MRK INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING

Subject Title : Fluid Mechanics & Machinery
Subject Code : CE8394 Unit : V
Year/ Sem : II/III
TURBINES
Classification of turbines – heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. Axial, radial and mixed
flowturbines. Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines- working principles - work done by
water on the runner – draft tube. Specific speed - unit quantities – performance curves for turbines –
governing of turbines.
PART- A [2Marks]
Classification of turbines – heads and efficiencies – velocity triangles. Axial, radial
and mixed flow turbines.
1. Define the specific speed of the turbine and unit speed of turbine. [A/M-2015]
Specific speed of the turbine [ND2020 & AM2021]
The specific speed of the turbine is the speed of turbine in rpm which will develop 1 kW
power under unit head. It is given by,
N p
Ns = 5

H 4

Unit speed of turbine:

The unit speed is defined as the speed of turbine obtained under unit head (i.e H = 1 m). It
is given by,
N
Nu =
H
2. What is hydroelectric power?
The turbine converts hydraulic energy into mechanical energy. This mechanical energy is
converted into electrical energy. So conversion of energy from hydraulic to electric is
called hydroelectric power. Hydroelectricity is the term referring to electricity generated
by hydropower. The production of electrical power through the use of the gravitational
force of falling or flowing water
3. Write short note on velocity turbine.
A turbine is a rotary mechanical device that extracts energy from a fluid flow and
converts it into useful work. The work produced by a turbine can be used for generating
electrical power when combined with a generator or producing thrust, as in the case of jet
engines. A turbine is a turbomachine with at least one moving part called a rotor
assembly, which is a shaft or drum with blades attached. Moving fluid acts on the blades
so that they move and impart rotational energy to the rotor. Early turbine examples
are windmills and waterwheels.
4. Classify turbines according to flow.( Nov/ Dec/2005)
According to flow through runner
• Tangential flow turbine- flow of water along the tangential direction.
• Radial flow turbine- flow of water along the radius
• Axial flow turbine-flow of water along the shaft axis.
• Mixed flow turbine-radial inlet axial outlet

5. What are reaction turbines? Give examples.

In a reaction turbine, the runner utilizes both potential and kinetic energies. Here, portion
of potential energy is converted into kinetic energy before entering into the turbine by
using scroll cosing.
Ex: Francis and Kaplan turbine.

6. How the hydraulic turbines are classified? [May/Jun – 2014]

• Based on type of energy at inlet to the turbine,
• Based on direction of flow of water through the runner
• Based on the head under which turbine works
• Based on the specific speed of the turbine
• Based on the name of the originator

7. Differentiate between a reaction and an impulse turbine. Give examples.[M/J-2013&

examples.[M/J
15]
S.No
Impulse Turbine Reaction Turbine
In impulse turbine only kinetic In reaction turbine both kinetic and
1 energy is used to rotate the pressure energy is used to rotate
turbine. the turbine
In this turbine water flow through In this turbine water is guided by the
2 the nozzle and strike the guide blades to flow over the
blades of turbine. turbine.
All pressure energy of water In reaction turbine, there is no change
3 converted into kinetic energy in pressure energy of water
before striking the vanes. before striking.
The pressure of the water remains The pressure of water is reducing
unchanged and is equal to after passing through vanes.
4
atmospheric pressure during
durin
process.
Water may admit over a part of Water may admit over a part of
circumference or over the circumference or over the whole
5
whole circumference of the circumference of the wheel of
wheel of turbine. turbine.
8. How do you classify turbines based on flow direction and working
medium?[Ap/May 2017]
Based on the direction of flow through the runner:
Axial flow turbine: the water enters and leaves parallel to the axis of the runner shaft.
Example: Kaplan and propeller turbines.
Radial flow turbine: the path of water flow in the radial direction and in a plane normal
to the runner shaft. Example: Foutnyeton and old ol francis turbine.
Tangential flow turbine: the flow takes place tangential to the circumference of
enclosing the runner. Example: pelton wheel turbine.
Mixed flow turbines: the water enters to the runner radially and leaves parallel to the
axis of the runner
ner shaft. Example: Modern francis turbine, Detiaz turbines.
Based on the working medium:
Low specific speed: Example: pelton wheel turbine single jet 8.5 to 30, pelton wheel
turbine single jet 8.5 to 51.
Medium specific speed: Example: Francis turbine 51 to 255
High specific speed: Example: Kaplan and propeller turbine 255 to 860.

9. Differentiate between radial flow, tangential flow and axial flow turbines. Give examples.
Radial flow turbines:
In the radial flow turbines the water strikes in the radial direction. They are divided into
two types they are Inward flow turbine and Outward flow turbine.
Inward flow turbine:
In the outward flow turbine the flow is inward from the periphery of the centre. Example:
Old type of Francis turbine
Outward flow turbine:
In the outward flow turbine the flow is outward from the center to the periphery.Example:
Fournryron type turbine
Tangential flow turbine:
In the tangential flow turbines the water strikes the runner in the direction of tangent to
the wheel. Example: Pelton wheel turbine
Axial flow turbines:
In the axial flow turbine the flow of the water is in all the directions is parallel to the
shaft.Example: Jonval turbine, Propeller turbine and Kaplan turbine
10. What is meant by hydraulic efficiency of turbine? [Nov/Dec – 2013]
It is the ratio of the power developed by the runner to the water power available at the
inlet of turbine.
When the working fluid is a liquid, the turbine hydraulic efficiency, ηh is defined as,

ℎ

=
ℎ


∆ ∆
= =
∆ (! − # )
11. Define volumetric efficiency of turbine. [ Nov/Dec – 2014, 15]
The volume of the water striking the runner of a turbine is slightly less than the volume of
the water supplied to the turbine. Some of the volume of the water is discharged to the tail
race without striking the runner to the turbine.. Thus the ratio of volume of the water
actually striking the runner to the volume of water supplied to the turbine is defined as
volumetric efficiency. It is written as
Volume of water actually striking the runner
ηv =
Volume of water supplied to the turbine
12. What are the different types of the efficiency of a turbine?
The following are the important efficiencies of a turbine:
• Hydraulic efficiency
• Mechanical efficiency
• Volumetric efficiency
• Overall efficiency

13. Defective Mechanical Efficiency of a turbine.

Mechanical efficiency is defined as the ratio of the power obtained from the shaft of the
turbine to the power developed by the runner. these two powers differ by the amount of
mechanical losses, viz., bearing, friction, etc.,
14. What are the purposes of providing surge tank?
• A surge tank (or surge drum) is a standpipe or storage reservoir at the downstream end
of a closed aqueduct or feeder or a dam or barrage pipe to absorb sudden rises of
pressure, as well as to quickly provide extra water during a brief drop in pressure.
• When sudden closure of valve, sudden reduction of rate of flow in penstock will occur.
To avoid this reduction of rate of flow, surge tanks are provided in the upstream of the
pipeline.
• To reduce the rapid velocity fluctuation in pipeline during starts and the shutdown of a
turbine.
15. What is the function of spear and nozzle?
The main function of nozzle is
• The nozzle is used to convert whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. Thus, the
nozzle delivers high – speed jet.
• To regulate the water flow through nozzle and to obtain a good jet of water, spear or
nozzle is arranged.
• A governor moves to and from a suitably shaped spear placed inside the nozzle
assembly in order to change the flow rate at the same time maintaining a compact
circular jet.
• Meanwhile the spear will move at the safe rate and close the nozzle and stop the flow.

16. What is break nozzle and mention its function?

Large pelton wheels, because of their considerable inertia, do not come to rest quickly in
the event of shot-down. Such wheels are provided with a brake nozzle whose diameter is
about half that of the main nozzle. The break nozzle when opened directs a jet on the back
of the buckets and stops the wheel rapidly.
• If the spear nozzle set is closed, the runner will revolve long time due to inertia.
• To stop the runner in a short time, a small nozzle is provided which directs a jet of
water on the backside of the buckets.

17. What are speed rings or stay ring?

Stay ring, which forms the outer support of a turbine case. It resists heavy loads imposed
by the equipment and the concrete of the power house structure. It consists of an upper
and lower circular plates joined by 10 to 16 stay vanes of streamline shape. The stay rings
of some turbines may have no lower plate.
The speed rings consist of an upper and lower ring held together by series of fixed vanes
called stay vanes. The number of stay vanes is usually taken as half to direct the water
from the scroll casing to the guide vanes
Pelton wheel, Francis turbine and Kaplan turbines- working Principles - work done
by water on the runner – draft tube
18. What is the condition for hydraulic efficiency of a pelton wheel to be maximum?
A wheel power divided by the initial jet power, is the turbine efficiency,
η = 4u(Vi − u)/Vi2.
It is zero for u = 0 and for u = Vi.
As the equations indicate, when a real Pelton wheel is working close to maximum
efficiency, the fluid flows off the wheel with very little residual velocity.
19. What are the various types of casing using in pelton wheel? [ND2020 & AM2021]
Steel coverings provided over the runner of pelton wheel is known as casing. It does not
play any hydraulic function.

But is necessary to provide the runner against accident. It has the following functions.
• It prevents accidents
• Minimize the wind losses
• stops splashing of water
• Facilitates to collect water
• Transmission of water to the tail race.
• The casing is generally made of cast
c or fabricated parts.
20. List down the main components of pelton wheel. [May/June 2016]
Penstock:itit is a rigid pipe which is used to carries the water from reservoir through the
dam gate valve to the turbine under the pressure.
Spear & Nozzle: at the downstream end of the penstock, it is fitted with an efficient
nozzle which converts whole hydraulic energy into kinetic energy. The spear can move
forward or backward thereby decreasing or increasing the annular area of the nozzle flow
passage.
Runner
nner with buckets: the runner consists of a circular disc with a number of buckets
evenly spaced around its periphery. The buckets have a shape of double semi-elliptical
semi
ridge known as splitter.
Brake nozzle: when the nozzle is closed by moving the spear in the forward direction, the
amount of water striking on the buckets is reduced to zero.
Outer casing: A casing is made of cast iron or fabricated steel plates. It has no hydraulic
functions to perform.
Governing mechanism:To
mechanism: regulate the water flow to thee turbine at constant level so that
the speed of the turbine is kept constant. The automatically regulates the quantity of water
flowing through the runner in accordance with any variation of load.

