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Random Variable2

The document defines random variables and describes their key properties: - A random variable is a variable whose possible values are determined by chance. It is typically represented by an uppercase letter like X. - A discrete random variable can take a finite number of distinct values represented by whole numbers. A continuous variable can assume an infinite number of values in an interval. - For a distribution to be considered a discrete probability distribution, the probability of each value must be between 0 and 1, and the sum of all probabilities must equal 1.

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476 views

Random Variable2

The document defines random variables and describes their key properties: - A random variable is a variable whose possible values are determined by chance. It is typically represented by an uppercase letter like X. - A discrete random variable can take a finite number of distinct values represented by whole numbers. A continuous variable can assume an infinite number of values in an interval. - For a distribution to be considered a discrete probability distribution, the probability of each value must be between 0 and 1, and the sum of all probabilities must equal 1.

Uploaded by

alan conrado
Copyright
© © All Rights Reserved
We take content rights seriously. If you suspect this is your content, claim it here.
Available Formats
Download as PPTX, PDF, TXT or read online on Scribd
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RANDOM VARIABLE

• Is a variable whose possible values are


determined by chance.
• Typically represented by an uppercase
letter, usually X, while its corresponding
lowercase letter in this case, x, is used to
represent one of its values.
 The sample space for possible outcomes is:

S = {HHH, HHT, HTH, HTT, THH, THT, TTH, TTT}


A discrete random variable can only take a finite
(countable) number of distinct values. The values are
exact and can be represented by nonnegative whole
numbers.

A continuous random variable can assume an infinite


number of values in an interval between two specific
values. This means they can assume values that can
be represented not only by nonnegative whole
numbers but also by fractions and decimals. These
values are often result of measurement.
The following properties must be satisfied before a
distribution can be considered a discrete probability
distribution:

a. The probability of each value of a discrete random


variable is between 0 and 1 inclusive.
0≤𝑃 𝑥 ≤1
b. The sum of all the probabilities is 1.

෍𝑃 𝑥 = 1
Consider the table below

x 0 1 2 3
P(x) 0.2 0.3 0.3 0.2

These corresponding probabilities are each less than


1 but greater than 0 and when added, the sum is 1.

෍ 𝑃 𝑥 = 0.2 + 0.3 + 0.3 + 0.2 = 1


Example:
The given spinner is divided into four sections. Let X
be the score where the arrow will stop (numbered
as 1, 2, 3, and 4).

a. Find the probability that the


1 2 arrow will stop at 1, 2, 3, and 4.
b. Construct the discrete
probability distribution of the
3 4 random variable X.
Solution:
Let X = score on the spinner
a. P(1) = ¼ b.
x 1 2 3 4
P(2) = ¼
P(3) = ¼ P(x) ¼ ¼ ¼ ¼
P(4) = ¼
The first property 𝟎 ≤ 𝑷 𝒙 ≤ 1 is met. Each of the
probabilities is greater than 0 but less than 1.
The sum of all the probability is 1.
෍ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑃 2 + 𝑃 3 + 𝑃(4)
1 1 1 1
෍𝑃 𝑥 = + + +
4 4 4 4
෍𝑃 𝑥 = 1

The two requirements for a


discrete probability distribution are satisfied.

Therefore the distribution is


a discrete probability distribution.
Example:

The spinner below is divided into eight sections.


Let X be the score where the arrow will stop.

a. Find the probability that the


1 2 arrow will stop at 1, 2, 3, and 4.
1 4 b. Construct the discrete probability
4 4 distribution of the random
3 3 variable X.
Solution:
Let X = score on the spinner

a. 𝑃 1 = =
2 1
b. The discrete distribution (in
8 4
1 1
tabular form) is shown below.
𝑃 2 = =
8 8

𝑃 3 = =
2 1 x 1 2 3 4
8 4

𝑃 4 = =
3
8
3
4
P(x) ¼ 1/
8 ¼ 3/
8

The first property 0 ≤ 𝑃 𝑥 ≤ 1 is met.


Each of the probabilities is greater than 0 but less than 1.
The sum of all probabilities is 1.

෍ 𝑃 𝑥 = 𝑃 1 + 𝑃 2 + 𝑃 3 + 𝑃(4)
1 1 1 3
෍𝑃 𝑥 = + + +
4 8 4 8
෍𝑃 𝑥 = 1

The two requirements for a


discrete probability distribution are satisfied.
Therefore, the distribution is a
discrete probability distribution.
Activity:
A. Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.
1. X = the number of mobile phones in one week in AB store
2. Y = the weights in pounds of newly born babies in a hospital
nursery
3. X = the number of cars in a parking lot every noon
4. Y = the number of gifts received by a birthday celebrator
5. The length of time spent in playing video games in minutes
6. Y = the number of students enrolled in Grade 11 in your
school.
B. Classify the following random variables as
discrete or continuous.

1. P = the number of points scored in a basketball game


2. Q = the number of employees in a call center who are
Bachelor of Science in Nursing graduates
3. P = the heights of varsity players in your school in meters
4. Q = the number of books you borrowed in the library during
your elementary years.
5. P = the amount of money spent by a family in one month
6. Q = the number of chicken wings sold by a fast-food
restaurant in September.
C. Which of the following are discrete probability
distributions? If it is not a discrete probability distribution,
identify the property or properties that are not satisfied.
1. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.10 0.20 0.25 0.40 0.05
2. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.05 0.25 0.33 0.28 0.08
3. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.08 0.25 0.34 0.31 0.04
4. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 0.03 0.22 1.01 0.23 0.042
C. Which of the following are discrete probability
distributions? If it is not a discrete probability distribution,
identify the property or properties that are not satisfied.
1. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/
10
3/
10
1/
5
1/
4
3/
10

2. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/
15
1/
5
1/
3
1/
5
1/
15

3. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 3/
20
1/
4
3/
10
6/
5
1/
10

4. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/
20
1/
5
1/
2
3/
20
1/
10
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows.
1. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.05 0.25 0.4 ? 0.06
Find P(3)

2. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 0.06 0.23 ? 0.35 0.05

Find P(2)
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows.
1. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/
6
2/
9
y/
18
2/
9
1/
9

Find y

2. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 1/
10
3/
b
2/
5
1/
4
1/
10

Find b.
QUIZ ONE!
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows:
1. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 2/
15
1/
5
4/
15
1/
3 c
Find the value of c.

2. X 0 1 2 3 4
P(x) 2/
25 0.24 2/
5 0.16 3/
5d

Find d.
QUIZ ONE!
A random variable X has the probability distribution as
follows:
3. X 1 2 3 4 5
P(x) 1/
20
d/
10
7/
20
3d/
20
1/
10

Find the value of d.


X 0 1 2 3 4
4. P(x) 0.1 0.25 0.125k 0.20 0.025k
Find k.
X 0 1 2 3 4
5. P(x) 1/
15
k/
15
k/
5
4/
15
k/
15
Find k.

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