The ARM Architecture

T H E A R C H I T E C T U R E F O R T H E D I G I T A L W O R L D
TM
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Agenda

 Introduction to ARM Ltd

Programmers Model
Instruction Set
System Design
Development Tools

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ARM Ltd
 Founded in November 1990
 Spun out of Acorn Computers

 Designs the ARM range of RISC processor

cores
 Licenses ARM core designs to semiconductor
partners who fabricate and sell to their
customers.
 ARM does not fabricate silicon itself

 Also develop technologies to assist with the

design-in of the ARM architecture
 Software tools, boards, debug hardware,
application software, bus architectures, peripherals
etc

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ARM Partnership Model

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ARM Powered Products

Apple iPhone, Blackberry, Nokia communicator,Motorola

Z8 smart phone, nVIDIA, Samsung, Network storage Link
(CISCO),Game console, Graphics calculator, iPOD,Robot

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What Is ARM?

 Advanced RISC Machine

 First RISC microprocessor for commercial

use

 Market-leader for low-power and cost-

sensitive embedded applications

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Introduction

 ARM: Advance RISC Machine

 ARM was established as a joint venture between Acorn,
Apple and VLSI in November 1990

 ARM is the industry's leading provider of 16/32-bit

embedded RISC microprocessor solutions

 The company licenses its high-performance, low-cost,

power- efficient RISC processors, peripherals, and system-
chip designs to leading international electronics
companies

 ARM provides comprehensive support required in

developing a complete system

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 Core principles of RISC architecture
• Single-cycle execution: In most traditional
central processing unit (CPU) designs, the peak
possible execution rate is one instruction per
basic machine cycle. For a given technology, the
cycle time is determined by the slowest
instruction in the instruction set. RISC designs
aim to execute most instructions in a single
cycle, increasing the processor's overall speed.
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• Load-store architecture: RISC architectures use a
load-store architecture, meaning only load and store
instructions can access memory. All other instructions
must operate on data in registers. This simplifies the
instruction set and reduces the number of memory
accesses required.
• Simple instructions: RISC architectures use simple
instructions that can be executed quickly. This reduces
the complexity of the processor and allows it to operate at
a higher clock speed.
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• Large register set: RISC architectures have
many registers, which reduces the number of
memory accesses required and allows for more
efficient use of the processor's resources.
• Pipelining: RISC architectures use pipelining to
increase the speed of instruction execution.
Pipelining allows multiple instructions to be
executed simultaneously, increasing the
processor's overall throughput.
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RISC ARCHITECTURE
 In RISC, the data path is used to store and
manipulate data in a computer. It is responsible
for managing data within the processor and its
movement between the processor and the
memory.

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Role of ARM Co.

 ARM Holdings is a technology company headquartered in

Cambridge, England, UK.
 The company is best known for its processors, although it
also designs, licenses and sells software development
tools under the RealView and KEIL brands, systems and
platforms, system-on-a-chip infrastructure and software.
 ARM do not make ICs !!!
 ARM grant license of core to different silicon vendors like
ATMEL, NXP, Cirrus logic etc
 These companies make ICs
 Examples are: LPC2148 from NXP, AT91RM9200 from
ATMEL

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Where ARM processors are used

 ARM processors can be used in any domain

 Mainly ARM processors are used in Handheld devices,
Robotics, Automation, Consumer Electronics.
 But ARM processors are available for almost every
domain.

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ARM Features 1/2
 ARM are RISC (Reduced Instruction Set Computation)
processor
ARM is not 100 % RISC, some amendment to meets requirement of Embedded System

 Large Register file R0 to R16 (against RISC)

 Load and Store architecture
- data processing is only in register contents
 Uniform and fixed length instructions
 32 bit processor
 Good speed and power consumption ratio
 High code density
 Mostly single-cycle execution
 Speed 1Mhz to 1.25Ghz

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ARM Features 2/2

 ARM support JAVA jezelle DBX (Direct Byte code

execution)
 DSP Enhanced Instructions
 Support for TrustZone technology additional security
core
 Conditional execution of all instructions (against RISC)
 32 bit barrel shifter (against RISC)
 In build circuit for debugging