21. What is priming?

Priming is the carryover of varying amounts of droplets of water in the steam (foam and
mist), which lowers the energy efficiency of the steam and leads to the deposit of salt
crystals on the super heaters and in the turbines. Priming may be caused by improper
construction of boiler, excessive
excessive ratings, or sudden fluctuations in steam demand. Priming
is sometimes aggravated by impurities in the boiler-water.
boiler
22. What is outward radial flow turbine?
In outward flow radial turbine stages, the flow of the gas or steam occurs from smaller to
larger diameters. The stage consists of a pair of fixed and moving blades. The increasing
area of cross-section
section at larger diameters accommodates
accommodates the expanding gas. This
configuration did not become popular with the steam and gas turbines. The only one
which is employed
mployed more commonly is the Ljungstrom double rotation type turbine.
turbine
It consists of rings of cantilever blades projecting from two discs rotating in opposite
directions. The relative peripheral velocity of blades in two adjacent rows, with respect to
each other, is high. This gives a higher value of enthalpy drop per stage.
23. What is specific speed of a turbine?
Specific speed is the speed of a geometrically similar turbine (i.e., a turbine identical in
shape, dimensions, blade angles and gate opening etc), which will develop unit power
when working under unit head. The specific speed is used in comparing the different
types of turbines as every type of turbine has different
different specific speed. In S.I. units, unit
power is taken as one kW and unit head as one metre.
24. Write short notes on Francis turbine.
In Francis Turbine water flow is radial into the turbine and exits the Turbine axially.
Water pressure decreases as it passes through the turbine imparting reaction on the turbine
blades making the turbine rotate.
Francis Turbine is the first hydraulic turbine with radial inflow. It was designed by
American scientist James Francis. Francis Turbine is a reaction turbine. Reaction R
Turbines have some primary features which differentiate them from Impulse Turbines.

25. Explain the type of flow in Francis turbine. [Nov/Dec 2016]

Axial flow turbine: the water enters and leaves parallel to the axis of the runner shaft.
Example: Kaplan and propeller turbines.
Radial flow turbine: the path of water flow in the radial direction and in a plane normal
to the runner shaft. Example: Foutnyeton and old francis
franci turbine.
Tangential flow turbine: the flow takes place tangential to the circumference of
enclosing the runner. Example: pelton wheel turbine.
Mixed flow turbines: the water enters to the runner radially and leaves parallel to the
axis of the runner shaft.
shaft. Example: Modern francis turbine, Detiaz turbines.
26. What is the function of guide vanes or wicket gates in Francis turbine?
The guide vane or wicket gate assembles or guide wheel is a device that is normally
interposed between a reaction turbine runner
runner and the spiral casing. It primary function is
to supply water to the turbine runner at the required rate.
The guide vanes direct the water on to the runner at appropriate angles as per design. Also
it is used to regulate the quantity of water supplied to to the runner the guide vanes are
airfoil shaped and they may be made of cast steels, stainless steel or plate steel.

27. State the advantages and disadvantages of a Francis turbine over Pelton wheel.
Advantage
• The difference in operating head can be extra simply controlled in Francis turbine than
in Pelton wheel turbine.
• Ratio of utmost and least operating head can be even be two in case of Francis Turbine.
• Mechanical efficiency of pelton wheel decrease faster by wear than Francis turbine.
• Francis turbine variation in operating head can be more simply controlled.
• No head failure occurs still at low discharge of water.
Disadvantage
• The water which is not dirt free can cause extremely rapid wear in high head Francis
turbine.
• As spiral casing is stranded, runner is not simply available. Therefore dismantle is
hard.
• The repair and inspection is much harder reasonably.
• Cavitation is an ever-present hazard.
• Current losses are certain.
28. Write short notes on draft tube. [ Nov/Dec- 2015] [ Nov/Dec- 2016]
The draft tube is an important component of a Francis turbine which influences the
hydraulic performance. It is located just under the runner and allowed to decelerate the
flow velocity exiting the runner, thereby converting the excess of kinetic energy into
static pressure.
A draft tube at the end of the turbine increases the pressure of the exiting fluid at the
expense of its velocity. This means that the turbine can reduce pressure to a higher extent
without fear of back flow from tail race.
29. Write the components available in Francis turbine.
A Francis turbine consists of the following main parts:
Spiral Casing: The water from the penstock enters a scroll casing which completely
surrounds the runner.
Guide or Stay Vanes: From the speed ring, the water passes through a series of guide
vanes or wicket gates. Thus, gates are provided all around the periphery of the turbine
runner.
Runner Blades: It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed.
The vanes are so shaped that water enters the runner radially at outer periphery and leaves
it axially at the runner periphery.
Draft tube: After passing through the runner, the water is discharged to the tailrace
through a gradually expanding tube called draft tube.
30. What are the main components in Kaplan turbine?
The Kaplan turbine consists of the following main components:
Scroll casing: The water from the penstock enters a scroll casing which completely
surrounds the runner.
Stay ring: From scroll casing, the water passes through a speed ring or stay ring. This
consists of an upper and a lower ring held together by series by series of fixed vanes
called stay ring.
Guide vanes:From the speed ring, the water passes through a series of guide vanes or
wicket gates. Thus, gates are provided all around the periphery of the turbine runner.
Draft tube: After passing through the runner, the water is discharged to the tailrace
through a gradually expanding tube called draft tube.
Runner: It is a circular wheel on which a series of radial curved vanes are fixed. The
vanes are so shaped that water enters the runner radially at outer periphery and leaves it
axially at the runner periphery.
31. What are the different types of surge tanks?
Simple Surge Tank: A simple surge tank is a shaft connected to pressure tunnel directly
or by a short connection of cross-sectional area not less than the area of the head race
tunnel.
Restricted Orifice Surge Tank: A simple surge tank in which the inlet is throttled to
improve damping of oscillations by offering greater resistance and connected to the head
race tunnel with or without a connecting/communicating shaft
Differential Surge Tank: Differential Surge tank is a throttled surge tank with an
addition of a riser pipe may be inside the main shaft, connected to main shaft by orifice or
ports. The riser may also be arranged on one side of throttled shaft .
32. What are the functions of Surge tank?
When the valve in a hydroelectric power plant is suddenly completely closed, because of
its small inertia the water in the penstock stops almost at once. The water in the pipeline,
with large inertia retards slowly. The difference in flows between pipeline and penstock
causes a rise in the water level in the surge tank. The water level rises above the static
level of the reservoir water, producing a counter-pressure so that water in the pipeline
flows towards the reservoir and the level of water in the surge tank drops.
33. Write the functions of draft tube in turbine outlet. [ND2020 & AM2021]
The draft tube thus helps
• To regain the lost static head due to higherlevel installation of the turbine and
• Helps to recover part of the kinetic energy that otherwisemay be lost at the turbine
outlet.
• It allows the turbine to be set above tail – water level without loss of head for doing
inspection and maintenance.
• It regains the major portion of the kinetic energy delivered from the runner by diffuse
action.
34. What is difference between propeller and Kaplan turbines? [May/June 2016]
• The popular axial flow turbines are the Kaplan turbine and propeller turbine. In
propellerturbine the blades are fixed. In the Kaplan turbines the blades are mounted in
the boss inbearings and the blades are rotated according to the flow conditions by a
servomechanismmaintaining constant speed. In this way a constant efficiency is
achieved in these turbines.
• The system is costly and where constant load conditions prevail, the simpler propeller
turbinesare installed.
• The difference between the two turbines is that in the pitch of the blades can be
changed in the Kaplan in order to improve the results of the process, unlike the
Propeller turbine, which is not capable of that.
35. What is meant by governing mechanism?
• Governing mechanism is used to regulate the water flow to the turbine at constant level
so that the speed of the turbine is kept constant. This automatically regulates the
quantity of water flowing through the runner in accordance with any variation of load.
• Maintenance of almost uniform speed of rotation of a machine irrespective of load
fluctuations on it is the primary objective of “governing”. The governing mechanism
of a hydraulic turbo- generator has a crucially important role since the frequency and
voltage of generation depend to a large degree on the speed of rotation.
36. What are the components of energy transfer in turbo machines?
Axial component :This is parallel to the axis of rotation.Axial force is produced due to
change in magnitude of thiscomponent. This axial force is taken by the thrust bearingof
the machine which is finally transferred to the housing.
Radial component :Thisis parallel to the radius of therotor. Radial force is produced due
to change in themagnitude of this component. Radial forces are taken byjournal bearings.
It should be noted that no torque is exerted on the rotor bythese two forces, i.e., axial and
radial.
Tangential component : The torque is exerted on the rotoronly due to the change in the
angular momentum of thetangential component.
37. Give an example for a low head turbine, a medium head turbine and a high head
turbine.
1. High head turbine (above 250m).
Example: Pelton wheel
2. Medium head turbine (60m to 250 m).
Example: Modern Francis turbine
3. Low head turbine (less than 60m).
Example: Kaplan turbine.

38. A turbine develops 7225 kW power under a head of 25 metres at 135 rpm. Calculate
the specific speed of the turbine?
Given:
Power, P = 7225 kW
Head, H = 25 m
Speed, N = 135 rpm
Solution:
Specific speed of the turbine (Ns)
%√(
%& = )
*

135√7225 0 102
=
253/5
%& = 205.28

Specific speed - unit quantities – performance curves for turbines – governing of

turbines
39. What is known as Euler’s equation for turbo-machines?
turbo
The general expression for the work done per second on impeller is
ρQ[Vw1u1+ Vw2u2]
This equation is known as Euler’s equation of motion. The assumptions involved are:
• Steady flow
• Motion along a stream line and
• Ideal fluid (frictionless)
• In the case on incompressible flow, this equation can be integrated to obtain
Bernoulliequation.
40. State and concise on Euler turbine equation. [Nov/Dec – 2014]
The Euler turbine equation relates the power added to or removed from the flow, to
characteristics of a rotating blade row. The equation is based on the concepts of
conservation of angular momentum and conservation of energy.

