TRAINING REVIEW OF

SUMMER TRAINING AT 132 KV SUBSTATION AT
GHURKARI KANGRA UNDER PSTCL KANGRA.

 Submitted By:   
 Upendra Singh Koundal                                                                                                          Submitted To                                
                                           Prof.P.P.Sharma                  
                                                                                                                                                                  HOD (EE)              
  
CONTENTS:
SUBSTATION 
SWITCHYARD
CONTROL ROOM
SINGLELINE DIAGRAM
APPARATUS PRESENT IN SUBSTAION 
FENCING ARRANGEMENT 
EARTHING
CONCLUSION
WHAT IS A SUBSTATION?
A substation is a part of an electrical generation, transmission, and
distribution system. Substations transform voltage from high to low, or
the reverse, or perform any of several other important functions.
Between the generating station and consumer, electric power may flow
through several substations at different voltage levels. 
 The substation is the medium of transferring the power from generating
unit to the consumer end. It consists different types of equipment like
transformer, generator, power cable which helps in the power
transmission. The generation, transmission and distribution are the main
work of the substation.
Classification of Substations by Design :
• Indoor Type Substations – In such type of substations, the apparatus is
installed within the substation building. Such type of substations is usually
for the voltage up to 11 KV but can be raised for the 33 KV or 66 KV when
the surrounding air is polluted by dust, fumes or gasses, etc. 
• Outdoor Substations – These substations are further subdivided into two
categories 
• Pole Mounted Substations – Such Substations are erected for distributions
of power in the localities. Single stout pole or H-pole and 4-pole structures
with relevant platforms are operating for transformers of capacity up to 25
KVA, 125 KVA, and above 125KVA. 
• Foundation Mounted Substations – Such types of substations are used for
mounting the transformers having capacity 33,000 volts or above.
    SWITCHYARD-132 KV
               CONTROL ROOM
Single line diagram 
• Single line diagram is the representation of a power system using the simple symbol for
each component. The single line diagram of a power system is the network which shows
the main connections and arrangement of the system components along with their data
(such as output rating, voltage, resistance and reactance, etc.).The connection of the
substation is divided as:- 
– Incoming or power feeder connection 
– Outgoing feeder for feeding the other subsequent substations or switchgear. 
– Power transformer connection.
– Voltage transformer connection for control and metering. 
• The single-line diagram is the blueprint for electrical system analysis. It is the first step in
preparing a critical response plan, allowing you to become thoroughly familiar with the
electrical distribution system layout and design in your facility. 

• The single-line diagram has its largest application in power flow studies. Electrical
elements such as circuit breakers, transformers, capacitors, bus bars, and conductors are
shown by standardized schematic symbols. Instead of representing each of three phases
with a separate line or terminal, only one conductor is represented. 

• With the use of single line diagram, the entire complex substation layout can be
represented easily.
Apparatus Present in a Substation 

❖ Power Transformer 
❖ Circuit breaker 
❖ Current Voltage Transformer (CVT)  
❖ Lightning Arrester 
❖ Isolator  
❖ Insulator 
❖ Busbar 
❖ Earthing  
❖ Batteries 
❖ Fencing Arrangement
Power Transformer
– A Transformer is a static electrical machine which transfers AC
electrical power from one circuit to the other circuit at the constant
frequency, but the voltage level can be altered that means voltage
can be increased or decreased according to the requirement. 
– A Power Transformer is a device that transfers energy from one
circuit to another circuit by means of inductive coupling. Power
transformers differ from other transformer types in that they are
designed to comply with regulatory requirements for mains power
interfacing, working at mains voltages and relatively high currents.
The most important specification of a power transformer is its
primary to secondary transformer galvanic isolation, which is
usually specified in kV. This is a fundamental safety aspect in
protecting humans from potentially lethal earth fault conditions. 
– It works on the principle of Faraday’s Law of Electromagnetic
Induction which states that “the magnitude of voltage is directly
proportional to the rate of change of flux.” 
– The Station Transformers are employed to supply auxiliary loads
to the power plant. There transformers are connected to the
switchyard bus. LV side of the station transformer is connected to
the auxiliary buses. The station transformer converts the incoming
Circuit Breaker
 
