Stoichiometr
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Solution

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Example

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Solution

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Theoretical Yield

• The theoretical yield is the maximum

amount of product that can be made.
– In other words, it is the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem.
• This is different from the actual yield,
which is the amount one actually produces
and measures.

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Percent Yield

One finds the percent yield by comparing

the amount actually obtained (actual yield)
to the amount it was possible to make
(theoretical yield):

actual yield
Percent yield = theoretical yield × 100

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Example

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Solution

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Exercise

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