41. Why do draft tubes have enlarging passage area in the direction of flow?
The pressure at the exit of the reaction turbine is generally less than atmospheric and this
makes the water not to discharge directly to the tail race. By the introduction of draft tube,
which has enlarged area in the direction of flow, the kinetic head reduces and pressure
head increases. There by discharge of water to the tail race safely.
The loss in effective head is reduced by this arrangement. Also because of the diverging
section of the tube the kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy which adds to the
effective head
42. Define Hydraulic efficiency and axial thrust of a roto-dynamic hydraulic machine.
[May/June- 2013]
Hydraulic systems convert mechanical energy input from an electric motor or internal
combustion engine into fluid flow and pressure that can accomplish a specified amount of
work. Hydraulic pumps convert the mechanical energy of the prime mover into fluid
flow. Pressure is generated by the restriction of this flow in the system. Unfortunately, the
hydraulic pump cannot be 100% efficient in this energy conversion. A typical hydraulic
pump is only 80-90% efficient in this process. The energy is lost in two main forms.
• Mechanical losses – energy lost to fluid friction
• Volumetric losses – energy lost as the result of internal fluid leakage (slippage) within
the pump

43. Explain the phenomenon of cavitation in turbine.

Formation of vapour bubbles due to the reduction of the pressure below the vapour
pressure in a conduit is known as cavitation. When water flow through the turbine and if
pressure falls below the vapour pressure in any part of the unit, bubbles are formed due to
the evaporation at that low pressure. These bubbles are carried by the stream of water
from low pressure zone towards the high pressure zone. The pressure of water rises again
and the vapour tends to condense. This causes the bursting of the bubbles of vapour. The
collapsing pressure will be very high and will cause the fitting on metallic surface of the
runner blades or near the side walls of the draft tube and will leadto the formation of
cavities. This phenomenon is called cavitation. In reaction turbines the cavitation may
occur at the runner exit or draft tube where the pressure is negative.
44. Derive an expression for unit speed of a turbine.
The unit speed is the speed of the turbine operating under one meter head.
Unit speed (Nu):
The speed of the turbine, working under unit head (say 1m) is known as unit speed of the
turbine.
The tangential velocity is given by,
πDN
u= or
60
60u
N=
πD
If H=1; then
N= N u H
Where,
H = head of water, under which the turbine is working;
N= speed of turbine under a head, H;
u= tangential velocity;
Nu= speed of the turbine under a unit head.
45. Derive an expression for unit head and unit power of a turbine.
The power developed by a turbine, working under a unit head (say 1m)is known as unit
power of the turbine.
Power developed by a turbine is given as,
P = γQH And V = 2 gH
P = γ (a 2 gH ) H
3
2
P = K2H
If H = 1; then, P = Pu
3
2
Pu = K 21 = K2
3
2
P = Pu H
P
Thus , Pu = 3
H 2
46. Why a Pelton wheel does not possess any draft tube?
• The function of a draft tube is to decrease the pressure at the outlet of a reaction
turbine. This will produce a negative head at the outlet of the turbine and will improve
the hydraulic efficiency of the turbine. Draft tubes are of various shapes depending
upon the magnitude of negative head to be generated and the type of reaction turbine
used.
• Pelton turbine is an impulse turbine and it doesn't require such an arrangement for
improving its efficiency. The efficiency of an impulse turbine can only be increased
by improving the design of the buckets over the Pelton wheel.

47. What is speed rings or stay ring?

The speed rings consists of an upper and lower ring held together by series of fixed vanes
called stay vanes. The number of stay vanes is usually taken as half to direct the water
from the scroll casing to the guide vanes and also it resists the load imposed upon it.
48. What is scroll or spiral casing?
The water from the penstocks enters the casing which is spiral which is spiral in shape.
This casing surrounds the runner and guide blades. There should be no eddy formation
during the flow from penstock to runner. Water is distributed around the guide blades by
this casing having cross sectional area reducing gradually the guide blades by this casing
having cross sectional area reducing gradually around the periphery of the guide blades,
so that water enters the runner st s constant velocity at all points. The spiral casings are
provided with inspection holes and pressure gauges. The casing is made of concrete, cast
steel or plate steel.
49. What is Turbo machinery?
• Turbo machinery, in mechanical engineering, describes machines that transfer energy
between a rotor and a fluid, including both turbines and compressors. While a turbine
transfers energy from a fluid to a rotor, a compressor transfers energy from a rotor to a
fluid.
• The two types of machines are governed by the same basic relationships including
Newton's second Law of Motion and Euler's energy equation for compressible fluids.
Centrifugal pumps are also turbo machines that transfer energy from a rotor to a fluid,
usually a liquid, while turbines and compressors usually work with a gas.
50. List the functions of a governor.
• Noticing the speed variation of the turbine quickly.
• Operating the different component parts effectively and rapidly.
• Controlling the discharge to maintain the speed at a constant value.
• Controlling the speed of the turbine set and matching it to the speed of the generator.
• Controlling the speed and frequency of the turbine unit to maintain a desired frequency
and voltage.
51. Give short note on draft tube.
Draft tube is a riveted steel plate pipe or concrete funnel of gradually increasing cross-
section towards the outlet and is attached between the runner outlet and tail race of a
reaction turbine.
Functions of a draft tube are:
It permits the turbine unit to be installed well above the tail race level without loss of
available head to facilitate inspection and maintenance.
It converts a large portion of kinetic energy rejected from the runner into useful pressure
energy. This increases the negative pressure head at turbine exit with which the net
working head on the turbine increases. With the increase in net working head on the
turbine, output will also increase, the raising the efficiency of the turbine.
52. Write the general aspects of reaction turbines.
Flow Ratio (Kf): flow ratio is the ratio of the velocity of flow at inlet to the theoretical jet
velocity.
Vf1
Kf =
2 gH
Speed ratio (Ku): Speed ratio is the ratio of the peripheral speed at inlet to the theoretical
jet velocity.
u
Ku =
2 gH
Discharge of turbine:
The discharge through reaction radial flow turbine is given by
Q = π D1 B1 ×V f 1 = π D2 B2 ×V f 2
Radial discharge: This means that the angle made by absolute velocity with the tangent
on the wheel is 900 and the component of the whirl velocity is zero. Radial discharge at
outlet means β = 900 and Vw2 = 0. While radial discharge at inlet means α = 900 and Vw1 =
0.
It there is no loss of energy when water flows through the vanes, we have
H −V22 1
= [Vw1u1 ± Vw2 u 2 ]
2g g
53. Define the term ‘Governing of a turbine’.[Ap/May 2017]
The governing of turbines is defined as the operation by which the speed of the turbine is
kept constant under all conditions of working. It is done automatically by means of a
governor, which regulates the rate of flow through the turbine according to the changing
load conditions on the turbine.
Modern pelton turbines are provided with double regulation, that is the combined spear
and deflector control. The main components are (i) the centrifugal governor, (ii) the
actuator, (iii) oil pump with gear pump, (iv) relay, or disturbing valve, (v) servo meter and
(vi) deflector arrangement.
54. Define nozzle governing.
In nozzle governing the flow rate of steam is regulated by opening and shutting of sets of
nozzles rather than regulating its pressure.In this method groups of two, three or more
nozzles form a set and each set is controlled by a separate valve. The actuation of
individual valve closes the corresponding set of nozzle thereby controlling the flow rate.
In actual turbine, nozzle governing is applied only to the first stage whereas the
subsequent stages remain unaffected.Since no regulation to the pressure is applied, the
advantage of this method lies in the exploitation of full boiler pressure and temperature.
55. Write short notes on cavitation damage.
Cavitation is, in many cases, an undesirable occurrence. In devices such as propellers and
pumps, cavitation causes a great deal of noise, damage to components, vibrations, and a
loss of efficiency. Cavitation has also become a concern in the renewable energy sector as
it may occur on the blade surface of tidal stream turbines.When the cavitation bubbles
collapse, they force energetic liquid into very small volumes, thereby creating spots of
high temperature and emitting shock waves, the latter of which are a source of noise.
56. Differentiate between the turbines and pumps.

S.No Turbines Pumps

Turbine converts hydraulic Pump converts mechanical

1
energy into mechanical. energy into hydraulic energy.
2 It is energy producing machine. It is energy absorbing machine
Flow takes place from high Flow takes place from low
3 pressure side to the lower pressure side to the high
pressure side. pressure side.

57. Give the range of specific speed values for Kaplan turbine and pelton wheel.
These turbines are suited for head in the range 5 – 80 m and specific speeds in the range
350 to 900. The water from supply pipes enters the spiral casing as in the case of Francis
turbine.
Range of specific speed for Kaplan turbine = 257 to 858
Range of specific speed for pelton wheel = 10 to 30 – single jet
= 17 to 50 – two jets
= 24 to 70 – with four jets
58. Give the characteristic curves of Hydraulic turbines.
For the study of behaviour of the turbines under varying conditions some tests are
generally conducted either on the actual turbine or on the model, the data obtained from
the tests are graphically plotted and the curves thus obtained are known as characteristic
curves.
The characteristics of turbine are obtained under three different categories.
• Main characteristics of turbine (Head constant)
• Operating characteristics (Speed constant)
• Muschel curves (Efficiency constant)
59. A turbine develops 9000 kW when running at a speed of 140 RPM and under a head
of 30 m.Determine the specific speed of the turbine.
Given:
Power, P = 9000 kW
Head, H = 30 m
Speed, N = 140 r.p.m.
Solution:
Specific speed of the turbine (Ns)
%√(
%& = )
*

145√9000 × 102
303/5
=
%& = 189.167 (%
)
PART – B [16 MARKS]
1. A single jet Pelton turbine is required to drive a generator to develop 10 MW. The
available head at the nozzle is 760 m. Assuming electric generation efficiency 95%,
Pelton wheel efficiency 87%, coefficient of velocity for nozzle 0.97, mean bucket
velocity 0.46 of jet velocity, outlet angle of bucket 150 and the relative velocity of the
water leaving the buckets 0.85 of that at inlet, find: (i) the flow in m3/s, (ii) the
diameter of jet, (iii) force exerted by thejet on the bucket, (iv) the best synchronous
speed for generation at 50 Hz and (v) the corresponding mean diameter if the ratio
of the mean bucket circle diameter to the jet diameter is not to be less than 10. (13)

Given:
Power, P = 10000 kW

Electric generation efficiency, ;<= = 95% = 0.95

Head, H= 760 m

= 0.87
Co-efficient of velocity Cv = 0.97
Mean bucket velocity, Ku = 0.46
Outlet angle, β2 = 15o

≥ 10
Relative velocity, K = 0.85

f= 50 Hz

To find:
a) The flow in m3/s, Q
b) The diameter of jet, d
c) Force exerted by the jet on the bucket, F
d) The best synchronous speed for generation at 50 Hz,
Solution:

a. Here Pelton wheel efficiency is nothing but the hydraulic efficiency. To find Q,
Equation may be used as all variables except Q are known. Otherwise also power
generated will depend on discharge and hence this information should be used for
determination of Q. Moreover, hydraulic power of turbine will be more than what is
available at generator outlet because of mechanical losses, accounted for by mechanical
efficiency, and generator losses, taken care of by generator efficiency. This gives,

10000 10000
We know that,
(= =
?;<= × <@ A 9.81 × B × 760

C = D. EF GH /I

Now jet diameter can be obtained from

J
B= × # × K!
4

Where, V1 = Cv × This gives,

K! = LM × N2 = 0.97 × √2 × 9.81 × 760 = 118.45 = 0.132

J
Using,
1.62 = × # × 118.45
4
b. The diameter of jet, d

O = P. DHF G

c. Force exerted on bucket is given by ρ Q (Vw1 – Vw2), for which velocity triangle,

From given data:

At inlet, Vw1 = C1 = 118.45,

u = Ku × V1 = 54.5,

Vr1 = V1 – u = 64 m/s

and at outlet, Va2 = K × Vr1 = 54.4,

Vw2 = u – Vr2 cos β2 = 1.95

a + ve sign means that α2< 90°

∴ Force on bucket = 1000 × 1.62 × (118.45 – 1.95) = 188.8 kN

d.We mentioned earlier that turbine speed is chosen according to that of generator for
which it depends on the number of poles. Assuming minimum jet ratio 10,

Wheel diameter = 10 × d = 1.32 m and for this diameter,

rpm of turbine is N = 60u/ π D = 788.