– The circuit breaker is equipment which automatically cut off power supply of the
system when any fault or short circuit occurs in the system. It detect and isolate faults
within a fraction of a second thereby minimizing the damage at the point where the fault
has occurred. 
– The circuit breakers are specially designed to interrupt the very high fault currents,
which may be ten or more times the normal operating currents. 
– In distribution substation, generally oil circuit breakers, vacuum and air circuit
breakers are used. 
Operating Principle of circuit breaker: 
During the normal operating condition, the arms of the circuit breaker can be opened or
closed for a switching and maintenance of the system. To open the circuit breaker, only a
pressure is required to be applied to a trigger.
Oil Circuit Breaker 

An oil circuit breaker is one kind of circuit breaker where the insulating oil
can be used as an arc quenching medium. Once the fault occurs within the
system, then circuit breaker contacts will be separated and the arc will be
struck among the contacts.
CVT :-
CVTs in combination with wave traps are used for filtering high-frequency
communication signals from power frequency. This forms a carrier communication
network throughout the transmission network, to communicate between substations.
The CVT is installed at a point after Lightning Arrester and before Wave trap.

CVT is working under principle of potential divider

Lightening Arrester 
       
– Lightning arrester is one of the most important protective device of
distribution substation to protect valuable equipment as well as working
personnel. It arrests and discharges over voltage to earth during lightning
strokes. These are installed between line and earth near equipment. 
– Representative values of a lightning stroke:  
• Voltage: 2 × 108 volts 
• Current: 3 × 104 Amps 
• Duration: 2 × 10-1 seconds 
• Power: 6 × 1012 kW
Insulators 
- The main function of an insulator is to insulate live conductor or
equipment at different voltages with reference to the ground
structures as well as provide mechanical support. 
– Provision of adequate insulation in a substation is of primary
importance from the point of view of reliability of supply and
safety of personnel. 
– The various types of insulators are pin insulator, suspension
insulator, strain insulator, stay insulator and shackle insulator.
 Busbar Arrangement 
- An electric bus bar is defined as a conductor or group of conductors that is used for collecting the electric power from the incoming feeders and
distributes them to the outgoing feeders.  
– It is a type of electrical junction in which all the incoming and the outgoing currents meets.  
– The bus bar arrangement consists of the isolator and circuit breaker. On the occurrence of the fault the faulty section of the bus bar is
disconnected from the circuit. 
– The electrical bus bar is available in rectangular cross section, round and various other shapes, where the rectangular shape is most commonly
used.
 ​

Batteries ​
In a Substation DC power is supplied in the following, following feeders of a panel: ​
• Trip and Closing circuit of Circuit breaker ​
• Protection Relay ​
• Isolator control circuit ​
• Indication lamp, Alarm, Facia ​
• Emergency lamps in Control room ​
​
All of the above are minimum requirements and supply to the above circuits should be available in any
condition. Suppose the Station Transformer is failed, in that case supply should be available for the
panels of line and Power Transformer, Busbar protection etc., which are still in service. Hence battery
set is provided for backup purpose. Nowadays in EHV Substations, it is a practice to provide two battery
sets each with a battery charger.
Fencing Arrangement 

– Fencing is provided at outdoor substation yard for restricting

entry of unauthorized person and livestock.  
– It must be earthed/ grounded separately. Height of fencing
normally should not be less than 1.8 meters. 
– Fencing should be painted once in a year by suitable paint. 
– Without fencing arrangement hazardous events may take place
if unauthorized person enters the substation area.
Earthing 
– Provite the fault to the earth. 
– Earthing has a very low resistance and connects the electrical equipment to the general mass of the
earth. 
– The substation earthing system comprises of a grid (earth mat) formed by a horizontal buried
conductors.  

– An Earthing Mat is the interconnection of Horizontal and Vertical electrode. The vertical
Electrodes are for the dissipation of fault current into the ground while horizontal electrodes are laid
for suppressing the dangerous Touch and Step voltages which are generated due to heavy fault
current. 

– Gravel/Stones are provided in the substation to reduce the step potential and touch potential when
operators work on switch yard. 
Stones also eliminate the growth of small weeds and plants inside the switch yard, which improve
the working condition in the switchyard. 
                C0NCLUSION
Now from this training we can conclude that electricity plays an important role in
our life We are made aware of how transmission of electricity is done We too came
to know about the various parts of the substation system.
 THANK YOU