COMPUTER ORGANIZATION

KCS 302
By
SHIVANI AGARWAL
Department of Computer Science & Engineering
IMS Engineering College, Ghaziabad
COMPUTER ORGANISATION AND
ARCHITECTURE

The components from which computers are built, i.e.,

computer organization.
In contrast, computer architecture is the science of
integrating those components to achieve a level of
functionality and performance.
 It is as if computer organization examines the
lumber, bricks, nails, and other building material
While computer architecture looks at the design of the
house.
Computer organization
 It is concerned with the way hardware components
operate and the way they are connected to form a
computer system.
The various components are assumed to be in place and
the task is to investigate the organizational structure to
verify that the computer parts operated as intended.
Computer Organization refers to the level of
abstraction above the digital logic level, but below the
operating system level.
Computer Design
Computer design is concerned with the hardware
design of the computer.

Once the computer specifications are formulated, it is
the task of the designer to develop hardware for the
system.

Computer design is concerned with the determination
of what hardware should be used and how the parts
should be connected.

This aspect of computer hardware is sometimes
referred to as computer implementation.
Computer Architecture

 Computer Architecture is a functional description of

requirements and design implementation for the various

parts of computer. It is concerned with the structure and
behavior of the computer as seen by the user. It includes the
information formats, the instruction set and techniques for
addressing memory. The architectural design of a computer
system is concerned with the specifications of the various
functional modules, such as processors and memories, and
structuring them together into a computer system.
Difference between Computer Organization and
Architecture
Computer Organization Computer Architecture

Organization describes how it does it. Architecture describes what the computer does.

Computer Organization deals with structural relationship. Computer Architecture deals with functional behavior of
computer system.

Where, Organization indicates its performance. Architecture indicates its hardware.

For designing a computer, organization is decided after For designing a computer, its architecture is fixed first.
its architecture.

Computer Organization is frequently called as micro Computer Architecture is also called as instruction set
architecture. architecture.

Computer Architecture comprises logical functions such Computer Organization consists of physical units like
as instruction sets, registers, data types and addressing circuit designs, peripherals and adders
modes.

Computer Organization handles the segments of the Architecture coordinates between the hardware and
network in a system. software of the system.
Difference between Computer
Organization and Architecture
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF
COMPUTER
Input Unit

Output Unit

ALU

 Control Unit

Memory Unit
FUNCTIONAL UNITS OF
COMPUTER
Input Unit: Computer accepts encoded information
through input unit. The standard input device is a keyboard.
Whenever a key is pressed, keyboard controller sends the
code to CPU/Memory. Converts the external world data to
a binary format, which can be understood by CPU.

Examples are Mouse, Joystick, Tracker ball, Light pen,

Digitizer, Scanner etc.

Output unit: Converts the binary format data to a format

that a common man can understand Computer after
computation returns the computed results, error messages,
etc. via output unit.

Examples are Monitor, Printer, LCD, LED etc

Memory unit stores the program instructions (Code), data and
results of computations etc.
 Memory unit is classified as:
• Primary /Main Memory • Secondary /Auxiliary Memory.
 Primary memory is a semiconductor memory that provides
access at high speed. Run time program instructions and operands
are stored in the main memory. Main memory is classified again as
ROM and RAM. ROM holds system programs and firmware
routines such as BIOS, POST, I/O Drivers that are essential to
manage the hardware of a computer. RAM is termed as Read/Write
memory or user memory that holds run time program instruction
and data. While primary storage is essential, it is volatile in nature
and expensive.
Secondary memory are non volatile in nature. Secondary
memory refers to storage devices, such as hard drives and solid
state drives. It may also refer to removable storage media, such as
USB flash drives, CDs, and DVDs. secondary memory is not
accessed directly by the CPU.
-
•ALU: An arithmetic-logic unit (ALU) is the part of a
computer processor (CPU) that carries out arithmetic and
logic operations on the operands in computer instruction
words. ALU consist of necessary logic circuits like adder,
comparator etc, to perform operations addition,
multiplication, AND,OR,XOR,NOR,NAND.

