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Lecture 13 (Centrifugal Pumps)

Pumps convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by transferring fluid from a high pressure to low pressure area. There are two main types of pumps - rotodynamic pumps which use centrifugal force, and positive displacement pumps which physically displace fluid. Centrifugal pumps have an impeller inside a casing that spins and imparts centrifugal force on the fluid, pushing it outward into the delivery pipe. Key components include the impeller, casing, suction pipe, delivery pipe, and foot valve. Centrifugal pumps work by creating a low pressure zone at the center of the impeller to draw fluid in and fling it outward, transferring it to a higher elevation against gravity. Pump performance is evaluated based on head, flow rate

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Muhammad Usman
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1K views

Lecture 13 (Centrifugal Pumps)

Pumps convert mechanical energy into hydraulic energy by transferring fluid from a high pressure to low pressure area. There are two main types of pumps - rotodynamic pumps which use centrifugal force, and positive displacement pumps which physically displace fluid. Centrifugal pumps have an impeller inside a casing that spins and imparts centrifugal force on the fluid, pushing it outward into the delivery pipe. Key components include the impeller, casing, suction pipe, delivery pipe, and foot valve. Centrifugal pumps work by creating a low pressure zone at the center of the impeller to draw fluid in and fling it outward, transferring it to a higher elevation against gravity. Pump performance is evaluated based on head, flow rate

Uploaded by

Muhammad Usman
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPT, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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Pumps

• Machine that provides energy to a fluid in a fluid


system.

• Converts the mechanical energy supplied to it


externally to hydraulic energy and transfers it to
the liquid flowing through a pipe

• Flow is normally from high pressure to low


pressure
• On the basis of mode of action of conversion of
mechanical energy to hydraulic energy, pumps
are classified as
– Rotodynamic pumps
– Positive displacement pumps

• In rotodynamic pumps, increase in energy level


is due to combination of centrifugal energy,
pressure energy and kinetic energy
• In displacement pumps, liquid is sucked and
then displaced due to the thrust exerted on it by
a moving member that results in the lifting of
liquid to a desired height.
Components of centrifugal
pumps
• Impeller
a rotating wheel fitted with a series of
backward curved vanes or blades
mounted on a shaft connected to the shaft of
an electric motor

• Casing
airtight passage surrounding the impeller
quite similar to the casing of a reaction
turbine.
• Casing can normally be of three types
– Volute casing (gradually increasing flow area)
– Vortex casing
– Casing with guide blades

• Vortex casing is used to increase the efficiency


of the pump by introducing a circular chamber
between the volute casing and pump (volute
pump with vortex chamber)
• Suction pipe
– Pipe connecting the inlet of the pump and the
sump is the suction pipe
– Dipping end is provided with a strainer and
foot valve
• Foot valve is a one way valve opening in one
direction
• When the pressure goes below the atmospheric
in suction pipe, the sump level opens the valve
upward
• Water starts going into the impeller which
delivers it to upper tank through delivery pipe
• Strainer is provided at the bottom of the suction
pipe to prevent debris from entering the pipe
• Delivery pipe
– Used for delivery of liquid
– One end connected to the outlet of the pump
while the other delivers the water at the
required height to the delivery tank
Working of centrifugal pump
• Works on the principle that when a certain mass of fluid
is rotated by an external source, it is thrown away from
the central axis of rotation and a centrifugal head is
impressed which enables it to rise to a higher level.

• First step toward the operation of the pump is primming

• Suction pipe, pump and portion of delivery pipe up to the


delivery valve is filled with water to remove any air or
vapour pocket.
• Done by pouring water through the inlet and
releasing the air release pin.

• Pump is started by electric motor to rotate the


impeller.

• Rotation of impeller in casing full of water


produces forced vortex which creates a
centrifugal head on the liquid
• The delivery valve is opened as the centrifugal
head is impressed.

• This results in the flow of liquid in an outward radial


direction with high velocity and pressure enabling
the liquid to enter the delivery pipe.

• Partial vacuum is created at the centre of the


impeller which makes the sump water at
atmospheric pressure to rush through the pipe
• Delivery of water from sump to delivery
pipe continues so long as the pump is on.

• It is normally considered as the reverse of


a radially inward flow reaction turbine.
Work done by the pump
• To find an expression for the work done, velocity
triangles at the inlet and outlet are drawn.

• Water enters the impeller radially with α=90 and the


Vw at inlet =0.

• Let N be the rotation of the impeller in rpm.

• D and D1 are the diameters of impeller at inlet and


outlet respectively.
• As it is the reverse of reaction turbine so
the work done by the impeller on water per
unit weight of water striking per second is
given by
1  1
  Vwu  Vw1u1    Vw1u1  Vwu 
g  g
Since
Vw  0
work done by impeller per unit weight per second

1
Vw1u1 
g

If W is the weight of water given by

W  Qg
Work done by impeller per second
W
Vw1u1 
g
Discharge Q = area x velocity
Q  DBV f  D1 B1V f 1
B and B1 are the widths of the impeller at inlet
and outlet and Vf and Vf1 are the velocities of flow
at inlet and outlet
Speed ratio
u1

2 gH m

Flow ratio
Vf1
2 gH m
Head and efficiency
• Suction head is the vertical distance from sump
level to the centre line of pump (hs)

• Vertical distance from centre line of pump to water


surface in delivery tank is delivery head (hd)

• Sum of suction head and delivery head is static


head.

H s  hs  hd
• Manometric head is the head against which the
pump has to work
• For zero losses, manometric head is given by

Vw1u1
Hm 
g
But losses do occur in the impeller and casing so
Vw1u1
Hm  -(loss of head in impeller and casing)
g
Hm = total head at outlet of pump- total head
at inlet of pump

 p0 V 2
  pi Vi 2

H m    0
 z 0      z i 
  2g   2g 

where
p0
 hd

2
V0 Is the velocity head at outlet
2g
2
V
 d
2g
Zo is the vertical height of outlet from datum
pi
 hs

and
2
Vd

2g
 Vd 
2
H m   hs  hd  h fs  h fd  

 2 g 
Efficiencies

• Power is shifted from shaft of electric motor to


the shaft of pump and then to impeller.

• From impeller, shifted to water

• Following efficiencies are involved


Manometric efficiency

 Manometric head/head imparted by impeller to water

Hm gH m
 mano  
Vw1u1 Vw1u1
g
Mechanical efficiency
(Power at impeller by liquid/power given to
shaft)

Overall efficiency
ratio of power output of the pump to power
input to the pump

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