Lecture Presentation

Chapter 3

Chemical Reactions
and Reaction
Stoichiometry

James F. Kirby
Quinnipiac University
Hamden, CT
© 2015 Pearson Education, Inc.
Stoichiometry
• The study of the mass relationships in
chemistry
• Based on the Law of Conservation of
Mass (Antoine Lavoisier, 1789)
“We may lay it down as an
incontestable axiom that, in all the
operations of art and nature, nothing
is created; an equal amount of matter
exists both before and after the
experiment. Upon this principle, the
whole art of performing chemical
experiments depends.”
—Antoine Lavoisier

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Chemical Equations

Chemical equations are concise

representations of chemical reactions.

Stoichiometry

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What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Reactants appear on the left

side of the equation.
Stoichiometry

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What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Products appear on the right

side of the equation.
Stoichiometry

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What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

The states of the reactants and products are written

in parentheses to the right of each compound.
(g) = gas; (l) = liquid; (s) = solid;
(aq) = in aqueous solution Stoichiometry

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What Is in a Chemical Equation?
CH4(g) + 2O2(g) CO2(g) + 2H2O(g)

Coefficients are inserted to balance the equation

to follow the law of conservation of mass.
Stoichiometry

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Why Do We Add Coefficients Instead of
Changing Subscripts to Balance?

• Hydrogen and oxygen can make water

OR hydrogen peroxide:
 2 H2(g) + O2(g) → 2 H2O(l)
 H2(g) + O2(g) → H2O2(l)

Stoichiometry

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Three Types of Reactions

• Combination reactions
• Decomposition reactions
• Combustion reactions

Stoichiometry

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Combination Reactions
• In combination
reactions two or
more substances
react to form one
product.

• Examples:
– 2 Mg(s) + O2(g) 2 MgO(s)
– N2(g) + 3 H2(g) 2 NH3(g)
– C3H6(g) + Br2(l) C3H6Br2(l) Stoichiometry

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Decomposition Reactions

• In a decomposition
reaction one
substance breaks
down into two or
more substances.

• Examples:
– CaCO3(s) CaO(s) + CO2(g)
– 2 KClO3(s) 2 KCl(s) + O2(g)
– 2 NaN3(s) 2 Na(s) + 3 N2(g) Stoichiometry

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Combustion Reactions

• Combustion reactions
are generally rapid
reactions that produce
a flame.
• Combustion reactions
most often involve
oxygen in the air as a
reactant.

• Examples:
– CH4(g) + 2 O2(g) CO2(g) + 2 H2O(g)
– C3H8(g) + 5 O2(g) 3 CO2(g) + 4 H2O(g) Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.4/2) Write the balanced equation for the reaction
that occurs when ethanol, C2H5OH (l), burns in air.

Stoichiometry

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Formula Mass
• A formula mass is the sum of the atomic
masses for the atoms in a chemical formula.
The chemical formula can be called as a
formula unit.
• This is the quantitative significance of a
formula.
• The formula mass of calcium chloride, CaCl2,
would be
Ca: 1(40.08 amu)
+ Cl: 2(35.453 amu)
110.99 amu Stoichiometry

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Molecular Mass

• A molecular mass is the sum of the atomic

masses of the atoms in a molecule.
• The name ‘formula mass’ may be used in
place of molecular mass.
• For the molecule ethane, C2H6, the molecular
mass would be
C: 2(12.011 amu)
+ H: 6(1.00794 amu)
30.070 amu

Stoichiometry

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Ionic Compounds and Formulas

• Remember, ionic compounds exist with

a three-dimensional order of ions.
There is no simple group of atoms to
call a molecule.
• As such, ionic compounds use empirical
formulas and formula masses (not
molecular masses).

