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Presentation On Selective Controls

Selective controls are used when there are more process variables to control than final control elements, and involve using signal selectors to choose the lowest, median, or highest control signal to determine how to share the final control elements. Examples where selective control can improve operations include temperature control of a plug flow reactor where the hot spot can move, and hot oil temperature control for multiple process units where selectively controlling the furnace temperature based on user needs can improve efficiency. The design of a selective control system requires considering the process variables, failure positions, set points, controller actions, and type of selector needed based on the specific safety or optimization goals.

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42 views

Presentation On Selective Controls

Selective controls are used when there are more process variables to control than final control elements, and involve using signal selectors to choose the lowest, median, or highest control signal to determine how to share the final control elements. Examples where selective control can improve operations include temperature control of a plug flow reactor where the hot spot can move, and hot oil temperature control for multiple process units where selectively controlling the furnace temperature based on user needs can improve efficiency. The design of a selective control system requires considering the process variables, failure positions, set points, controller actions, and type of selector needed based on the specific safety or optimization goals.

Uploaded by

Prakhar
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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PRESENTATION ON

SELECTIVE CONTROLS
INTRODUCTION
• There must be one final control element for each
process variable to be controlled in a
system. Inmany systems however, the process
variables to be controlled outnumber the final
controlelements. In these applications, the control
system must automatically decide how to share
thefinal control elements. When this is the case,
selective controls can be employed to switch
easilyand smoothly between the variables to be
controlled.
Selective controls involve the use of signal selectors which choose either the lowest,
median, or highest control signal from two or more signals. Selective controls are
employed in five basicapplication areas:
 
Protection of equipment
 
Variable structuring

Auctioneering
 
Redundant instrumentation

Valve position control

Each of these selective control application types has its own unique
implementation, controlequipment requirements, and test procedure for
optimization.
Selective control is interesting control scheme used for safety considerations and
process optimization. Two examples are presented to show its principles and
implementation.

Temperature control of a plug flow reactor

Selective control for PFR


1 shows a plug flow reactor where an exothermic catalytic
reaction takes place; the figure also shows the reactor temperature control.
The sensor providing the temperature measurement should be located at the “hot
spot.” As the catalyst in the reactor ages, or conditions change, the hot spot will
move. It is desired to design a control scheme so that its measured variable “moves”
as the hot spot moves. A control strategy that accomplishes the desired specifications
is shown in Fig. The high selector in this scheme selects the transmitter
with the highest output, and in so doing the controlled variable is always the highest,
or closest to the highest, temperature.
In implementing this control strategy an important consideration is that all temperature
transmitters must have the same range, so that their output signals can be
compared on the same basis. Another possibly important consideration is to install
some kind of indication as to which transmitter is giving the highest signal. If the
hot spot moves past the last transmitter, TT17, this may be an indication that it is
time either to regenerate or to change the catalyst. The length of reactor left for the
reaction is probably not enough to obtain the conversion desired.
2. An instructive and realistic process where selective control can
improve the operation is shown in Fig. A furnace heats a heat transfer oil to
provide an energy source to several process units. Each individual unit manipulates
the flow of oil required to maintain its controlled variable at set point. The outlet
oil temperature from the furnace is also controlled by manipulating the fuel flow.
A bypass control loop, DPC16, is provided.
Suppose that it is noticed that the control valve in each unit is not open very
much. For example, suppose that the output of TC13 is only 20%, that of TC14 is
15%, and that of TC15 is only 30%. This indicates that the hot oil temperature provided
by the furnace may be higher than required by the users.
Selective control for hot oil system
Limited Availability of Manipulated Variable In some control applications
only one controlled variable exists, but a choice of manipulated variables
is present. A typical example is the firing of a process heater with either
of two fuels. The choice between the fuels is usually made on the basis of
availability. Fuel A may be burned to the limit of its availability and when
that limit is reached, it has to be supplemented with fuel B. The
availability limit can be set manually or by a controller that detects the
amount of fuel A in storage.

A control system of this type must have the following two features: 1.
Capability of manipulating the variable with limited availability while
staying below its limit 2. Smooth transition from using one
manipulated variable to the other without adversely affecting the
controlled variable Accommodating these requirements necessitates
the coordinating of the manipulated variables and the weighing of
their effects on the process.
The PI Controller The output signal from a PI controller is 2.28(4) When the PI
controller is in automatic but its output is blocked from reaching the valve, and
the deviation e(t) is not zero, the error will be integrated until the controller
saturates its output either at 100 or 0% depending on the action of the
controller.

DESIGN PROCEDURE--

When designing a control system that includes the feature of selecting the
output of one of two controllers, one must consider: 1. The process variables
that are to be controlled by the manipulated variable 2. The failure position
of the final control element (valve) 3. The safe set points for the controllers 4.
The required controller actions 5. The type of selector required (high, low,
other) In the majority of safety applications, a low signal selector is used
because control valves, which are installed for reasons of safety, should
always fail safe, and one of the possible causes of failure is air failure. As an
application example, consider a unit process consisting of a suction drum, a
reciprocating compressor, and a discharge vessel. The purpose of the control
system is to prevent the formation of vacuum in the suction drum and the
development of excessive pressure in the discharge vessel. Both of these
goals can be satisfied by recirculating some of the gas from the discharge
vessel to the suction drum.
The design steps include:
Step 1: An open valve failure position must be selected because if the valve is open
both the development of vacuum in the suction drum and overpressure in the
discharge vessel are prevented.

Step 2: Sensors are placed to detect the variables of interest, namely the vacuum on
the suction and the overpressure on the discharge side.

Step 3: Because the development of either high vacuum or high pressure will require
the opening of the recirculating valve, the controller actions must be set accordingly.

Step 4: The action of the suction controller shall be direct (as the measured pressure
drops = vacuum rises, the output also drops). The action of the discharge controller
shall be reverse (as the measured pressure increases, the output decreases).

Step 5: Because safety is served by opening the recirculating valve, the selector should
pick that controller output, which requires a higher valve opening. With a fail open
valve, that means a Low Signal Selector.

Step 6: To complete the design, an external reset should be specified for both
controllers, which provides them with feedback from the output of the signal selector.
GROUP MEMBERS

1-AKSHIT MUNJAL

2-PRAKHAR VERMA

3-SUDHAKAR

4-MOHAK RAWAL

5-AYUSH SINGH

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