•Control Unit:- Control unit co-ordinates activities of all

units by issuing control signals. Control signals issued by
control unit govern the data transfers and then appropriate
operations take place. Control unit interprets or decides the
operation/action to be performed.
VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECHURE
Von Neumann architecture was first published by
John von Neumann in 1945.  Von Neumann
architecture is based on the stored-program computer
concept, where instruction data and program data are
stored in the same memory. 
VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECHURE

MAIN MEMORY

Program
Data
or
A=10;
instructio
B=5
n
C=A+B
VON NEUMANN
ARCHITECHURE
Central processing Unit:- These have many components:-
1) ALU:- perform logical operations, speed is very fast
2) Registers:- it is a set of flip-flop, it has very small in
size, speed is very high, it's a temporary storing memory,
that is used to store intermediate results.
BUS
Buses – A bus is a subsystem that is used to connect
computer components and transfer data between them.
For example, an internal bus connects computer
internals to the motherboard.
A bus may be parallel or serial. Parallel buses transmit
data across multiple wires. Serial buses transmit data
in bit-serial format.
Data is transmitted from one part of a computer to
another, connecting all major internal components to
the CPU and memory, by the means of Buses.
Types of Buses
1. Data Bus: It carries data among the memory unit,
the I/O devices, and the processor.
2. Address Bus: It carries the address of data (not the
actual data) between memory and processor.
3. Control Bus: It carries control commands from the
CPU (and status signals from other devices) in order
to control and coordinate all the activities within the
computer.
BUS STRUCTURE
•Single bus structure: Common bus used to communicate between peripherals
and microprocessor

INPUT MEMORY PROCESSOR OUTPUT

Hallow
structure

SINGLE BUS STRUCTURE

• Toimprove performance multibus structure can be
used

•In two – bus structure : One bus can be used to fetch

instruction other can be used to fetch data, required
for execution.

•Thus improving the performance ,but cost increases

A2 A1 A0 Selected
CONTROL BUS location

0 0 0 0th Location
0 0 1 1st Location
0 1 0

W/R
CS RD 0 1 1
A0 PROCESSOR
A1 1 0 0
A2
1 0 1
ADDRESS BUS
1 1 0
D7 D0
D0 D7
1 1 1

DATA BUS
•23 = 8 i.e. 3 address line is required to select 8
location

•In general 2x = n where x number of address lines

(address bit) and n is number of location

•Address bus : unidirectional : group of wires

which carries address information bits form
processor to peripherals (16,20,24 or more parallel
signal lines)
•Databus: bidirectional : group of wires which
carries data information bit form processor to
peripherals and vice – versa

•Controlbus: bidirectional: group of wires which

carries control signals form processor to
peripherals and vice – versa

•Figure below shows address, data and control bus

and their connection with peripheral and
microprocessor
Single bus structure showing the details of connection
Bus and Memory Transfers:

A digital system composed of many registers, and paths must be

provided to transfer information from one register to another. The
number of wires connecting all of the registers will be excessive
if separate lines are used between each register and all other
registers in the system.
A bus structure, on the other hand, is more efficient for
transferring information between registers in a multi-register
configuration system.
A bus consists of a set of common lines, one for each bit of
register, through which binary information is transferred one at a
time. Control signals determine which register is selected by the
bus during a particular register transfer.
The following block diagram shows a Bus system for four registers. It
is constructed with the help of four 4 * 1 Multiplexers each having
four data inputs (0 through 3) and two selection inputs (S1 and S2).
We have used labels to make it more convenient for you to
understand the input-output configuration of a Bus system for four
registers. For instance, output 1 of register A is connected to input 0
of MUX1.
The two selection lines S1 and S2 are connected to the selection
inputs of all four multiplexers. The selection lines choose the four
bits of one register and transfer them into the four-line common
bus.
When both of the select lines are at low logic, i.e. S1S0 = 00, the
0 data inputs of all four multiplexers are selected and applied to
the outputs that forms the bus. This, in turn, causes the bus lines
to receive the content of register A since the outputs of this
register are connected to the 0 data inputs of the multiplexers.
Similarly, when S1S0 = 01, register B is selected, and the bus
lines will receive the content provided by register B.
The following function table shows the register that is selected by
the bus for each of the four possible binary values of the Selection
lines.
A bus system can also be constructed using three-state
gates instead of multiplexers.
The three state gates can be considered as a digital circuit that has
three gates, two of which are signals equivalent to logic 1 and 0 as in
a conventional gate. However, the third gate exhibits a high-
impedance state.
The most commonly used three state gates in case of the bus system
is a buffer gate.
The graphical symbol of a three-state buffer gate can be represented
as:

                  
•The outputs generated by the four buffers are connected to
form a single bus line.
•Only one buffer can be in active state at a given point of time.
•The control inputs to the buffers determine which of the four
normal inputs will communicate with the bus line.
•A 2 * 4 decoder ensures that no more than one control input is
active at any given point of time.
Memory Transfer
Most of the standard notations used for specifying operations on memory
transfer are stated below.
•The transfer of information from a memory unit to the user end is
called a Read operation.
•The transfer of new information to be stored in the memory is called
a Write operation.
•A memory word is designated by the letter M.
•We must specify the address of memory word while writing the
memory transfer operations. •.