For generator, Ng = generator rpm = 120 f/p

= 120 × 50/p

= 6000/p,
Where,
p is number of poles, which will be always even number as poles are present in pair in a
generator.
For its rpm nearest to that of turbine,
p = 8 and N = 750.

e. Therefore diameter of the wheel is to be changed to give desired bucket velocity.

54.5
Thus
R = 60 × = 1.387
J × 750
a) B = 1.62 2 /
Result:

b) = 0.132
c) Force exerted by the jet on the bucket, F= 188.8 kN
d) P= 8 N = 750
e) D= 1.387 m

2. A Pelton wheel is to be designed for shaft power 9560 kW, head 350 m, speed 750
rpm, overall efficiency 0.85, and jet diameter not to exceed 1/6 of the wheel diameter.
Determine: (i) wheel diameter, (ii) jet diameter, and (iii) Number of jets required.
Take nozzle velocity coefficient Cv= 0.985 and speed ratio = 0.45 (13)

Given:
Power, P = 9560 kW
Speed, N = 750 rpm
Head, H = 350 m
Overall efficiency ηo = 0.85
D/D ≤ 1/6
Co- efficient of velocity, Cv = 0.985
Speed ratio, Ku = 0.45

To Find:
1.Wheel diameter,
2.Jet diameter
3.Number of jets required.

Solution:
Steps:
1.Wheel diameter can be obtained if u is known since N is given.
K! = LM × N2

= 0.985 × √2 × 9.81 × 750 = 81.62 /

= ST × K!
Velocity of wheel

= 0.45 × 81.62 = 37.3 /

We know that

JR%

=
60

× 60 37.3 × 60
R= = = 0.95
J×% J × 750

U = P. VW G
2.Taking d/D = 1/6,

We get, d = 0.158 m

3.To find out number of jets, what we require is the total discharge and discharge of each
nozzle.
Discharge of each nozzle is
J
X= × #
4
J
= × 0.158#
4

X = 1.6 2 /
4.Further,
Using
&.Z
Overall efficiency, Y = [.Z

B \××B×
. ( = =
1000 1000

B ]
=
1000 (
9.81 × 1000 × B × 0.35 0.85
=
1000 9560000

0.85 × 9560
B= = 3.27 2 /
9.81 × 350

And number of jets required = 3.27/1.6 = 2

Now we have to recalculate diameter of nozzle,

So that each of the nozzle has discharge = 3.27/2 = 1.635 m3/s.

Result:
1. Wheel diameter, D= 0.95 m
2. Jet diameter, d= 0.158 m
3. Number of jets required. n= 2
4. Each nozzle discharge = 1.635 m3/s
5. Discharge, Q= 3.27 m3/s

3. A Pelton wheel nozzle, for which velocity coefficient Cv= 0.97, is 400 m below water
level of a lake. The jet diameter is 80 mm, the pipe diameter D is 60 cm, its length is
4 km and f = 0.0032. The bucket deflects the jet trough 165° and they run at 0.48
times the jet speed, bucket friction reducing the relative velocity at outlet by 15% of
the relative velocity at inlet. Mechanical efficiency = 90%. Determine (a) flow rate
and (b) shaft power developed by the turbine. (13)

Given:
Jet diameter, d = 80 mm,
Pipe diameter, D = 60 cm,
Length, L = 4 km
f = 0.0032

Mechanical efficiency, <@ = 0.9

Velocity coefficient, Cv = 0.97

S^ = 0.97, ST = 0.48 S = 1 − 0.15 = 0.85

` = ℎ ℎ
a `` b = 400

To Find:
(a) flow rate, Q
(b) shaft power developed by the turbine
Solution:
Steps:
This problem explains how to take into account the head loss in pipe, nozzle and
to calculate shaft horse power. Following steps will do the needful.
1. We have to first determine jet velocity so that discharge through nozzle may be
determined while taking into account the friction loss in pipe. It can be obtained by using
(i) mass conservation between two sections one in pipe and another at nozzle outlet
(ii) modified Bernoulli’s equation between points on free surface in lake and exit of
nozzle. This gives, if A and C are pipe area and velocity of flow in pipe respectively,
Where,
hL and hn are head loss in pipe and nozzle,
pa is atmospheric pressure at free surface in lake,
velocity head at free surface is neglected, being small.
In Pelton turbine
p1 = pa, since jet is issued in atmosphere.
Let V1′ is theoretical velocity without any loss in nozzle then
Cv = V1/V1′.
Therefore,
hc is obtained from Darey equation , which gives hL terms of V and in turn in V1, using .
Substituting the values we get after simplification

V1 = 83.48 m/s and

Q = discharge = π/4 × d2 × V1

J
B= × 0.08# = 0.419 2 /
4
1.To find out power developed by turbine,
First hydraulic power will be determined from the velocity diagram, which is shown
Let us first find out all that is required to draw it.
V1 has been obtained and therefore

= ST × K! = 0.48 × 83.48

= 40.07 /
Since Ku is given.

Inlet triangle gives

Vr1 = V1 – u
83.48 – 40.07 = 43.4 m/s and then
Kc# = 0.85 × Kc! = 0.85 × 43.4 = 310.89 /
It may be noted that bucket velocity coefficient is not given rather loss in relative velocity
is given. From this bucket velocity coefficient comes out to 0.85.
Also angle of deflection of jet is 165°,
which means
β2 = 180 – 165 = 15°.
With this data, outlet velocity triangle can be completed. This gives, assuming runner is
fast
Kd# =
− Kc# cos h# = 40.07 − cos 15Y = 4.44 /

Hydraulic power,
B
(= × (Kd! − Kd# )

9.81 × 100 × 0.419
= × (83.48 − 4.44)40.07
9.81

( = 1327
iℎ i. ( = 0.9 × 1327 = 1194
Note a positive value of Vw2 means that our assumption is correct. It would not affect our
calculations had it been zero or negative as the value was to be used in turbine equation
taking the sign as well.
Result:
(a)Flow rate, Q = 0.419 m3/s
(b) shaft power , S.P = 1194 kW

4. Pelton turbines develop 3000 kW under a head of 300m. The overall efficiency of the
turbine is 83 %. If speed ratio = 0.46, Cv = 0.98 and specific speed is 16.5, the fine 1.
Diameter of the turbine and 2. Diameter of the jet. (13)

Given:
Power P = 3000 kW
Net head H= 300 m
Overall efficiency ηo = 0.83
Speed ratio = 0.46
Value of Cv = 0.98
Specific speed Ns = 16.5

To Find:
1. Diameter of the turbine, D
2.Diameter of the jet, d

Solution:

%√(
%j = )
*
k
%j *
%=
√(
)
16.5 × 300*
=
√3000

% = 375

The velocity V at the outlet of nozzle is given by

K = LM N2 = 0.98√2 × 9.81 × 300

K = 75.1 /

Now , speed ratio

=
= × N2
N2

= 0.46 × √2 × 9.81 × 300

= 34.95 /

1. Diameter of turbine (D)

Using
JR%

=
60
60
60 × 34.95
R= =
J% J × 375

R = 1.78

2. Diameter of jet d

(
Y = l;mn
!]]]

3000
0.83 = !]]]×o.p!×2]]
!]]]

B = 1.23 2 /

But discharge through a pelton turbine is given by

B = q r × K
J #
1.23 = × 75.1
4

4 × 1.23
= s = 0.142
J × 75.1

= 142 .

Result:
1. Diameter of the turbine, D =1.78 m
2. Diameter of the jet, d = 142 mm

5. At a location selected to install a hydro electric plant, the head is estimated as 540
ms. The flow rate was determined as 22 m3/s. the plant is located at a distance of
2km from the entry to the penstock pipes along the pipes. Two pipes of 2 m diameter
are proposed with a friction of 0.03. Additional losses amount to about 1/4th of
frictional loss. Assuming an overall efficiency of 85%, determine how many single
jets unit running at 330 rpm will be required. [May/June 2016] (13)

6. Design a pelton wheel for a head of 400 m when running at 750 rpm. The pelton
wheel develops 12,110 kW shaft power. The ratio of jet diameter to the wheel
diameter is 1/6. The overall efficiency, η0=0.86, Coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.985 and
Speed ratio Φ=0.45. [N/D- 2015] (13)
Given:
Power, P= 12110 kW
Head, H = 400 m
Speed, N = 750 rpm
d/D = 1/6
Overall efficiency, η0=0.86
Co-efficient of velocity CV = 0.985
Speed ratio, ϕ= 0.45
To find:
Design a pelton wheel
Solution:
Design a Pelton wheel means to find diameter of jet (d), Diameter of wheel, Width and
depth of buckets and number of bucket on the wheel.
Velocity of jet,
K! = Lt × N2 = 0.985 × √2 × 9.81 × 400 = 87.260 /

Velocity of wheel,

= u × N2 = 0.45 × √2 × 9.81 × 400 = 39.86 /
We know that,
Bucket velocity
=
! =
#
vwx

=
y]
[ D- Diameter of wheel]
J × R × 750
39.86 =
60
39.86 × 60 2391.6
R = =
J × 750 2356

R = 1.015

1
Ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter

=
R 6

1 1
Diameter of the jet
= × R = × 1.015 = 0.169
6 6

Discharge of one jet X = q r × K r

J # J
X= × K! = 0.169# × 87.260 = 1.957 2 /
4 4
We know that

i. (
Over efficiency,
Y =
. (
12110 × 1000
0.86 = [ℎ B = { ℎ]
1000 × 9.81 × B × 400
12110 × 1000
B= = 3.588 2 /
1000 × 9.81 × 0.86 × 400

3.588
Number of jets required = Total discharge/ Discharge of one jet

Number of jets required = = 1.83 ≅ 2 r

1.957

Size of buckets
Width of buckets = 5d = 5 X 0.169 = 0.0845 m= 845 mm
Depth of buckets = 1.2d = 1.2 X 0.169 = 0.2028 =202.8 = 204 mm

R 1.015
Number of buckets on the wheel is given by equation as
Š = 15 + = 15 + = 18
2 2 × 0.169
Result:
1. D= 1.015 m
2. d= 0.169 m
3. Number of jet = 2
4. Width of buckets = 845 mm
5. Depth of = 204 mm
6. Number of buckets on the wheel = 18

7. Draw inlet and outlet velocity triangles for a pelton turbine and indicate the
direction of various velocity components. Also obtain an expression for the work
done per second by water on the runner of the pelton wheel. [Apr/May -2015] (13)

Solution:
The jet of water from the nozzle strikes the bucket at the splitter, which splits up the jet
into two parts. These parts of the jet, glides over the inner surfaces and comes out at the
outer edge shown in fig. The section of bucket at Z-Z the splitter is the inlet tip and outer
edge of the bucket is the outlet tip of the bucket. The inlet velocity triangle is drawn at the
splitter and outlet velocity triangle is drawn at the outer edge of the bucket.

