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The document discusses structural design for railways and pavements. It provides information on different types of railway structures like bridges, trestles and culverts. It also discusses bridge components, types of bridge decks, bridge loading, composite bridge design and important issues in composite design. Additionally, it introduces pavement structures and different types of bridges like beam, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension and cable-stayed bridges.

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Don Romantiko
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31 views

Report

The document discusses structural design for railways and pavements. It provides information on different types of railway structures like bridges, trestles and culverts. It also discusses bridge components, types of bridge decks, bridge loading, composite bridge design and important issues in composite design. Additionally, it introduces pavement structures and different types of bridges like beam, arch, truss, cantilever, suspension and cable-stayed bridges.

Uploaded by

Don Romantiko
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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STRUCTURAL DESIGN FOR RAILWAYS

AND PAVEMENTS

GROUP IV
Esteves, Jonathan R.
Alip, Samsudin
Mamalo, Almansur
Paglala, Yrish Michael
Villareal, Fernan Key
INTRODUCTION TO RAILWAYS STRUCTURES

• Railway structures encompass a wide array of


construction intended to support the track itself or house
railway operations. Common examples of track carrying
structures are bridges, trestles, viaducts, culverts, scales,
inspection pits, unloading pits and similar construction.
Structural Railway Bridge
Bridge Deck

The bridge deck is that


portion of a railway bridge
that supplies a means of
carrying the track rails.
Two types of Bridge deck

• Open Bridge Decks - Open decks are less costly and are
free draining but their use over streets and highways
requires additional measures such as canopies, plates or
wooden flooring to protect highway traffic from falling
objects, water or other materials during the movement of
trains.
Open Deck Bridge
Ballast Deck Bridge

A ballasted deck provides a


better riding track. The track
modulus is consistent on the
dumps of the bridge as well
as across the bridge.
Bridge Loading

In the design of any structure, the designer must consider several


different load types, including, but not limited to, dead load, live
load, wind, weather (snow, ice, etc.), earthquake or any
combination there of. Like other governing codes and design
organizations including ACI, AISC and AASHTO, AREA sets forth
guidelines for both allowable stress for steel and timber and load
factor design guidelines for concrete to be used in the design of
structures subject to railway loading.
Composite Design

The design and use of composite steel and concrete spans


for railway bridges is addressed in Section 5.1 of Chapter
15 of the AREA Manual for Railway Engineering. This type
of superstructure comprises a steel beam or girder and a
concrete deck slab. The connection between the two
materials is designed and constructed to transfer adequate
shear force, such that the two materials behave as a single,
integral unit under load.
Important Issues in Composite Design
• Selection of the effective flange width of the concrete as a
function of slab thickness, steel beam spacing or span length;
• Proportioning of the cross-section by the moment-of-inertia
method;
• Application of the dead load forces to the non-composite or
composite section, depending on construction sequencing and
methods;
• Considering the effect of creep due to long term dead loads acting
on the composite section.
INTRODUCTION TO PAVEMENT STRUCTURES

A highway pavement is a structure consisting of


superimposed layers of processed materials above the
natural soil sub-grade, whose primary function is to
distribute the applied vehicle loads to the sub-grade. The
pavement structure should be able to provide a surface of
acceptable riding quality, adequate skid resistance,
favorable light reflecting characteristics, and low noise
pollution.
Bridge

A Bridge is not designed for sustaining just the traffic loads.


It is also highly exposed to the environment. A bridge has to
be designed to “live” for at least 100 years and has to be
designed for sustaining loads induced by natural hazards
such as earthquakes, floods and tsunami.
Types of Bridges
• Beam
• Arch
• Truss
• Cantilever
• Suspension
• Cable-stayed
• Pontoon
• Bowstring
• Lifting and swinging bridges
Beam Bridge

• A beam is the simplest


(and often cheapest) kind
of bridge a deck, spanning
a relatively short distance,
held up by a pair
of abutments.
Beam Bridge Advantages
>> Beam bridges are helpful for short spans.
>> Long distances are normally covered by placing the beams on piers.

Beam Bridge Disadvantages

>> Beam bridges may be costly even for rather short spans, since expensive
steel is required as a construction material. Concrete is also used as beam material, and
is cheaper. However, concrete is comparatively not that strong to withstand the high
tensile forces acting on the beams. Therefore, the concrete beams are normally
reinforced by using steel mesh.
• Beam bridges, also
known as stringer
bridges, are the simplest
structural forms for
bridge spans supported
by an abutment or pier at
each end. No moments
are transferred
throughout the support,
hence their structural
type is known as simply
supported.
Arch Bridge

• Arches are the only kinds


of bridges supported
entirely by forces of
compression. There is
some tension underneath
an arch, but it's usually
negligible unless the arch
is large and shallow.
• Arch bridge is one of the most • The basic principle of arch
popular types of bridges, bridge is its curved design,
which came into use over which does not push load
3000 years ago and remained forces straight down, but
in height of popularity until instead they are conveyed
industrial revolution and along the curve of the arch to
invention of advanced the supports on each end.
materials enabled architect to These supports (called
create other modern bridge abutments) carry the load of
designs. However, even today entire bridge and are
arch bridges remain in use, responsible for holding the
and with the help of modern arch in the precise position
materials, their arches can be unmoving position
build on much larger scales.
Truss Bridge

• A truss bridge is a bridge


whose load-bearing
superstructure is
composed of a truss, a
structure of connected
elements usually forming
triangular units.
• Truss bridge is a type of bridge whose main element is a
truss which is a structure of connected elements that
form triangular units. Truss is used because it is a very
rigid structure and it transfers the load from a single point
to a much wider area. Truss bridges appeared very early
in the history of modern bridges and are economic to
construct because they use materials efficiently
Cantilever Bridge

• A cantilever bridge is a
bridge built using
cantilevers, structures that
project horizontally into
space, supported on only
one end.
Suspension Bridge

• A suspension bridge is a
type of bridge in which the
deck (the load-bearing
portion) is hung below
suspension cables on
vertical suspenders.
Cable-Stayed Bridge

• A cable-stayed bridge has


one or more towers
(or pylons), from which

cables support the bridge


deck.
Pontoon Bridge
• A pontoon bridge is a bridge
that floats on water. It is a
floating bridge with barges or
boats ('pontoons') to support
the bridge deck. Pontoon
bridges are usually temporary
structures, but some are used
for long periods.
Bowstring Bridge
• The design is also called a
bowstring-arch or bowstring-
girder bridge. The elimination
of horizontal forces at the
abutments allows tied-arch
bridges to be constructed with
less robust foundations; thus
they can be situated atop
elevated piers or in areas of
unstable soil.
Lifting and Swinging Bridges
• A swing bridge is a movable
bridge that has as its primary
structural support a vertical
locating pin and support ring,
usually at or near to its center
of gravity, about which the
turning span can then pivot
horizontally as shown in the
animated illustration to the
right.
Factors to consider in designing a bridge

• Type

• Location

• Strength of the Bridge

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