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ARM Processor Family

ARM7TDMI << Entry

Point
Strong ARM
ARM9
ARM9TDMI
ARM9E

ARM10E
ARM11
Cortex
XScale

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ARM Nomenclature
ARMxyzTDMIEJFS
–x: series
–y: MMU
–z: cache
–T: Thumb
–D: debugger
–M: Multiplier
–I: Embedded ICE Macrocel
–E: Enhanced Instructions
–J: Java acceleration by
Jazelle
–F: Vector Floating-point
–S: Synthesizable Version
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Description (1/2)

ARM processors has hardware multiplier unit doing multiplication

I - Embedded ICE Macrocel
 This is the hardware circuit which is used to generate trace
information.
 This feature is used in advance debugging and very useful in
bug fixing.
E – Enhanced Instruction Set
 Enhanced instruction set, may be for DSP
J – Java acceleration by Jazelle
 Hardware circuit which is used to run JAVE byte code
F – Vector Floating-point
 This is the hardwired implementation of floating operations

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Description (2/2)

 S - Synthesizable Version
 It means ARM architecture can be modified. Because it will
comes in terms of soft processor core

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Examples
 ARM7TDMI
 This is ARM7 family processor, which has
T=thumb instruction set, D = Debug unit, M= MMU, I = trace circuit is
inside the core (Embedded Trace Macrocel)

 This is basic core and all core have TDMI.

 ARM946E-S
 ARM9xx core
 Enhanced instruction set for DSP
 Synthesizable

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TM
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ARM Processor

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ARM Processor
 Classic processors (ARM7, ARM9, ARM11) and
Embedded Cortex processor are specially designed for
Embedded Application

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Embedded ARM Development
Tools
 ARM Development Tools include
 IDE
 Compiler Suite
 Debugger
 Simulator
 JTAG Debugging Probe (Hardware)
 Development Board (Hardware)
 Both Open Source and Proprietary tools are available in
market

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Proprietary Tools (1)
 IAR Workbench for ARM (http://www.iar.com/)
 Complete toolchain including IDE, Compiler, Debugger,
Simulator
 Evaluation / Kickstart version are available for free download
 IAR also provide IAR PowerPac RTOS for ARM
 IAR Workbench Tutorial
• http://embeddedcraft.org/iar_arm.html#top

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Proprietary Tools (2)
 Keil for ARM (http://www.keil.com/arm/)
 Complete toolchain include uvision IDE,
Compiler(armcc), Debugger and Simulator
 KEIL also provide RTX RTOS for ARM
 Evaluation version is also available for download

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Agenda

Introduction to ARM Ltd

 Programmers Model
Instruction Sets
System Design
Development Tools

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Data Sizes and Instruction Sets

 The ARM is a 32-bit architecture.

 When used in relation to the ARM:

 Byte means 8 bits
 Halfword means 16 bits (two bytes)
 Word means 32 bits (four bytes)

 Most ARM’s implement two instruction sets

 32-bit ARM Instruction Set
 16-bit Thumb Instruction Set

 Jazelle cores can also execute Java bytecode

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Processor Modes

 The ARM has seven basic operating modes:

 User : unprivileged mode under which most tasks run

 FIQ : entered when a high priority (fast) interrupt is raised

 IRQ : entered when a low priority (normal) interrupt is raised

 Supervisor : entered on reset and when a Software Interrupt

instruction is executed

 Abort : used to handle memory access violations

 Undef : used to handle undefined instructions

 System : privileged mode using the same registers as user mode

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Register Organization Summary
User FIQ IRQ SVC Undef Abort
r0
r1
User
r2 mode
r3 r0-r7,
r4 r15, User User User User
and mode mode mode mode Thumb state
r5
cpsr r0-r12, r0-r12, r0-r12, r0-r12, Low registers
r6
r15, r15, r15, r15,
r7 and and and and
r8 r8 cpsr cpsr cpsr cpsr
r9 r9
r10 r10 Thumb state
r11 r11 High registers
r12 r12
r13 (sp) r13 (sp) r13 (sp) r13 (sp) r13 (sp) r13 (sp)
r14 (lr) r14 (lr) r14 (lr) r14 (lr) r14 (lr) r14 (lr)
r15 (pc)

cpsr
spsr spsr spsr spsr spsr

Note: System mode uses the User mode register set

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The Registers

 ARM has 37 registers all of which are 32-bits long.