Let H = Net head acting on the pelton wheel = Hg - hf

Where,

Hg = Gross head and hf = 4flv2/ D*2g

Where,

D* = Diameter of penstock

N = Speed of the wheel in rpm

D = Diameter of the wheel

d= Diameter of the jet

Then
V1 = Velocity of jet at inlet = N2

JR%

=
! =
# =
60

The velocity triangle at inlet will be a straight line where

Kc! = K! −
! = K! −

Kd! = K!

Œ = 0Y  = 0Y

From the velocity triangle at outlet we have

Kc# = Kc! Kd# = Kc# u −

#

The force exerted by the jet of water in the direction of motion is given by equation

\K! [Kd! + Kd# ] ×

Ž =
1000
Work done/s per unit weight of water striking/s

\K! [Kd! + Kd# ] ×

Ž =
ℎ /

\K! [Kd! + Kd# ] ×

Ž =
\K! ×

D
Ž = [ + ‘F ] × ’
 ‘D

The energy supplied to the jet at inlet is in the form of kinetic energy and is equal to

1
= K #
2
1
S. “ r = (\K! ) × K! #
2
Hydraulic efficiency

=
S. “ r

\K! [Kd! + Kd# ] ×

=
(\K! ) × K! #
!
#

2[Kd! + Kd# ] ×

=
K!#

2(K! −
)[1 + u]

=
K!#

8. The following data pertains to an inward flow reaction turbine; diameter of wheel at
inner periphery = 540 mm, width of wheel at inner periphery = 60 mm, diameter of
wheel at outer periphery = 360 mm, width of wheel at outer periphery = 90 mm,
area occupied by the vanes = 8% of periphery, guide vane angle = 25° to the runner
tangent, moving blade angle at inlet = 95° (vane inclined forward to the direction of
rotation), exit angle = 30°, hydraulic losses = 10% of supply head, mechanical
friction losses = 5% of the supply head, pressure in the outer casing = 66 m more
than that at the discharge from runner. Determine the following: (i) speed of the
runner for no shock at entry, (ii) power available at the turbine shaft. (13)

Given:
hydraulic losses = 10% of supply head
mechanical friction losses = 5% of the supply head
pressure in the outer casing = 66 m more than that at the discharge from runner.

Inward reaction turbine

Solution:
Note that vane inlet angle is given with reference to direction of rotation of vane
whereas in the convention we have taken its supplementary angle. Therefore β1= 180° –
95° = 85°. Since N is not given, we cannot draw velocity triangles. But the shape of
these triangles may look like that given in Fig. Difference of pressure head between
casing, that is inlet of guide vane to the outlet of runner vane is given. That is, available
head is 66 m. Considering the hydraulic losses of 10%, the actual or Euler head is 0.9 ×
66 m. This head is used in generating Euler work and kinetic energy of mass leaving
runner vane. Therefore it requires to determine kinetic energy at exit first. Taking Kt
same at inlet and outlet of runner, continuity equation gives:
We know that,
Kt (πD1B1) Cf1

= Kt (π D2B2) Cf2 →

Cf1 = Cf2
From inlet velocity triangle:

u1 = Cf1 (cot 25 + cot 85)

u1= 2.23 Cf1 and
Cw1 = Cf1 cot 25 = 2.144 Cf1.
Also
u2 = D2/D1 × u1 = 1.49 Cf1
From outlet triangle:
Cf2 = Cf1 = (u2 + Cw2) tan 30
Cw2 = 0.243 Cf1
and
∴ 0.9 × 66 = (Cw2u2 + Cw1u1)/g + (1.03 Cf1)2/2g
Cf1 = 2.14 m/s and
Note that here Cw2 is negative for the outlet velocity triangle shown in figure. Substitution
of Cf1 yields.
u1 = 2.144 Cf1 = 22.61 m/s,
Which gives
N = 60 u1/(πD1) = 800 rpm
Q = discharge = (Kt π D1B1) × Cf1
Q= 0.949 m3/s, and
P = Power = (w/1000) × Q × (Cw2u2 + Cw1u1)/g × ηmech
P = 4710.3 kW
9. In an inward flow reaction turbine (vertical shaft) the sum of the pressure and
kinetic heads at entrance to the spiral casing is 132 m and vertical distance between
this section and the tail race level is 3.3 m. The peripheral velocity of the runner at
entry is 33 m/s, discharge from the runner is without whirl. The hydraulic losses are:
(a) losses between turbine entrance and discharge from guide vanes = 4.95 m, (b)
losses in the runner = 8.8 m, (c) losses in draft tube = 0.88 m, (d) kinetic energy head
rejected to the tail race = 0.55 m. Determine (i) the guide vane angle and the runner
blade angle at inlet, (ii) the pressure heads at entry to and discharge from the
runner. (13)

Given:
Sum of the pressure and kinetic heads at entrance to the spiral casing is 132 m.
vertical distance between this section and the tail race level is 3.3 m.
u1 = 33
Cf1 = Cf2 = 11
Cw2 = 0 (i.e. discharge is radial)
Losses between turbine entrance and discharge from guide vanes = 4.95 m,
Losses in the runner = 8.8 m losses in draft tube = 0.88 m
Kinetic energy head rejected to the tail race = 0.55 m

Inward reaction turbine

1.Inlet and outlet velocity diagrams are drawn in Fig. E9.4.5. Since H and u1 are known,
Cw1 can be obtained by using Euler turbine equation, noting that discharge is radial.
Head utilized by runner,
H = Cw1u1/g
= 132 + 3.3 – (4.95 + 8.8 + 0.88 + 0.55)
H = 120.12
→ Cw1 = 35.71
From velocity triangle: tan α1 = Cf1/Cw1 →
α1 = 17.12°
and tan (180 – β1) = Cf1/ (Cw1 – u1)
→ β1 = 103.84°
2.Take tail race as datum and apply modified Bernoulli’s equation between entrance to
turbine and exit of guide vane, we get from given data:
since turbine is horizontal
∴p1/w, pressure head at runner inlet = 55.87 m
3.Similarly applying modified Bernoulli’s equation between turbine entrance and runner
outlet, we get
But
H = 120.12 m (determined above),
C2 = Cf2 = 11 and z2 = 3.3
Substitution and simplification gives:
Pressure head at runner outlet,
p2/w = – 8.04 m
Negative sign shows that pressure is negative and is greater than NPSH, which means
there are chances of cavitation.
10. In an inward radial flow turbine, water enters at an angle of 22° to the wheel tangent
to the outer rim and leaves at 3 m/s. The flow velocity is constant through the
runner. The inner and outer diameters are 300 mm and 600 mm respectively. The
speed of the runner is 300 rpm. The discharge through the runner is radial. Find the
(i) Inlet and outlet blade angles (ii) Taking inletwidth as 150 mm and neglecting the
thickness of the blades, find the power developed by the turbine. [Apr/May-2010]
(13)

Given:
Water power = Pw = wQH,
Shaft power = PM = ηo × Pw = 0.9 × 9.81 × 170 × 26.5 × 10–3 MW = 39.734 MW
Input to alternator = Pe = ηm × PM = 0.944 × 39.734 = 37.5 MW
ω = 2πN/60 = π × 150/30 = 15.7 rad/s

Note Definition of specific speed is different from what is used in practice. The difference
lies in that it is (i) non-dimensional (ii) Watt is used instead of kW, and (iii) angular speed
is used instead of revolutions per second.
(b) For Francis turbine:
Consider a place where 67 m3/s of water is available at head 12.8 m. We have to decide
the type of turbine to be used and its number required. Let us assume overall efficiency is
90% and that the generator coupled with turbine runs at 1610.47 rpm.
P = 1000 × 9.81 × 67 × 12.8 × 0.9/1000 kW = 7571.75 kW
and
Ns = 1610.47 × √7571.75/(12.8) 5/4 = 599
Thus any turbine with this specific speed can be used. As per Table 9.4.1, Kaplan turbine
is suitable. We may even decide to choose 2, 3 or 4 turbines. In that case each turbine will
produce power P′ = P/n, where n stands for the number of turbines. Specific speed of
turbine is calculated and tabulated in the following table:

This table provides many choices and one can take appropriate decision regarding the
type of turbine and its number. This should be kept in mind that efficiency increases with
specific speed and therefore a turbine with higher specific speed will be preferred. It will
also be possible to see if any turbine available with us or easily available in the market
may be used and does not require ordering a tailor-made turbine. Idea of available head
also guides in making a suitable choice.
This plant generates around 7.5 MW of electricity. If we have 6–7 m head available at a
place then power produced is of the order of 3 to 4 MW. In our country where number
ofcanals are constructed to take water from river to far off places, this provides a good
source of energy. Fortunately, discharge through these canals is much more. The added
advantage of such a plant is that electricity produced may be distributed in surrounding
areas to reduce distribution cost and power loss.

11. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 70% is required to produce 147.15
kW. It is working under a head of 8m, the peripheral velocity=0.3 2gH and radial
velocity of the flow at inlet is 0.96 2gH. The wheel runs at 200 rpm and the hydraulic
losses in the turbine are 20% of the available energy. Assume radial discharge
determine 1. Guide blade angle 2. Wheel vaneangle at inlet 3. Diameter of wheel at
inlet and 4. Width of wheel at inlet. Draw the suitable velocity triangle. [N/D – 2015]
(13)

Given Data:

Overall efficiency, Y = 70% = 0.70

Power produced, S.P = 147.15 kW
Head, H = 8 m
Peripheral velocity,
! = 0.3N2 = 0.3 × √2 × 9.81 × 8 =3.75 m/s
Velocity of flow at inlet, K^! = 0.96N2 = 0.96 × √2 × 9.81 × 8 = 12.03 /
Speed, N = 200 rpm
Hydraulic losses =20% of available energy
Discharge at outlet = Radial
Kd# = 0 K^# = K#
To Find:
1. Guide blade angle , α
2. Wheel vane angle at inlet, θ
3. Diameter of wheel at inlet, D1
4. Width of wheel at inlet, B1.
Solution:

Hydraulic efficiency is given as

{ −

=

− 0.2 0.8
= = = 0.8

Kd!
!
=

Kd!
!
= 0.8

0.8 × ×
Kd! =

!

