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Chapter 9. Embedded Systems: Computer Organization

Embedded systems are computing systems designed for specific control functions rather than general purpose computing. They are ubiquitous, found in devices like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. Key characteristics of embedded systems include being application specific, optimized for cost/power/size, performing real-time digital signal processing and control functions. Common components are processors, memory, analog/digital converters, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and software. Design challenges include low cost, power consumption, reliability and meeting application requirements.

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232 views

Chapter 9. Embedded Systems: Computer Organization

Embedded systems are computing systems designed for specific control functions rather than general purpose computing. They are ubiquitous, found in devices like appliances, vehicles, medical equipment, smartphones, and more. Key characteristics of embedded systems include being application specific, optimized for cost/power/size, performing real-time digital signal processing and control functions. Common components are processors, memory, analog/digital converters, application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs), and software. Design challenges include low cost, power consumption, reliability and meeting application requirements.

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© Attribution Non-Commercial (BY-NC)
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Chapter 9.

Embedded
Systems

Computer Organization
Embedded System Overview
 Computing systems are everywhere
 Most of us think of “desktop” computers

- PC’s
- Laptops
- Servers
 But there is another type of computing
system
- Far more common…
Embedded System Overview
What is an embedded system?
A physical system that employs computer control for a specific purpose,
rather than for general-purpose computation.
A “Short List” of Embedded
Systems
 Anti-lock brakes Fingerprint identifiers
 Auto-focus cameras Home security systems
 Automatic teller machine Medical testing systems
 Automatic toll systems Modems
 Automatic transmission MPEG decoders
 Avionic systems Network cards
 Battery chargers Network switches/routers
 Camcorders Pagers
 Cell phones Photocopiers
 Cell-phone base stations Printers
 Cordless phones Scanners
 Cruise control Stereo systems
 Digital cameras TV
 Disk drives VCR
 Electronic card readers Video game controllers
 Electronic toys/games Video phones
 Fax machines Washers and dryers
Embedded Systems
 Embedded systems
 information processing systems
embedded into a larger product
 Two types of computing
 Desktop – produced
millions/year
 Embedded – billions/year
 Non-Embedded Systems
 PCs, servers, and notebooks
 The future of computing!
 Automobiles, entertainment,
communication, aviation,
handheld devices, military and
medical equipments.
Components of Embedded
Systems
Memory Controllers Interface

Software

Processor
Coprocessors

ASIC

Converters

Analog Digital Analog


Components of Embedded
Systems
 Analog components
- Sensors, controllers,…
 Digital components
- Processor, coprocessors
- Memories
- Controllers, busses
- ASIC: Application-Specific Integrated Circuit, a chip designed
for a particular application
 Converters – A/D, D/A, …
 Software
- Application programs
- Exception handlers
Characteristics
 Application specific
- Application are known a priori
- Optimize for cost, area, power, and performance
 Digital signal processing
- Signals are represented digitally
 Reactive
- Reacts to changes in the system’s environment
 Real-time
- Compute certain tasks before deadline
 Distributed, networked,…
Characteristics
 Reliability
- Probability of system working correctly at t=0
 Maintainability
- Probability of system working correctly d time units after error
occurred
 Safety
- Not harmful for user
 Security
- Confidential and authentic communication
Traditional Design Challenges
 Low cost  Mixed digital/analog
 Light weight requirements
 Reliability  Shrinking time-to-
market
 Low power
 Short product lifetime
 Portable
 Real-time processing
 Complexity
 Inherent concurrency
 Ease of use
 HW/SW co-design
Recent Design Challenges
 Design complexity
 Ultra low power
- Highly adaptive
- Active power management (voltage scaling, etc.)
- Alternative energy source (solar, etc.)
 Internet aware
- Incorporate RF (radio frequency) technologies
- Networking capabilities
* Larger OS, middleware, etc.
* Understanding of many/changing protocols
 Verification
 Security
Embedded System Example –
Microwave Oven
EMBEDDED PROCESSOR CHIP

Processor ROM RAM

Bus

Input Output
interface interface

Input keys Door open Magnetron Fan

Displays Light

Speaker

Figure 9.1. A block diagram of a micro wave oven.
Figure 9.1. A block diagram of a microwave oven
Embedded System Example –
Digital Camera
Lens Optical
sensors

A/D
conversion

Motor

User System
switches controller
Flash
unit

Image LCD Computer


storage screen interface

Cable to PC

Figure 9.2. A simplified block diagram of a digital camera.
Figure 9.2. A simplified block diagram of a digital camera.
Block Diagram of an
Embedded Processor
Parallel
To external Processor I/O ports
memory core

Serial
I/O ports

Internal
memory
Counter/Timer

A­to­D conversion D­to­A conversion

Figure 9.3.  A block diagram of an embedded processor.
A Simple Microcontroller

Address Port A
Parallel I/O
Processor
Data Port B
core

Control
Receive data
Serial I/O
Transmit data

Internal Counter_in
memory Counter/Timer
Timer_out

Figure 9.4.  An example microcontroller.
Access to Parallel Port
Read_Port

Di PA i

Output data

D Q

Write_Port Q

D Q

Write_DIR Q

Data direction

Figure 9.5. Access to one bit in Port A in Figure 9.4.
Access the Serial Interface
Receive shift register Serial input

Recei ve buffer

D7

D0

Transmit buffer

Transmit shift register Serial output

Figure 9.7. Recei ve and transmit structure of the serial interf ace.


Design Issues
 Cost
 I/O capability
 Size
 Power consumption
 On-Chip memory
 Performance
 Software
 Instruction set
 Development tools
 Testability and reliability
System-On-a-Chip (SOC)
 In an embedded application, it is desired to
use as few chips as possible.
 Some microcontroller chips are targeted for
specific applications.
 Developing a complex microcontroller takes
time.
 Consumer products need short development
time.
 IP (Intellectual property) reuse
FPGA
 Field Programmable Gate Array
 Allow complete freedom in the design
process.
 Make it easy to include certain standard units
and then build the rest of the system as
desired.
 Processor core: key component of any
system on a chip
 Soft processor core
 Hard processor core

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