 1 dedicated program counter
 1 dedicated current program status register
 5 dedicated saved program status registers
 30 general purpose registers

 The current processor mode governs which of several banks is

accessible. Each mode can access
 a particular set of r0-r12 registers
 a particular r13 (the stack pointer, sp) and r14 (the link register, lr)
 the program counter, r15 (pc)
 the current program status register, cpsr

Privileged modes (except System) can also access

 a particular spsr (saved program status register)

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Program Status Registers
31 28 27 24 23 16 15 8 7 6 5 4 0

N Z C V Q J U n d e f i n e d I F T mode
f s x c
 Condition code flags  Interrupt Disable bits.
 N = Negative result from ALU  I = 1: Disables the IRQ.
 Z = Zero result from ALU  F = 1: Disables the FIQ.
 C = ALU operation Carried out
 V = ALU operation oVerflowed  T Bit
 Architecture xT only
 T = 0: Processor in ARM state
 Sticky Overflow flag - Q flag  T = 1: Processor in Thumb state
 Architecture 5TE/J only
 Indicates if saturation has occurred
 Mode bits
 Specify the processor mode
 J bit
 Architecture 5TEJ only
 J = 1: Processor in Jazelle state

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Program Counter (r15)

 When the processor is executing in ARM state:

 All instructions are 32 bits wide
 All instructions must be word aligned
 Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:2] with bits [1:0] undefined (as
instruction cannot be halfword or byte aligned).

 When the processor is executing in Thumb state:

 All instructions are 16 bits wide
 All instructions must be halfword aligned
 Therefore the pc value is stored in bits [31:1] with bit [0] undefined (as
instruction cannot be byte aligned).

 When the processor is executing in Jazelle state:

 All instructions are 8 bits wide
 Processor performs a word access to read 4 instructions at once

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Exception Handling

 When an exception occurs, the ARM:

 Copies CPSR into SPSR_<mode>
 Sets appropriate CPSR bits
 Change to ARM state 0x1C FIQ
 Change to exception mode
0x18 IRQ
 Disable interrupts (if appropriate)
0x14 (Reserved)
 Stores the return address in LR_<mode>
 Sets PC to vector address 0x10 Data Abort
0x0C Prefetch Abort
 To return, exception handler needs to: 0x08 Software Interrupt
 Restore CPSR from SPSR_<mode>
0x04 Undefined Instruction
 Restore PC from LR_<mode>
0x00 Reset
This can only be done in ARM state. Vector Table
Vector table can be at
0xFFFF0000 on ARM720T
and on ARM9/10 family
devices

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Development of the
ARM Architecture

Improved
5TE Jazelle
Halfword
and signed
4 ARM/Thumb
Interworking Java bytecode 5TEJ
1 halfword /
CLZ execution
byte support
System SA-110 Saturated maths ARM9EJ-S ARM926EJ-S
2 mode
DSP multiply-
SA-1110 ARM7EJ-S ARM1026EJ-S
accumulate
instructions
3 ARM1020E SIMD Instructions
Thumb
instruction 4T Multi-processing
6
set XScale
Early ARM V6 Memory
architectures architecture (VMSA)
ARM7TDMI ARM9TDMI ARM9E-S
Unaligned data
ARM720T ARM940T ARM966E-S support ARM1136EJ-S

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Agenda

Introduction to ARM Ltd

Programmers Model
 Instruction Sets
System Design
Development Tools

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Conditional Execution and Flags