0.8 × 9.81 × 8
Kd! = = 16.74 /
3.75
1. The guide blade angle, i.e α. From inlet velocity triangle

K^! 12.03
tan Π= = = 0.718
Kd! 16.74

Œ = tan—! 0.718 = 35.678 = 35Y 40˜

2. The wheel vane angle at inlet ie θ,

K^! 12.03 12.03

tan  = = = = 0.926
Kd! −
! 16.74 − 3.75 12.99

 = tan—! 0.926 = 42.799Y = 42Y 47˜

3. Diameter of wheel at inlet (D1)

Using the relation,

JR! %

! =
60
60 ×
! 60 × 3.75
R! = = = 0.358
J×% J × 200
4. Width of the wheel at inlet (B1)
i. ( 147.15
Y = =
. ( . (

ℎ
\ × × B × 1000 × 9.81 × B × 8
. ( = =
1000 1000 1000
147.15 147.15 × 1000
Y = =
!]]]×o.p!×m×p 1000 × 9.81 × B × 8
!]]]

147.15 × 1000
B=
1000 × 9.81 × 8 × Y

147.15 × 1000 147150

B= = = 2.678 2 /
1000 × 9.81 × 8 × 0.70 54936

B = JR! × ™! × K^!

2.678 = J × 0.358 × ™! × 12.03

2.678 2.678
™! = = = 0.198
J × 0.358 × 12.03 13.53

1. Guide blade angle , α = HWš ›P˜

Result:

2. Wheel vane angle at inlet, θ = ›Fš ›œ˜

3. Diameter of wheel at inlet, D1= P. HW G
4. Width of wheel at inlet,B1= P. DV G

12. The following data is given for a Francis turbine. Net head H = 60 m, Speed N = 700
rpm, Shaft power 294.3 kW, Overall efficiency 84%, Hydraulic efficiency 93%. Flow
ratio = 0.2, breadth ratio n = 0.1, outer diameter of the runner is two times inner
diameter of the runner. The thickness of vane occupies 5% of circumference area of
the runner. Velocity of flow is constant at inlet and outlet and the discharge is radial
at outlet. Determine (i) Guide blade angle, (ii) Runner vane angle at inlet and outlet,
(iii) Diameter of runner inlet and outlet, (iv) Width of wheel at inlet. [Ap/May 2017]
(13)
Given:
Net head, H = 60 M
Speed , N = 700 rpm
Shaft power = 294.3 kW
Overall efficiency, ηo = 84% = 0.84
Hydraulic efficiency, ηh = 93% = 0.93
Flow ratio,
Vf1
= 0.20
2 gH
V f 1 = 0.20 × 2 × 9.81× 60 = 6.862 m / s

™!
Breadth ratio,
= 0.1
R!
Outer diameter, D1 = 2 × Inner diameter = 2 × D2
Velocity of flow, Vf1 = Vf2 = 6.862 m/s
Thickness of vanes = 5% of circumferential area of runner
Actual area of flow = 0.95 π D1 × B1
Discharge at outlet = radial
Vw2 = 0 and Vf2 = V2
Using relation,
S .P
η0 =
W .P
294.3
0.84 =
W .P
294.3
W .P = = 350.357 kW
0.84
WH ρ × g × Q × H 1000 × 9.81× Q × 60
W .P = = =
1000 1000 1000
1000 × 9.81× Q × 60
= 350.357
1000
350.357 × 1000
Q= = 0.5952 m 3 / s
60 × 1000 × 9.81
Q = Actual area of flow × velocity of flow
Q = 0.95 πD1 × B1 ×× f 1
Q = 0.95 ×π × D1 × 0.1 D1 ×V f 2
0.595 = 0.95×π × D1 × 0.1 D1 × 6.862 = 2.048 D12
0.5952
D1 = = 0.54 m
2.048
™!
= 0.1
R!

B1 = 0.1 × D1 = 0.1×0.54 = 0.054 m = 54 mm

JR! % J × 0.54 × 700

Tangential speed of the runner at inlet,

! = = = 19.79 /
60 60
Kd!
! Kd! × 19.79
Using relation for hydraulic efficiency,
= 0.93 =
9.81 × 60
0.93 × 9.81 × 60
Kd! = = 27.66 /
19.79
(i) Guide blade angle (α)
From inlet velocity triangle,
V f 1 6.862
tan α = = = 0.248
Vw1 27.66
α = tan −1 0.248 =13.9280 or 130 55.7'.
(ii) Runner vane angles at inlet and outlet (θ and ϕ)
Vf1 6.862
tan θ = = = 0.872
Vw1 − u1 27.66 −19.79
θ = tan −1 0.872 = 41.09 0 or 410 5.4'.
From outlet velocity triangle,
V f 2 V f 1 6.862
tan φ = = = .......................(1)
u2 u2 u2
πD2 N π × D1 N
u2 = = ×
60 2 60
0.54 700
u2 =π × × = 9.896 m / s
2 60
Substituting the value of u2 in equation (1)
6.862
tan φ = = 0.6934
9.896
φ = tan −1 0.69340 = 34.74 or 340 44.4 '
(iii) Diameter of runner at inlet and outlet
D1 = 0.54 m, D2 = 0.27 m
(iv) Width of wheel at inlet
B1 = 54 mm
13. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75 % is required to produce 148.25
kW power. It is working under a head of 7.62m. The peripheral velocity = 0.26√2gh
and the turbine the radial velocity of flow at inlet is 0.96√2gh. The wheel runs at 150
rpm and the hydraulic losses in the turbine are 22% of the available energy.
Assuming radialdischarge, determine: 1. Theguide blade angle, 2. The wheel vane
angle at inlet, 3. Diameter of the wheel at inlet and 4. Width of the wheel at inlet.
[May/June – 2013] (13)

Given Data:

Overall efficiency, Y = 75% = 0.75

Power produced, S.P = 148.25 kW
Head, H = 7.62m
Peripheral velocity,
! = 0.26N2 = 0.26 × √2 × 9.81 × 8 =3.179 m/s
Velocity of flow at inlet, K^! = 0.96N2 = 0.96 × √2 × 9.81 × 7.62 =
11.738 /
Speed, N = 150 rpm
Hydraulic losses =22% of available energy
Discharge at outlet = Radial
Kd# = 0 K^# = K#
To Find:
1. Guide blade angle , α
2. Wheel vane angle at inlet, θ
3. Diameter of wheel at inlet, D1
4. Width of wheel at inlet, B1.
Solution:

Hydraulic efficiency is given as

{ ℎ −

=

− 0.22 0.78
= = = 0.78

Kd!
!
=

Kd!
!
= 0.78

0.8 × ×
Kd! =

!

0.78 × 9.81 × 7.62

Kd! = = 18.34 /
3.179
1. The guide blade angle, i.e α. From inlet velocity triangle

K^! 11.738
tan Π= = = 0.64
Kd! 18.34

Œ = tan—! 0.64 = 32.619Y = 32Y 37˜

2. The wheel vane angle at inlet ie θ,

K^! 11.738
tan  = = = 0.774
Kd! −
! 18.34 − 3.179

 = tan—! 0.774 = 37.74Y = 37Y 44.4˜

3. Diameter of wheel at inlet (D1)

Using the relation,

JR %
14. A pelton wheel has to be designed for the following data:
HP to be developed = 8500
Net head available = 280 m
RPM = 650
Ratio of jet diameter to wheel diameter = 1/9
Mechanical efficiency = 88%
Find the number of jets, diameter of jet, diameter of wheel and quantity of water
required. (13) [May/June 2016]
15. (i) A Francis turbine developing 16120 kW under a head of 260 m runs at 600 rpm.
The runner outside diameter is 1500 mm and the width is 135 mm. The flow rate is 7
m3/s. The exit velocity at the draft tube outlet is 16 m/s. assuming zero whirl velocity
at exit and neglecting blade thickness determine the overall and hydraulic efficiency
and rotor blade angle at inlet. Also find the guide vane outlet angle. [ N/D – 2014] (9)
Given:
Power, S.P = 16120 kW
Head, H= 260 m
Speed, N = 600 r.p.m
Outer diameter, Do = 1500 mm = 1.5 m
Width, B= 135 mm = 0.135 m
Flow rate. Q= 7 m3/s
Exit velocity V2 = 16 m/s
To Find:
1.overall and hydraulic efficiency [ Y , ]
2.Rotor blade angle at inlet, Œ!
3.guide vane outlet angle,h!
Solution:

( a 16120 × 102

ža = Y = =

7 × 1000 × 9.1 × 260

Y = 0.9029 90.29 %
Assuming no friction and other losses,
The hydraulic efficiency

t¥
¤ − #;
¥
¦
The hydraulic ef£iciency, =

Where V2 is the exit velocity into the tailrace,
!y¥
¤260 − ¦
#×o.p!
= 0.9498 94.98%
260
=

As Vu2 is assumed to be zero

KT! = ()/
!

JR% J × 1.5 × 600

! = = = 47.12 /
60 60
0.9498 × 9.81 × 260
KT! = = 51.4 /
847.12

KT! >

The shape of velocity triangle is as given. β is the angle taken with the direction of blade

B 7
velocity.
K^! = = = 11 /
JR! ™! J × 15 × 0.135

11
tan Œ! = = 12.08Y
(51.4)

Œ! = 12.08Y

11
tan h! = = 68.74Y
(51.4 − 47.12)

h! = 68.74Y
The specific speed of the unit
600 √16120000
= = 38.46
60 260!#3
It is on the lower side.
Result:
1. Overall and hydraulic efficiency [ Y = 90.29 %, = 94.98 %]
2. Rotor blade angle at inlet Œ! = 12.08Y
3. Guide vane outlet angleh! = 68.74Y
(ii)Discuss about draft tube and its types [N/D – 2014] (4)
The turbines have to be installed a few meters above the flood water level to avoid
inundation. In the case of impulse turbines this does not lead to significant loss of head. In
the case of reaction turbines, the loss due to the installation
installation at a higher level from the
tailrace will be significant. This loss is reduced by connecting a fully flowing diverging
tube from the turbine outlet to be immersed in the tailrace at the tube outlet. This reduces
the pressure loss as the pressure at the turbine outlet will be below atmospheric due to the
arrangement. The loss in effective head is reduced by this arrangement. Also because of
the diverging section of the tube the kinetic energy is converted to pressure energy which
adds to the effectivee head.

The draft tube thus helps

1. To regain the lost static head due to higher level installation of the turbine and
2. Helps to recover part of the kinetic energy that otherwise may be lost at the turbine
outlet. A draft tube arrangement is shown in Fig. (As also in figure). Different shapes
of draft tubes is shown in figure.