Stoichiometry

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Percent Composition

The percentage of the mass of an

element in a compound is calculated by
using this equation:

(number of atoms)(atomic mass)

% Element = × 100
(formula mass of the compound)

Stoichiometry

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Percent Composition

So the percentage of carbon in ethane is

(2)(12.011 amu)
%C =
(30.070 amu)
24.022 amu
= × 100
30.070 amu
= 79.887%

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.6/2) Calculate the percentage of potassium, by

mass, in K2PtCl6.

Stoichiometry

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Avogadro’s Number
• In a lab, we cannot
work with individual
molecules. They are
too small.
• 6.022 × 1023 atoms
or molecules is an
amount that brings
us to lab size. It is
ONE MOLE.
• One mole of 12C has
a mass of 12.000 g.
Stoichiometry

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Molar Mass
• A molar mass is the mass of
1 mol of a substance (i.e., g/mol).
• The molar mass of an
element is the atomic
mass for the element
from the periodic table.
If it is diatomic, it is twice
that atomic mass.
• The formula mass (in
amu’s) will be the same
number as the molar mass
(in g/mol). Stoichiometry

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Using Moles

Moles provide a bridge from the molecular

scale to the real-world scale.

Stoichiometry

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Mole Relationships

• One mole of atoms, ions, or molecules contains

Avogadro’s number of those particles.
• One mole of molecules or formula units contains
Avogadro’s number of molecules or formula units.
Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.8/2b) How many oxygen atoms are in 0.250

mol Ca(NO3)2?

Pr. Ex. 3.11/1b) What is the mass of 3.00 x 10-5 mol of

H2SO4?

Pr. Ex. 3.12/2b) How many O atoms are in 4.20 g of

HNO3?
Stoichiometry

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Determining Empirical Formulas

One can determine the empirical formula from

the percent composition by following these
three steps.

Stoichiometry

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

The compound para-aminobenzoic acid (you may have

seen it listed as PABA on your bottle of sunscreen) is
composed of carbon (61.31%), hydrogen (5.14%),
nitrogen (10.21%), and oxygen (23.33%). Find the
empirical formula of PABA.

Stoichiometry

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

Assuming 100.00 g of para-aminobenzoic acid,

C: 61.31 g × 1 mol = 5.105 mol C

12.01 g
1 mol
H: 5.14 g × = 5.09 mol H
1.01 g
1 mol
N: 10.21 g × = 0.7288 mol N
14.01 g
1 mol
O: 23.33 g × = 1.456 mol O
16.00 g

Stoichiometry

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example
Calculate the mole ratio by dividing by the smallest number
of moles:
5.105 mol
C: = 7.005 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol

5.09 mol
H: = 6.984 ≈ 7
0.7288 mol

0.7288 mol
N: = 1.000
0.7288 mol

1.458 mol
O: = 2.001 ≈ 2
0.7288 mol Stoichiometry

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Determining Empirical Formulas—
an Example

These are the subscripts for the empirical formula:

C7H7NO2

Stoichiometry

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Determining a Molecular Formula

• Remember, the number of atoms in a

molecular formula is a multiple of the
number of atoms in an empirical
formula.
• If we find the empirical formula and
know a molar mass (molecular mass)
for the compound, we can find the
molecular formula.
Stoichiometry

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Determining a Molecular Formula—
an Example
• The empirical formula of a compound
was found to be CH. It has a molar
mass of 78.114 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula?
• Solution:
Whole-number multiple=78.114/13.019=6
The molecular formula is C6H6.

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Ex: A compound is made of 39.56 %C, 7.74 %H and

52.70 %O. Determine its empirical formula.

Pr. Ex. 3.14/1) Cyclohexane is 85.6% C and 14.4% H

by mass with a molar mass of 84.2 g/mol. What is its
molecular formula?

Stoichiometry

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Combustion Analysis

• Compounds containing C, H, and O are routinely analyzed

through combustion in a chamber like the one shown in
Figure.
– C is determined from the mass of CO2 produced.
– H is determined from the mass of H2O produced.
– O is determined by the difference after C and H have been determined.