 ARM instructions can be made to execute conditionally by postfixing

them with the appropriate condition code field.
 This improves code density and performance by reducing the number of
forward branch instructions.
CMP r3,#0 CMP r3,#0
BEQ skip ADDNE r0,r1,r2
ADD r0,r1,r2
skip

 By default, data processing instructions do not affect the condition code

flags but the flags can be optionally set by using “S”. CMP does not
need “S”.
loop
… decrement r1 and set flags
SUBS r1,r1,#1
BNE loop if Z flag clear then branch

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Condition Codes

 The possible condition codes are listed below:

 Note AL is the default and does not need to be specified

Suffix Description Flags tested

EQ Equal Z=1
NE Not equal Z=0
CS/HS Unsigned higher or same C=1
CC/LO Unsigned lower C=0
MI Minus N=1
PL Positive or Zero N=0
VS Overflow V=1
VC No overflow V=0
HI Unsigned higher C=1 & Z=0
LS Unsigned lower or same C=0 or Z=1
GE Greater or equal N=V
LT Less than N!=V
GT Greater than Z=0 & N=V
LE Less than or equal Z=1 or N=!V
AL Always

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Examples of conditional
execution
 Use a sequence of several conditional instructions
if (a==0) func(1);
CMP r0,#0
MOVEQ r0,#1
BLEQ func

 Set the flags, then use various condition codes

if (a==0) x=0;
if (a>0) x=1;
CMP r0,#0
MOVEQ r1,#0
MOVGT r1,#1

 Use conditional compare instructions

if (a==4 || a==10) x=0;
CMP r0,#4
CMPNE r0,#10
MOVEQ r1,#0

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Branch instructions
 Branch : B{<cond>} label
 Branch with Link : BL{<cond>} subroutine_label

31 28 27 25 24 23 0

Cond 1 0 1 L Offset

Link bit 0 = Branch

1 = Branch with link
Condition field

 The processor core shifts the offset field left by 2 positions, sign-extends
it and adds it to the PC
 ± 32 Mbyte range
 How to perform longer branches?

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Data processing Instructions
 Consist of :
 Arithmetic: ADD ADC SUB SBC RSB
RSC
 Logical: AND ORR EOR BIC
 Comparisons: CMP CMN TST TEQ
 Data movement: MOV MVN

 These instructions only work on registers, NOT memory.

 Syntax:

<Operation>{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rn, Operand2

 Comparisons set flags only - they do not specify Rd

 Data movement does not specify Rn

 Second operand is sent to the ALU via barrel shifter.

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The Barrel Shifter
LSL : Logical Left Shift ASR: Arithmetic Right Shift

CF Destination 0 Destination CF

Multiplication by a power of 2 Division by a power of 2,

preserving the sign bit

LSR : Logical Shift Right ROR: Rotate Right

...0 Destination CF Destination CF

Division by a power of 2 Bit rotate with wrap around

from LSB to MSB

RRX: Rotate Right Extended

Destination CF

Single bit rotate with wrap around

from CF to MSB

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Using the Barrel Shifter:
The Second Operand
Register, optionally with shift operation
Operand Operand  Shift value can be either be:
1 2  5 bit unsigned integer
 Specified in bottom byte of another
register.
 Used for multiplication by constant
Barrel
Shifter

Immediate value
 8 bit number, with a range of 0-255.
 Rotated right through even number of
positions
ALU  Allows increased range of 32-bit
constants to be loaded directly into
registers

Result

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Immediate constants (1)

 No ARM instruction can contain a 32 bit immediate constant

 All ARM instructions are fixed as 32 bits long
 The data processing instruction format has 12 bits available for operand2

11 8 7 0
rot immed_8
Quick Quiz:
x2 0xe3a004ff
Shifter
ROR MOV r0, #???

 4 bit rotate value (0-15) is multiplied by two to give range 0-30 in steps of 2
 Rule to remember is “8-bits shifted by an even number of bit positions”.