16. (i) Akalpan

kalpan turbine runner is to be designed to develop 9100 kW. The net available
head is 5.6 m. if the speed ratio = 2.09,
2.09, flow ratio = 0.68, overall efficiency = 86% and
the diameter of the boss is 1/3 the diameter of the runner. Find the diameter of the
runner, its speed and the specific speed of the turbine? (8)
Given:
Power, P = 9100 kW
Net head, H = 5.6 m
Speed ratio = 2.09
Flow ratio = 0.68
Overall efficiency η0 = 86% = 0.86
Diameter of boss = 1/3 of diameter of runner
Db = 1/3 D0
Now,
u1
Speed Ratio =
2 gH
u1 = 2.09 × 2 × 9.81× 5.6 = 21.95 m / s
Vf1
Flow Ratio =
2 gH
V f 1 = 0.68 × 2 × 9.81× 5.6 = 7.12 m / s
The overall efficiency is given by,
P
η0 =
 ρ × g.Q.H 
 
 1000 
P × 1000 9100 × 1000
Q= = =192.5 m 3 / s
ρ × g × H ×η 0 1000 × 9.81× 5.6 × 0.86
(∴ ρg =1000 × 9.81 N / m ) 3

The discharge through a Kaplan turbine is given by

π
Q=
4
[D 0
2 2
]
− Db ×V f 1
π
192.5 =
4

(ii) Explain the performance Characteristics curves of turbine. (5) [Ap/May 2017]
The followings are the important characteristic curves of a turbine :
• Main Characteristic Curves or Constant Head Curve.
• Operating Characteristic Curves or Constant Speed Curve.
• Muschel Curves or Constant Efficiency Curve.
Main Characteristic Curves or Constant Head Curve
Operating Characteristic Curves or Constant Speed Curve
Muschel Curves or Constant Efficiency Curve
17. A Francis turbine working under a head of 20 m is supplied with 1.5 m3/sec of water.
Wheel diameter at the entrance and exit are 1 m and 0.6 m respectively. It is
developing 300 HP at 300 rpm. Velocity of water at exit is 3 m/sec. Assuming wheel
width constant; find (i) theoretical hydraulic efficiency (ii) actual efficiency (iii)
suitable angles of guide vanes and runner vanes at inlet. (13) [May/June 2016]
Given data:
Head (H) = 20 m
Discharge (Q) = 1.5 m3/s
Wheel diameter at inlet (D1) = 1 m
Wheel diameter at outlet (D2) = 0.6 m
Power (P) = 300 HP
Speed (N) = 300 rpm
Velocity of flow at outlet (Vf2) = 3 m/s
To find:
(i) Hydraulic efficiency (ηh)
(ii) Guide vane angle at inlet (α)
(iii) Vane angle at inlet (θ)
Solution:

(i) Tangential velocity at inlet

π D1 N π ×1 × 300
u1 = =
60 60
u1 = 15.70 m / s
(ii) Tangential velocity at outlet
π D2 N π × 0.6 × 300
u2 = =
60 60
u1 = 9.42 m / s
(iii) Discharge
Q = π × D2 × B2 ×V f 2
Q 1.5
B2 = =
π D2 V f 2 π × 0.6 × 3
B2 = 0.265 m
(iv) Width is constant
So, B1 = B2 = 0.265 m

Q = π × D1 × B1 ×V f 1
Q 1.5
Vf 2 = =
π × D1 × B1 π ×1× 0.265
V f 2 =1.8 m / s

(v) From inlet triangle

Vf 1 Vf 1
tan α = =
Vw1 u1
1.80
tan α = = 0.1146
15.70
α = 6.54 0
Vf 1
tan θ =
(Vw1 − u1 )
henceθ = 90 0
(vi) Hydraulic efficiency (ηh)
Vw1 × u1 u1 × u1
ηh = =
gH g ×1

η =
(15.70) 2

=1.256
h
9.81× 20
η h =125.6%
This is actual Hydraulic efficiency but practically not possible, so

Select minimum head of Francis turbine H = 60 m

Hence actual hydraulic efficiency

η =
(15.70 ) 2

= 0.4187
h
9.81× 60
η h = 41.87%
Results:

(i) Actual efficiency (ηh) = 41.8%

(ii) Inlet guide angle (α) = 6.540
(iii) Inlet vane angle (θ) = 60.900

18. A propeller reaction turbine of runner diameter 4.5 m is running at 40 rpm. The
guide blade angle at inlet is 1450 and runner blade angle at outlet is 250 to the
direction of vane. The axial flow area of water through runner is 25 m2. If the
runner blade angle at inlet is radial determine: 1. Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
2. Discharge through turbine 3. Power developed by the turbine and 4. Specific
speed of the turbine. (13)
Given:

Runner diameter Do = 4.5 m

Speed N = 40 rpm
Guide blade angle α = 145o
Runner blade angle ϕ = 25o
Flow area a = 25 m2
Runner blade angle at inlet is radial θ = 90o
Vr1 = Vr2 and u1=u2
To Find:
1. Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine
2. Discharge through turbine
3. Power developed by the turbine and
4. Specific speed of the turbine

Solution:
For Kaplan turbine the discharge is given by the product of area of flow and velocity of
flow.

As area of flow is constant and hence Vf1 = Vf2

(∴Q = area of flow X Vf1 = area of flow X Vf2)
The tangential speed of turbine at inlet

JRY % J × 4.5 × 40

# =
! = = = 9.42 /
60 60

K^!
From inlet velocity triangle
tan(180Y − Œ) =

!
K^! =
! tan 35Y = 9.42 tan 35Y = 6.59

K^! =
! = 9.42 /

Also

K^#
From outlet velocity triangle
tan u =

# + Kd#

6.59
tan 25Y =
9.42 + Kd#

6.59
Kd# + 9.42 = = 14.13
25Y

Kd# = 14.13 − 9.42 = 4.71/

K# = ¨K^#
#
+ Kd#
#
= N6.59# + 4.71#

= √43.43 + 22.18 = 8.1 /

Using equation as

K## 1
− = [K
− Kd#
# ]
2 d! !

Here – ve sign is taken as the absolute velocity at inlet and outlet ( that is V1 and V2) are
in the same direction and hence change of velocity will be with a – ve sign.

8.1# 1
− = [9.42 × 9.42 − 4.71 × 9.42]
2 × 9.81 9.81

1
− 3.344 = [88.736 − 44.368] = 4.522
9.81

H =4.522+3.344= 7.866 m

1. Hydraulic efficiency is give as

[Kd!
! − Kd#
# ]
=

9.42 × 9.42 − 4.71 × 9.42
= = 57.5%
9.81 × 7.866

2. Discharge through turbine is given by

Q = Area of flow X velocity of flow

B = 25 × K^! = 25 × 6.59 = 164.75 2 /

Q= 164.75 m3/s

3. Power developed by turbine = Work done per sec / 1000

1 [Kd!
! − Kd#
# ]
= × ℎ
1000

1 [Kd!
! − Kd#
# ]
= ×\××B
9.81 1000

1 9.42 × 9.42 − 4.71 × 9.42

= © ª × 1000 × 9.81 × 164.75
9.81 1000

P = 6867 kW

Specific speed is given by relation

%√( 40 × √6867
%j = ) = = 251.62
* 7.8663/5

Result:

1. Hydraulic efficiency of the turbine,«¬ = Wœ. W %

2. Discharge through turbine, Q = 164.75 m3/s
3. Power developed by the turbine, P = 667 kW
4. Specific speed of the turbine, Ns = 251.62 rpm

19. A Kaplan turbine delivers 10 MW under a head of 25m. The hub and tip diameter
are 1.2 m and 3 m. Hydraulic and overall efficiencies are 0.9 and 0.85. If both
velocity triangles are right angled triangles, determine the speed, guide blade outlet
angle and blade outlet angle. [Nov/Dec-2013 & 2014] (9)

Given Data:

Head H= 25m
Power, P = 10000 kW
Inner (Hub0 diameter Db = 1.2 m
Outer diameter, Do = 3 m
Hydraulic efficiency, ηh = 0.9
Overall efficiency, ηo = 0.85
Velocity of whirl, Vw2 = 0
To find:

1. Speed, N
2. Guide blade outlet angle ϕ,
3. Blade outlet angle, β

Solution:

Overall efficiency

(
«š = =
B

1000
0.85 = = 47.97 2 /
9.81 × B × 25

We know that
J #
B= [R − R­# ] × K^!
4 Y

J #
47.97 = [3 − 1.2# ] × K^!
4

K^! = 8.079 /
t®¯ T¯
Hydraulic efficiency «¬ = ;n

!#
P. V =
9.81 × 25

[∴ Kd! =
! ℎ

! = 14.86 /

For Kaplan turbine

! =
# = 14.86 /

K^! = K^# = 8.079 /

From outlet velocity triangle,

K^# 8.079
tan u = = = 0.5437

# 14.86
u = tan—! 0.5437 28.53Y

It is understood from outlet

o velocity diagram,

The blade outlet angle, β = 90o

!
vw° x
Peripheral velocity,
y]

JRY %
14.86
60

J030%
14.86
60
N = 54.965 rpm

Result:

1. Speed, N =54.965 rpm

2. Guide blade outlet angle , ϕ=28.53o
3. Blade outlet angle, β = 90o

(ii) Discuss about construction details of Kaplan turbine with a neat sketch.
[Nov/Dec – 2014] (4))

A sectional view of Kaplan turbines in shown in figure. These turbines are suited for head
in the range 5 – 80 m and specific speeds in the range 350 to 900. The water from supply
pipes enters the spiral casing as in the case of Francis turbine. Guide blades direct the
water into the chamber above the blades at the proper direction. The speed governor in
this case acts on the guide blades and rotates them as per load requirements.
requirem The flow rate
is changed without any change in head. The water directed by the guide blades enters the
runner which has much fewer blades (3 to 10) than the Francis turbine. The blades are
also rotated by the governor to change the inlet blade angle as per the flow direction from
the guide blades, so that entry is without shock. As the head is low, many times the draft
tube may have to be elbow type. The important dimensions are the diameter and the boss
diameter which will vary with the chosen speed. At lower specific speeds the boss
diameter may be higher.
The number of blades depends on the head available and varies from 3 to 10 for heads
from 5 to 70 m. As the peripheral speed varies along the radius (proportional to the
radius) the blade inlet angle should also vary with the radius.

