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The Engineer'S Transit and Theodolite: Lesson 30

The document discusses the components and use of an engineer's transit instrument. It describes the two graduated circles - the horizontal circle for measuring horizontal angles and the vertical circle for measuring vertical angles. It then explains what verniers are and their purpose in increasing the accuracy of angle measurements beyond the scale divisions. Specifically, it discusses the direct vernier design used in transits and how verniers allow very precise reading of the horizontal and vertical circles to fractions of a degree. Finally, it outlines the three types of verniers used on transits - single, double, and folded - and how they are read.

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615 views

The Engineer'S Transit and Theodolite: Lesson 30

The document discusses the components and use of an engineer's transit instrument. It describes the two graduated circles - the horizontal circle for measuring horizontal angles and the vertical circle for measuring vertical angles. It then explains what verniers are and their purpose in increasing the accuracy of angle measurements beyond the scale divisions. Specifically, it discusses the direct vernier design used in transits and how verniers allow very precise reading of the horizontal and vertical circles to fractions of a degree. Finally, it outlines the three types of verniers used on transits - single, double, and folded - and how they are read.

Uploaded by

jake maramot
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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THE ENGINEER’S TRANSIT AND

THEODOLITE
LESSON 30
30 – 1. CIRCLE GRADUATIONS OF
TRANSITS
The engineer’s transit has two graduated circles or limbs.
1. Horizontal Circle – used in measuring horizontal angles; it
is numbered continuously around the circle around 10
degree intervals; and is continuous from 0 to 360 degrees
in both direction
2. Vertical Circle – used in measuring angles along the
vertical plane; it is fastened securely to the horizontal
axis of the telescope and moves as the telescope is
elevated or depressed and it may be set in a fixed
position by the telescope clamp.
30-2. VERNIERS
A vernier is a small graduated mechanical
device attached and made to slide along linear or
circular scales in order to increase to a higher
degree of accuracy. When employed, the device
can help determine fractional part of the smallest
division of main scale more accurately than
estimating by eye. It was invented in 1620 by
French mathematician named Pierre Vernier.
Two Main Types of Vernier:
1. Direct Vernier – In the design of this type of vernier, a certain
length of a given scale, containing n – 1 divisions, is divided
into n divisions on the vernier. Thus, the smallest division on
the vernier is shorter than the smallest division on the main
scale. The main scale and the vernier scale are read the same
direction. Direct verniers are widely used in surveying
instruments such as transit.
2. Retrogade Vernier – These type of verniers are not used in
surveying instruments. In this case, the length of n + 1
divisions on the main scale is divided into n divisions on the
vernier scale. Consequently, the smallest division on the
vernier is slightly longer than the smallest division on the main
scale. In the retrograde vernier, the main scale and vernier
scale is read in opposite directions.
30-3. PRINCIPLE OF THE VERNIER
 
Where:

LC = is the least count or the smallest division that can be


read on the main scale
s = value of the smallest space or division on the main
scale
n = number of divisions on the on the vernier
30-4. TRANSIT VERNIERS
Verniers allow the use of an engineer’s transit for measuring horizontal and vertical
angles with high degree of accuracy. There are three verniers in an engineer’s transit.

1. Single Vernier – It is read in only one direction and must be set with the
graduations ahead of the zero mark in the direction to be turned.
2. Double Vernier – It consists of two parts- a vernier on the left and another identical
vernier on the right. Each one is graduated and runs in opposite direction from the
common index point. The vernier on the left is used when reading clockwise circle
graduations and the vernier on the right for reading counter- clockwise circle
graduations.
3. Folded Vernier – It avoids the use of long vernier plate. It has a length similar to a
single vernier, however, ha;f of the graduations are placed on each side of the
index mark. It is used when there is not enough space available for a double
vernier.
30-5. READING TRANSIT VERNIERS
30-6. ILLUSTRATIVE PROBLEM

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