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Immediate constants (2)
 Examples:
31 0
ror #0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 range 0-0x000000ff step 0x00000001

ror #8 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 range 0-0xff000000 step 0x01000000

ror #30 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 range 0-0x000003fc step 0x00000004

 The assembler converts immediate values to the rotate form:

 MOV r0,#4096 ; uses 0x40 ror 26
 ADD r1,r2,#0xFF0000 ; uses 0xFF ror 16

 The bitwise complements can also be formed using MVN:

 MOV r0, #0xFFFFFFFF ; assembles to MVN r0,#0

 Values that cannot be generated in this way will cause an error.

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Loading 32 bit constants

 To allow larger constants to be loaded, the assembler offers a pseudo-

instruction:
 LDR rd, =const

 This will either:

 Produce a MOV or MVN instruction to generate the value (if possible).

or
 Generate a LDR instruction with a PC-relative address to read the constant
from a literal pool (Constant data area embedded in the code).
 For example
 LDR r0,=0xFF => MOV r0,#0xFF
 LDR r0,=0x55555555 => LDR r0,[PC,#Imm12]
…
…
DCD 0x55555555
 This is the recommended way of loading constants into a register

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Multiply
 Syntax:
 MUL{<cond>}{S} Rd, Rm, Rs Rd = Rm * Rs
 MLA{<cond>}{S} Rd,Rm,Rs,Rn Rd = (Rm * Rs) + Rn
 [U|S]MULL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := Rm*Rs
 [U|S]MLAL{<cond>}{S} RdLo, RdHi, Rm, Rs RdHi,RdLo := (Rm*Rs)+RdHi,RdLo

 Cycle time
 Basic MUL instruction
 2-5 cycles on ARM7TDMI
 1-3 cycles on StrongARM/XScale
 2 cycles on ARM9E/ARM102xE
 +1 cycle for ARM9TDMI (over ARM7TDMI)
 +1 cycle for accumulate (not on 9E though result delay is one cycle longer)
 +1 cycle for “long”

 Above are “general rules” - refer to the TRM for the core you are using
for the exact details

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Single register data transfer

LDR STR Word

LDRB STRB Byte
LDRH STRH Halfword
LDRSB Signed byte load
LDRSH Signed halfword load

 Memory system must support all access sizes

 Syntax:
 LDR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address>
 STR{<cond>}{<size>} Rd, <address>

e.g. LDREQB

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Address accessed

 Address accessed by LDR/STR is specified by a base register plus an

offset
 For word and unsigned byte accesses, offset can be
 An unsigned 12-bit immediate value (ie 0 - 4095 bytes).
LDR r0,[r1,#8]
 A register, optionally shifted by an immediate value
LDR r0,[r1,r2]
LDR r0,[r1,r2,LSL#2]
 This can be either added or subtracted from the base register:
LDR r0,[r1,#-8]
LDR r0,[r1,-r2]
LDR r0,[r1,-r2,LSL#2]
 For halfword and signed halfword / byte, offset can be:
 An unsigned 8 bit immediate value (ie 0-255 bytes).
 A register (unshifted).
 Choice of pre-indexed or post-indexed addressing

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Pre or Post Indexed Addressing?
 Pre-indexed: STR r0,[r1,#12]
Offset r0
Source
12 0x20c 0x5 0x5 Register
for STR
r1
Base
Register 0x200 0x200

Auto-update form: STR r0,[r1,#12]!

 Post-indexed: STR r0,[r1],#12

Updated r1 Offset
Base 0x20c 12 0x20c
Register r0
Source
Original r1 0x5 Register
Base 0x5 for STR
0x200
Register 0x200

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LDM / STM operation
 Syntax:
<LDM|STM>{<cond>}<addressing_mode> Rb{!}, <register list>
 4 addressing modes:
LDMIA / STMIA increment after
LDMIB / STMIB increment before
LDMDA / STMDA decrement after
LDMDB / STMDB decrement before
IA IB DA DB
LDMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} r4
STMxx r10, {r0,r1,r4} r4 r1
r1 r0 Increasing
Base Register (Rb) r10 r0 r4 Address
r1 r4
r0 r1
r0

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Software Interrupt (SWI)
31 28 27 24 23 0