20. The hub diameter of Kaplan turbine working under a head of 12 m is 0.35 times the
diameter of the runner. The turbine is running at 100 rpm. If the vane angle of the
extreme edge of the runner at outlet is 150 and flow ratio is 0.6, find the diameter of
the runner, diameter of the boss and the discharge through the runner. The velocity
at the whirl at outlet is given as zero. [A/M – 2015] (13)

Given Data:

Head H= 12m
Hub diameter Db = 0.35 x Do where Do = Diameter of runner
Speed, N = 100 rpm
Vane angle at outlet ϕ = 15o
To Find:

1. Diameter of the runner,

2. Diameter of the boss
3. Discharge through the runner

Solution:

Flow ratio

= 0.6
K^!
N2

K^! = P. E × N2 = P. E × √2 × 9.81 × 12

K^! = V. F G/I

From outlet velocity triangle, Vw2 = 0

K^!
tan u = =

#

9.2

# = = 34.33 /
tan 15Y
But for Kaplan turbine u1 = u2 = 34.3 m/s

vw° x vw° ×!]]

Now using the relation
! = 34.33 =
y] y]

Diameter of the runner,

60 × 34.33
RY = = 6.55
J × 100

±²³´µ¶µ· ¸¹ ¶ºµ »¸¼¼, R­ = P. HW × Uš = P. HW × E. HW

= F. HG

Discharge through turbine is given by equation as

J #
B= [R − R­# ] × K^!
4 Y
J
= [6.55# − 2.3# ] × 9.2
4

J
= [42.9026 − 5.29] × 9.2
4

±²¼½º³·¾µ ¶º·¸¿¾º ¶ºµ ·¿ÀÀµ·,

B = FœD. œœGH /I

Result:

1. Diameter of the runner, ±¸ = E. WW ´

2. Diameter of the boss ,±» = F. H ´
3. Discharge through the runner, Á = FœD. œœ´H /¼

Part C
1. In a Pelton wheel, the buckets deflect the jet by 1700 and the relative velocity is
reduced by 12% due to bucket friction. For a speed ratio of 0.47, calculate from first
principles the hydraulic efficiency of the wheel. The bucket circle diameter of the
wheel is 90 cm, and there is one jet for which Cv = 0.98, the actual efficiency of the
wheel is 0.9 times. The wheel develops 1700 HP under a head of 550m. Calculate (a)
the speed of the wheel in rpm and (b) the diameter of the nozzle. (15)

2. For a high head storage capacity dam of net head 800 m, it has been decided to design and
install a Pelton wheel for generating power of 13,250 kw running at a speed of 600 rpm, if
the coefficient of jet is 0.97 speed ratio = 0.46 and the ratio of jet diameter is 1/15 of the
wheel diameter calculate (i) Number of jets, (ii) diameter of jets, (iii) diameter of pelton
wheel, (iv) No of buckets and (v) discharge of one jet. [Ap/May 2017] (15)
3. Design a pelton wheel for following data: (15)
Power p = 12000 kW
Head H = 400 m
Speed N = 700 rpm
η0 = 85%
Jet ratio = 6
Speed ratio = 0.45
Cv = 0.98
Find wheel diameter, number of jets, diameter of each jet.
Given:
Power p = 12000 kW
Head H = 400 m
Speed N = 700 rpm
η0 = 85%
Jet ratio = 6
Speed ratio = 0.45
Coefficient of velocity Cv = 0.98
Design of pelton wheel means to find diameter of jet (d), diameter of wheel (D), width
and depth of buckets and number on the wheel
(i) velocity of jet,
V1 = C v × 2 gH = 0.98 × 2 × 9.81× 400 =
V1 =
∴ Bucket Velocity , u = u1 = u 2 =
4. The following data is related to a pelton turbine: (15)
Brake / shaft power = 123.5 kW
Head = 300 m
Speed = 600 rpm coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
Speed ratio, Ku = 0.45
Overall efficiency, η0 = 75%
Determine the following
(i) The discharge
(ii) The least jet diameter,
(iii) The mean runner diameter jet ratio and
(iv) The number of buckets
5. A Kaplan turbine delivering 40 MW works under a head of 40 m and runs at 150
rpm. The hub diameter is 3 m and runner tip diameter is 6 m. the overall efficiency
is 90%. Determine the blade angles at the hub and tip and also at a diameter of 4 m.
also find the speed ratio and flow ratio based on tip velocity. Assume hydraulic
efficiency as 95%. (15)
Given data:
Power (P) =40 MW = 40 × 106 W
Head (H) = 40 m
Speed (N) = 150 rpm
Diameter of hub (Db) = 3 m
Outer diameter of runner (D0) = 6 m
Over efficiency (η0) = 90% = 0.90
Hydraulic efficiency (ηh) = 95% = 0.95
To find:
Blade angles at the hub
Blade angles at the tip of runner
Speed ratio and flow ratio based on tip velocity

Solution:
Overall efficiency

Shaft power ( P) P
ηh = =
Water power w×Q × H
P 40 ×106
Q= =
η 0 × w × H 0.9 × 9810 × 40
Q = 113.26 m 3 / s

Disch arg e
π
Q= (D 0
− Db ) ×V f 1
2

4
Q 113.26
Vf 1 = =
π π
(D 0
− Db )
2
(6 − 3) 2

4 4
Flow velocity (V f 1 ) = 16.02 m / s

Blades angles at hub

π Db N π × 3 ×150
u1 = = = 23.56 m / s
60 60
V ×u
η h = w1 1
gH
η h × g × H 0.95 × 9.81× 40
Vw1 = = =15.822 m / s
u1 23.56

From inlet velocity triangles

Vf 1
tan (1800 − θ ) = (u1
> Vw1 )
u1 − Vw1
16.02
tan (1800 − θ ) =
23.56 − 15.822
tan (1800 − θ ) = 2.07
tan (1800 − θ ) = tan −1 2.07 = 64.2 0
θ =180 − 64.2
θ =115.780
From outlet velocity triangles
Vf 2 Vf 1
φ= = [V f 1 = V f 2 ]
u2 u2
16.02
φ= = 0.679
23.56
φ = tan −1 (0.679) = 34.210
Blade angles of extreme edge (or) tip of the runner

D0 = 4 m

π D0 N π × 4 ×150
u1 = = = 47.12 m / s
60 60
V ×u
η h = w1 1
gH
η × g × H 0.95 × 9.81× 40
Vw1 = h = = 7.91 m / s
u1 31.41
From inlet velocity triangles

Vf 1
tan (1800 − θ ) = (u 1
> Vw1 )
u1 − Vw1
16.02
tan (1800 − θ ) =
47.12 − 7.91
tan (1800 − θ ) = 0.408
tan (1800 − θ ) = tan −1 (0.408) = 22.1950
θ = 180 − 22.195
θ = 157.800
From outlet velocity triangles

Vf 2 Vf 1
tan φ = = [V f 1 = V f 2 ]
u 2 u2
16.02
φ= = 0.339
47.12
φ = tan −1 (0.339) =18.77 0
Speed ratio
u1 47.12
ku = = = 1.68
2g H 2 × 9.81× 40
Flow ratio

Vf 1 16.02
kf = = = 0.57
2g H 2 × 9.81× 40
Results:

Vane angles at the hub (θ) = 115.780

ϕ = 34.210

Vane angles at the tip (θ) = 157.800

ϕ = 18.770

Speed Ratio (ku) = 1.68

Flow Ratio (kf) = 0.57

Innovative assignment
1. In a Pelton wheel, the buckets deflect the jet by 1700 and the relative velocity is reduced
by 12% due to bucket friction. For a speed ratio of 0.47, calculate from first principles the
hydraulic efficiency of the wheel. The bucket circle diameter of the wheel is 90 cm, and
there is one jet for which Cv = 0.98, the actual efficiency of the wheel is 0.9 times. The
wheel develops 1700 HP under a head of 550m. Calculate (a) the speed of the wheel in
rpm and (b) the diameter of the nozzle.
2. Design a pelton wheel for following data:
Power p = 12000 kW
Head H = 400 m
Speed N = 700 rpm
η0 = 85%
Jet ratio = 6
Speed ratio = 0.45
Cv = 0.98
Find wheel diameter, number of jets, diameter of each jet.
3. A pelton wheel has a nozzle diameter of 16 cm and head available at nozzle is 400 m. if
Cv = 0.98, wheel diameter 1.75 m, jet gets deflected through 1500 and wheel to jet speed
ratio 0.46, find power developed by turbine, its speed and hydraulic efficiency.
4. The following data is related to a pelton turbine:
Brake / shaft power = 123.5 kW
Head = 300 m
Speed = 600 rpm coefficient of velocity, Cv = 0.98
Speed ratio, Ku = 0.45
Overall efficiency, η0 = 75%
Determine the following
(v) The discharge
(vi) The least jet diameter,
(vii) The mean runner diameter jet ratio and
(viii) The number of buckets
5. A Pelton wheel has to develop 13230 kw under a net head of 800 m while running at a
speed of 600 rpm. If the coefficient of the jet Cv = 0.97, speed ratio Ku = 0.46 and the
ratio of jet diameter is 1/16 of wheel diameter, determine the following: (i) the diameter
of the pitch circle (ii) the diameter of each jet (iii) the quantity of water supplied to the
wheel and (iv) the number of jets required. Assume overall efficiency as 95 percent.
6. An inward flow reaction turbine has peripheral velocity of 24 m/s at inlet. The axial and
whirl velocity components at inlet are 2m/s and 8m/s. the passage width and flow after at
inlet are 150 mm an 0.4 m2, discharge is radial, ηh = 80%. Find wheel diameter at inlet
and outlet, power developed, impressed head, rotational speed and blade angle at inlet and
outlet.
Assume D2 = 0.5 D1 and velocity of flow constant.
7. A Kaplan turbine produces 44000 kW under a head of 24.7 m, with an overall efficiency
of 90%. Taking the value of speed ratio as 1.6, flow ratio as 0.5 and hub diameter as 0.35
times the outside diameter; find the runner diameter and speed of the turbine.
8. A Francis turbine with an overall efficiency of 75% is required to produce 149.26kW. It is
working under a head of 7.62 m. the peripheral velocity = 0.26N2 and the radial
velocity of flow at inlet is 0.96N2. The wheel runs at 150 rpm and hydraulic losses in
the turbine are 22% of the available energy. Assuming radial discharge, determine
(i) The guide blade angle
(ii) The wheel vane angle at inlet
(iii) Diameter of wheel at inlet,
(iv) Width of wheel at inlet.
9. A Kaplan turbine develops 8000 kw at 1000 rpm and under a head of 30 m. If head is
reduced to 18 cm, finds speed and power developed by the turbine.
10. The following data pertain to a Kaplan turbine: shaft power = 13230 kw; speed = 75 rpm,
head = 8m. Diameter of boss of runner = 0.35 times the external diameter, speed ratio = 2.
Flow ratio = 0.6. Find the efficiency of the turbine.