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.15/2) Combustion of a 0.225 g sample of a

compound, made of C, H and O atoms, produces 0.512
g CO2 and 0.209 g H2O. What is the empirical formula?
What is its molecular formula if it has a molar mass of
116 g/mol?

Stoichiometry

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Quantitative Relationships

• The coefficients in the balanced equation show

 relative numbers of molecules of reactants and
products.
 relative numbers of moles of reactants and
products, which can be converted to mass. Stoichiometry
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Stoichiometric Calculations

We have already seen in this chapter how to

convert from grams to moles or moles to
grams. The NEW calculation is how to
compare two DIFFERENT materials, using
the MOLE RATIO from the balanced
equation!
Stoichiometry

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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• How many grams of water can be

produced from 1.00 g of glucose?
C6H12O6(s) + 6 O2(g) → 6 CO2(g) + 6 H2O(l)

• There is 1.00 g of glucose to start.

• The first step is to convert it to moles. Stoichiometry
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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• The NEW calculation is to convert

moles of one substance in the equation
to moles of another substance.
• The MOLE RATIO comes from the
balanced equation.
Stoichiometry

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An Example of a Stoichiometric Calculation

• Moles of the substance can be

converted to mass by using the molar
mass of the substance.

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.16/2) How many grams of O2 can be prepared

from 4.50 g of KClO3?
2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g)

Pr. Ex. 3.17/2) Methanol, CH3OH, reacts with oxygen

from air in a combustion reaction to form water and
carbon dioxide. What mass of water is produced in the
combustion of 23.6 g of methanol?

Stoichiometry

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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is the reactant present in
the smallest stoichiometric amount.
– In other words, it’s the reactant you’ll run out of first (in
this case, the H2).

Stoichiometry

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Limiting Reactants

In the example below, the O2 would be the

excess reagent.

Stoichiometry

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Limiting Reactants
• The limiting reactant is used in all stoichiometry
calculations to determine amounts of products
and amounts of any other reactant(s) used in a
reaction.

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.18/2) (a) When 1.50 mol of Al and 3.00 mol of
Cl2 combine in the reaction; which is the limiting
reactant?
2Al(s) + 3Cl2(g)  2AlCl3(s)
(b) How many moles of AlCl3 are formed?
(c) How many moles of the excess reactant remain at
the end of the reaction?

Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.19/2) When a 2.00 g strip of zinc metal is

placed in an aqueous solution containing 2.50 g of silver
nitrate, the reaction is: Zn(s) + 2AgNO3(aq)  2Ag(s) +
Zn(NO3)2(aq)

a) Which reactant is limiting?

b) How many grams of Ag form?
c) How many grams of Zn(NO3)2 form?
d) How many grams of the excess reactant are left at
the end of the reaction?

Stoichiometry

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Theoretical Yield

• The theoretical yield is the maximum

amount of product that can be made.
– In other words, it’s the amount of product
possible as calculated through the
stoichiometry problem.
• This is different from the actual yield
(experimental), which is the amount one
actually produces and measures.
Stoichiometry

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Percent Yield

One finds the percent yield by

comparing the amount actually obtained
(actual yield) to the amount it was
possible to make (theoretical yield):

actual yield
Percent yield = × 100
theoretical yield
Stoichiometry

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EXERCISE

Pr. Ex. 3.20/1) If 3.00 g of Ti metal is reacted with 6.00

g of Cl2 gas to form 7.7 g TiCl4 in a combination
reaction, what is the percent yield of the product?
Ti(s) + 2Cl2(g)  TiCl4(s)

Stoichiometry

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END OF THE CHAPTER EXERCISES:

Chapter 3: 7, 21, 25, 31, 35, 37, 41, 47, 49, 51, 53, 61,
63, 67, 75, 77, 78, 79, 83, 85, 88, 91, 95, 96, 97, 99

Stoichiometry

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