Cond 1 1 1 1 SWI number (ignored by processor)

Condition Field

 Causes an exception trap to the SWI hardware vector

 The SWI handler can examine the SWI number to decide what operation
has been requested.
 By using the SWI mechanism, an operating system can implement a set
of privileged operations which applications running in user mode can
request.
 Syntax:
 SWI{<cond>} <SWI number>

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PSR Transfer Instructions
31 28 27 24 23 16 15 8 7 6 5 4 0

N Z C V Q J U n d e f i n e d I F T mode
f s x c

 MRS and MSR allow contents of CPSR / SPSR to be transferred to / from

a general purpose register.
 Syntax:
 MRS{<cond>} Rd,<psr> ; Rd = <psr>
 MSR{<cond>} <psr[_fields]>,Rm ; <psr[_fields]> = Rm

where
 <psr> = CPSR or SPSR
 [_fields] = any combination of ‘fsxc’
 Also an immediate form
 MSR{<cond>} <psr_fields>,#Immediate
 In User Mode, all bits can be read but only the condition flags (_f) can be
written.

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ARM Branches and Subroutines
 B <label>
 PC relative. ±32 Mbyte range.
 BL <subroutine>
 Stores return address in LR
 Returning implemented by restoring the PC from LR
 For non-leaf functions, LR will have to be stacked
func1 func2
STMFD sp!, :
: {regs,lr}
:
: :
:
BL func1 BL func2
:
: :
:
: LDMFD sp!,
{regs,pc} MOV pc, lr

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Thumb
 Thumb is a 16-bit instruction set
 Optimised for code density from C code (~65% of ARM code size)
 Improved performance from narrow memory
 Subset of the functionality of the ARM instruction set
 Core has additional execution state - Thumb
 Switch between ARM and Thumb using BX instruction
31 0
ADDS r2,r2,#1
32-bit ARM Instruction
For most instructions generated by compiler:
 Conditional execution is not used
 Source and destination registers identical
 Only Low registers used
 Constants are of limited size
15
ADD r2,#1
0  Inline barrel shifter not used
16-bit Thumb Instruction

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Agenda

Introduction
Programmers Model
Instruction Sets
 System Design
Development Tools

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Example ARM-based System

16 bit RAM 32 bit RAM

Interrupt
Controller
Peripherals I/O
nIRQ nFIQ

ARM
Core
8 bit ROM

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AMBA
Arbiter Reset

ARM
TIC
Remap/
External Bus Interface Timer
Pause
ROM External

Bridge
Bus
Interface
External
RAM On-chip Interrupt
Decoder RAM Controller

AHB or ASB APB

System Bus Peripheral Bus

 AMBA  ACT
 Advanced Microcontroller Bus  AMBA Compliance Testbench
Architecture
 ADK  PrimeCell
 Complete AMBA Design Kit  ARM’s AMBA compliant peripherals

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Agenda

Introduction
Programmers Model
Instruction Sets
System Design
 Development Tools

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The RealView Product Families

Compilation Tools Debug Tools Platforms

ARM Developer Suite (ADS) – AXD (part of ADS) ARMulator (part of ADS)
Compilers (C/C++ ARM & Thumb), Trace Debug Tools Integrator™ Family
Linker & Utilities
Multi-ICE
Multi-Trace

RealView Compilation Tools (RVCT) RealView Debugger (RVD) RealView ARMulator ISS
(RVISS)
RealView ICE (RVI)
RealView Trace (RVT)
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ARM Debug Architecture
Ethernet

Debugger (+ optional
trace tools)

JTAG port Trace Port

 EmbeddedICE Logic
 Provides breakpoints and processor/system
access
TAP
 JTAG interface (ICE) controller
 Converts debugger commands to JTAG ETM
signals
EmbeddedICE
 Embedded trace Macrocell (ETM) Logic
 Compresses real-time instruction and data
access trace
 Contains ICE features (trigger & filter logic)
ARM
 Trace port analyzer (TPA) core
 Captures trace in a deep buffer

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